ICSE Solutions

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics – History – An Introduction

by

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics – History – An Introduction

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics Chapter 1 History – An Introduction. You can download the History and Civics ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Exercise

I. Fill in the blanks:

  1. People who write history are known as Historians.
  2. By Archaeology we mean the study of the remains of the ancient past.
  3. The two Great epics tells us about the life and society in ancient past, besides being religious books.
  4. Old buildings which are important historically are known as Monuments.
  5. Meghadoot was written by Kalidasa.

II. Match Column A with Column B:
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 1
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 2
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 3

III. Answer the following questions briefly :

Question 1.
What is history? What is the origin of the word‘history’?
Answer:
History is the study of our past, a record of the events that happened long ago. It tells us about the life of people during a particular period. The word ‘History’ comes from the Greek word ‘Histo’ which means ‘know this’.

Question 2.
Why do we study history? Give two reasons.
Answer:

  1. History helps us to understand our society and culture.
  2. History helps us to leam from our past mistakes so that we don’t repeat them.

Question 3.
Which period in history is called prehistoric?
Answer:
‘Pre-history’ means ‘before history’. This period refers to the era when man had not developed the art of writing. Hence, there are no written records of this period. The life of people during this period is constructed through tools, weapons, bones, etc.

Question 4.
Name two sources of history. What do literary sources include?
Answer:
Two sources of history are literary sources and archaeological sources. Literary sources include secular literature and religious literature. Writings related to a religion are called religious literature, for example, the Jatakas, the Ramayana. Secular literature is not related to a religion. It includes poems, plays, accounts by travelers, for example, the Indika of Megasthenes.

Question 5.
Give one example each of religious and secular literature.
Answer:
Example of religious literature — the Mahabharata. Example of secular literature —Abhigyan Shakuntalam.

Question 6.
What do we mean by culture?
Answer:
Culture is the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, morals, art, customs and laws and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

Question 7.
Explain the term archaeology.
Answer:
Archaeology means the study of the remains of the past such as inscriptions, monuments, tools, coins, potteiy, etc.

IV. Distinguish between

  1. Archaeological sources and literary sources.
  2. Monuments and inscriptions.
  3. Religious and secular literature.

Answer:

  1. Archaeological sources include inscriptions, coins, tools, weapons, pottery, bones, etc. Literary sources include books related to a religion and poems, plays, travelogues, etc.
  2. Monuments are old buildings such as caves, stupas, temples, forts and palaces. Inscriptions are writings engraved on rocks, pillars, buildings, metal plates, etc.
  3. Religious literature is related to a religion, for example, the Puranas (Hindus), the Jatakas (Buddhists), the Angas (Jains). Secular literature has nothing to do with a religion, for example, the Arthashastra of Kautilya, the Indika of Megasthenes.

V. Given below are some drawings. Circle those which you think below to prehistory.
VI. Picture study — This picture shows a valuable source of history.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 4
1.Identify the source
Ans. The source is coin.

2.How do you think these are useful ?
Ans. Coins give us information about use of a metal during a particular period and the economic conditions of the people.

3.What do you understand by the term ‘numismatics’ ?
Ans. Numismatics is the study of coins.

Textbook Keywords

  1. History is a record of people, places and events of the past arranged in chronological order.
  2. Prehistory is the history of the period before writing was invented.
  3. Archaeology  is the study of material remains of the distant past.
  4. Parchment  is the dried skin of goats and sheep used for writing.
  5. Sources Sources are clues from archaeology’ or literature which help historians to put together a period of history.
  6. Monuments Monuments are ancient buildings such as temples, palaces and forts, which are valuable sources of information of the life and times of people in the distant past. Numismatics It is a study of coins.
  7. Inscriptions are the engraving on solid objects such as metal surfaces, stone tablets, rocks, pillars, cave walls, etc. Epigraphy Epigraphy is the study of old inscriptions. Edicts Edicts are royal commands issued by the rulers. Manuscripts Manuscripts are the handwritten records of the past in the form of books.
  8. Religious literature It refers to literacy writing dealing with religion.
  9. Secular literature is non-religious literature such as plays, poems, accounts of foreign travelers and other works on politics, science, etc.

Additional Questions

A. Fill in the blanks.

  1. History is record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order.
  2. Prehistory is the history of the period before writings was invented.
  3. The sources of history can be broadly classified into archaeological sources and literary
  4. The study of coins is known as numismatics
  5. Edicts are royal commands issued by kings.
  6. Inscriptions are engravings on solid objects.
  7. Handwritten records of the past are known as Manuscripts
  8. Literary source material can be divided into religious literature and secular literature
  9. The Greek ambassador in Chandragupta Maurya’s court was Magasthenes
  10. The Chinese travelers who came to India were Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang

B. Match the following.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 5
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 6
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 7

C. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is history? Why do we study history?
Answer:
History is a record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order.We study history because it tells us about the problems of our ancestors, their aspirations as well as their achievements.

Question 2.
What is the difference between prehistory and history?
Answer:
The main difference between prehistory and history is that we have written records in history and have no written records in prehistory.

Question 3.
How many groups can the sources of history be broadly divided into? Name them.
Answer:
The sources of history can be broadly divided into two groups.

  1. Archaeological Sources.
  2. Literary Sources

Question 4.
What is archaeology? Why is it so important for the study of prehistory?
Answer:
Archaeology is the study of material remains of distant past. Archaeology is so important for the study of prehistory because we have no written records, only the materials like stones, metal tools, pottery, images, coins, monuments, jewelry and figures are very helpful in the study of past.

Question 5.
What are monuments?
Answer:
Monuments are ancient buildings such as temples, palaces and forts, which are valuable sources of information of the life and time of people in the distant past.

Question 6.
Name five archaeological objects that provide important clues to the history of humans in the Ancient Period.
Answer:
Stones, metal tools, pottery, monuments, coins and figures are archaeological objects, that provide important clues to the history of humans in the Ancient Period.

Question 7.
Why is the study of coins considered an important source of ancient history?
Answer:
The coins are an important source of information about the reign of kings the extent of their empires, economic conditions, trade, art and religion of that era. So the coins are considered an important source of ancient history.

Question 8.
What information do we get from inscriptions?
Answer:
The Inscriptions provide us the information about rulers, the extent of their empires, important events and also about the religious and cultural life of people in a particular period.

Question 9.
Why are inscriptions a reliable source of information?
Answer:
Inscriptions are reliable source of information because they were written during the reign of great king., and are still intact in their original form.

Question 10.
What are manuscripts? On what surfaces were they ; written?
Answer:
Manuscripts are the handwritten records of the past in the form of books. These records were written on a variety of surfaces such as dried sheep or goat skin, dried palm leaf, the bark of birch trees and much later, on paper.

Question 11.
How many categories can you divide literary sources into? Name them.
Answer:
Literary source can be divided into two categories

  1. religious literature
  2. secular literature

Question 12.
What do you understand by secular literature? Give two examples.
Answer:
Non-religious literature is known as secular literature, it includes biographies of important historical characters. For example Harshacharita by Banabhatta, dramas and poems by famous writers Kalidasa, folk tales such as Panchatantra.

D. State whether the following are true or false.

  1. History is only a record of great kings and queens.
    False
  2. The study of old inscriptions is known as epigraphy.
    True
  3. Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita.
    True
  4. Panchatantra is a part of religious literature.
    False
  5. The Angas are the religious literature of the Buddhists.
    False

E. Picture study.

The picture below is a painting from a manuscript of the Rig Veda showing the various gods and goddesses worshiped.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 8

1. What kind of source of history is this?
Ans. It is a Literary source of history.

2.Is this religious or secular in nature?
Ans. This is religious in nature.

3. What kind of information does this source of history reveal?
Ans. This sources of history have helped historians to reconstruct the distant past and give a fairly accurate picture of ancient India.

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The Great Uprising of 1857

by

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The Great Uprising of 1857

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics. You can download the History and Civics ICSE Solutions for Class 8 with Free PDF download option. History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics GeographyBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

  1. By his policy of Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dalhousie annexed Nagpur and Jhansi.
  2. Rani Laxmibai captured Gwalior with Tantya Tope’s help.
  3. In Lucknow Hazrat Mahal led the revolt.
  4. The rebels proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of India.

II. Match the contents of Column A and Column B:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The Great Uprising of 1857 1
Answer:
Column A                                          Column B
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The Great Uprising of 1857 2

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

  1. Awadh was annexed on the ground of malad-ministration.
    True
  2. The British supported Sati.
    False.
  3. The Indian soldiers were given lesser salary as compared to their British counterparts.
     True.
  4. The Revolt of 1857 did not involve the masses.
    True.

IV. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How were the economic policies of the British responsible for the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The British had changed the entire economic structure of India.

  1. Introduction of the new land revenue system which allowed the government to confiscate land and accept revenue in cash caused and suffering to the Indian peasants.
  2. Due to Industrial Revolution markets were flooded with machine made goods. Indian Industries could not compete with them and thus declined.
  3. When an Indian state was annexed, the administration was replaced by the company. This created unemployment and caused resentment.

Question 2.
Discuss the social and religious causes responsible for the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:

  1. British advocated many reforms such as abolition of Sati, female infanticide, child marriage, widow remarriage. This caused discontent all over. These reforms were interpreted by Indians as interference in their religious and social customs.
  2. Introduction of Railways and telegraph was viewed with fear and suspicion.
  3. Introduction of western Education was viewed as an attack on Indian social and religious customs.
  4. Policy of racial discrimination practiced by British led to anger and resentment.

Question 3.
Why do you think the Revolt of 1857 failed? Discuss four, causes for its failure.
Answer:

  1. Though it was wide spread it failed to involve all sections of the population.
  2. The revolt did not involve the masses. Only those people joined revolt who had been adversely affected by the British. Scindia, Holkar, Raja of Jodhpur did not join it. Instead they supported the British. Merchants, western educated middle class did not join it.
  3. The British soldiers were better equipped. Indians had outdated weapons. The British had experienced and competent Generals. Indian leaders lacked this expertise.
  4. The revolutionaries did not have enough resources. The British were stronger financially and militarily.
  5. The revolt was not planned and organised.
  6. The British had the advantage of post and telegraph. This helped them to communicate and exchange messages, plan strategies and act immediately.

Question 4.
Discuss the nature of the Uprising/Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
There are divergent view regarding the nature of the outbreak of 1857. British historians have called it a Mutiny – confined to the army which did not command the support of the people at large.
Same view was held by .contemporary Indians like Munshi Jiwan Lai, Moinuddin, (Both eye witnesses at Delhi) and Durgadas Bandopadhyaya. Others have described it as racial struggle for supremacy between the Black and White. Some describe it as a struggle between oriental and occidental civilisation and culture.
A few have described it as Hindu-Muslim conspiracy to overthrow the British rule. Some Indian have called it a “well planned struggle” and as “the first war of Indian Independence”.

V. Give reasons why:

1. State of Awadh was annexed by the British.
Ans. The state of Awadh was annexed on account of malad­ministration.

2. Indian artisans, weavers and craftsmen lost their means of livelihood.
Ans. With the coming of Industrial Revolution markets were flooded with machine made goods. Indian Industries could not compete

3.The Indian sepoys refused to bite the cartridges of the Enfield rifle.
Ans. The Indian sepoys refused to bite the cartridges of the Enfield rifle as it was rumoured that these cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. This enraged the Hindus and Muslims as the cow is a holy animal of Hindus and the pig is considered taboo for the Muslims.

VI. Picture Study –
The picture shows the revolt of 1857
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The Great Uprising of 1857 3

Question 1.
How far were the greased catridges responsible for the Revolt?
Answer:
It was an immediate cause which supplied the spark to ignite diy firewood awaiting to be ignited. Other causes like oppressive economic policy, aggressive annexation policy, religious social interference by the British were already there waiting to be triggered into Revolt. This was provided by the rumour that cartridges were greased with the fat of cow and pig and hence this enraged the Hindus and Muslims.

Question 2.
Give your opinion as to how the Revolt would have been successful.
Answer:
It would have been successful if it had been well organised and well planned or if it had involved the masses. It would have been successful if merchants, educated middle class and zamindars had supported it and the Indian soldiers had better weapons and goods generals.

Additional Questions

EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks:

  1. Dalhousie annexed the states of Satara, Nagpur, and Jhansi on the basis of the Doctrine of Lapse.
  2. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British.
  3. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys.
  4. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges.
  5. The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company.

B. Match the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The Great Uprising of 1857 4
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The Great Uprising of 1857 5
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The Great Uprising of 1857 6

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. When Awadh/Nagpur/Jhansi was annexed, the estates of the zamindars and talukdars were confiscated by the British.
Ans. When Awadh was annexed, the estates of the zamindars and talukdars were confiscated by the British.

2. The rumour regarding greased cartidges started in Madras/ Calcutta/Delhi.
Ans. The rumour regarding greased cartidges started in Calcutta.

3. Mangal Pandey was a sepoy at Barrackpore/Nagpur/Satara, who refused to use the greased cartidges in 1857.
Ans. Mangal Pandey was a sepoy at Barrackpore, who refused to use the greased cartidges in 1857.

4.The Revolt in Lucknow/Meerut/Kanpur was led by Nana Saheb.
Ans. The Revolt in Kanpur was led by Nana Saheb.

5. Nana Saheb/Hazrat Mahal/Rani Lakshmibai led the Revolt in Lucknow.
Ans. Hazrat Mahal led the Revolt in Lucknow.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

  1. Indian rulers were quite satisfied with Lord Dalhousie’s expansionist policies.
    False.
    Correct: Indian rulers were dissatisfied with Lord Dalhousies expansionist policies.
  2. Peasants benefitted from the land revenue system of the British.
    False.
    Correct : Peasants were not benefitted from the land revenue system of the British.
  3. Social reforms such as the abolition of sati and female infanticide, and the Widow Remarriage Act caused deep resentment among the orthodox sections of society.
    True.
  4. The Doctrine of Lapse was abolished after the Revolt.
    True
  5. The Revolt of 1857 had come as a shock to the British.
    True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:
Question 1.
Why did Rani of Jhansi become a staunch enemy of the British?
Answer:
Dalhousie annexed the states of Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi by applying the Doctrine of Lapse. The annexation transformed the courageous Rani of Jhansi into a staunch enemy of the British.

Question 2.
Why did Nana Saheb fight against the British during the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II (a pensioner of the British), was denied a pension after his father’s death. Nana Saheb became one of the leaders of the Revolt.

Question 3.
Why did the zamindars and talukdars became sworn enemies of the British?
Answer:
When Awadh was annexed, the estates of the zamindars and talukdars were confiscated by the British. They became sworn enemies of British rule.

Question 4.
What happened to the nawab’s army when Awadh was annexed?
Answer:
After the annexation of Awadh, the nawab’s army was disbanded. The soldiers lost their means of livelihood and their bitterness against the British increased.

Question 5.
When and where did the Revolt of 1857 begin?
Answer:
May 10, 1857 was a Sunday. The British officers at the Meerut cantonment in North India were preparing to attend church, while many other British soldiers were off duty.

Question 6.
Name any two main centres of Revolt.
Answer:
The important centres of the Revolt were Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jhansi.

Question 7.
What step was taken by the British to reorganize the army after the Revolt?
Answer:
The army was reorganized and strengthened. The number of British soldiers was increased and the artillery placed exclusively under their control.

Question 8.
Mention any two important results of the Revolt.
Answer:
Results of the Revolt 1857

  1. The rule of the English East India Company came to an end.
  2. Treaties with Indian states would be honoured.
  3. The British government would not interfere in the social and religious customs of the people.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
In the context of the Revolt of 1857, answer the following questions:

  1. Mention any three political causes of the Revolt.
  2. Mention the three economic factors that led to the outbreak of the great Revolt.
  3. Explain briefly any four social and religious causes that led to the Revolt of 1857.

Answer:
(a) Political Causes:

  1. Dalhousie annexed the states of Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi by applying the Doctrine of Lapse. The annexation transformed the courageous Rani into a staunch enemy of the British.
  2. Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II (pensioner of the British), was denied a pension after his father’s death. Nana Saheb became one of the leaders of the Revolt.
  3. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal Emperor, lived in Delhi as a pensioner of the British. Dalhousie announced that Bahadur’s successor would not be allowed to stay on in the historic Red Fort. He would have to move to a place near the Qutb Minar, on the outskirts of Delhi. This was a great blow to the dignity of the Mughal emperor and deeply hurt the sentiments of the Muslims.
  4. (The annexation of Awadh, on grounds of maladministration, outraged the people of India, in general, and Awadh, in particular. Awadh had always been a triendly. faithful and subordinate ally. The Nawab of Awadh was exiled to Calcutta.
  5. The British showed no respect for the treaties they had signed with the Indians. Treaties were broken whenever it suited them to do so. This created a sense of fear and insecurity among the rulers of subordinate states. The axe could fall on them anywhere, at any time.

(b) Economic Causes:

  1. The land revenue system, introduced by the British, caused great hardship and misery among the peasants. Under the zamindari system, for instance, the peasants were oppressed by the Zamindars and exploited by the moneylenders. If the cultivators failed to pay the land revenue to the Zamindars or return the loans to the moneylenders on time, they were often flogged, tortured or jailed. The impoverishment of the peasantry led to numerous famines.
  2. Landlords also suffered from a sense of insecurity. Thousands of jagirs were confiscated by Bentinck and Dalhousie when they were unable to produce written title deeds of ownership.
  3. The interests of the Indian economy was sacrificed for the interests of British trade and industry. This led to the utter collapse of traditional handicraft industries. Indian artisans and craftspersons were ruined.
  4. The annexation of Indian states was followed by large- scale unemployment and economic distress. When Awadh was annexed, the administration was replaced by Company Administration. As such, hundreds of court officials and their subordinates lost their means of livelihood.

(c) Social and Religious Causes:

  1. Social reforms such as the abolition of sati, and female infanticide, the Widow Remarriage Act and the introduction of women ‘s education caused deep resentment among the orthodox sections of society.
  2. The efforts of the missionaries to convert people to Christianity caused great alarm. Some of the missionaries ridiculed the religious beliefs and practices of the Hindus and Muslims in their effort to convert people to their faith. This hurt the religious sentiments of the people.
  3. The introduction of Western education undermined the position and importance of the Pundits and Maulvis and was seen as an attack on ancient traditions and values. The office of the Inspector of Schools in Patna was referred to as the ‘shaitane dafitar’.
  4. The introduction of the railways and posts and telegraphs aroused grave doubts and fears, especially among the simple, backward villagers. They thought that the telegraph system was a form of Western magic. They grew fearful of the intentions of the British
  5. The British judicial system introduced the principle of equality. This was regarded as a threat to the existing caste norms and privileges of the upper classes.
  6. The British looked down upon the Indians and followed a policy of racial discrimination. They made no effort to interact socially with the Indians. They were convinced of the superiority of the European race and treated the Indians with great contempt.

Question 2.
In the context of the military causes of the Revolt of 1857, answer the following questions:

  1. Mention any three grievances that the sepoys had against their British masters.
  2. How did the Act passed in 1856 by the British hurt the sentiments of the Hindu sepoys?
  3. Explain the immediate cause of the great Revolt?

Answer:
(a)
The sepoys had numerous grievances against the British-masters:

  1. The sepoys had helped the British to establish their empire in India but they were neither appreciated nor rewarded for their efforts. On the contrary, they were treated with great contempt by the British officers.
  2. There was grave discrimination between the Indian sepoy and his British counterpart. A capable and dedicated sepoy could not rise above the post of subedar.
  3. In 1856, an Act was passed which made it compulsory for all new recruits to serve overseas if required. This hurt the sentiments of the Hindus because they belived that overseas travel would lead to a loss of caste. The sepoys interpreted the regulation as another attack on their caste and religion.
  4. After the annexation of Awadh, the Nawab’s army was disbanded. The soldiers lost their means of livelihood and their bitterness against the British increased.
  5. The Indian soldiers greatly outnumbered the British soldiers. In 1856, the number of sepoys in the British army was more than five times that of the British soldiers. This emboldened the sepoys to take up arms against their foreign masters.

(b)
In 1856, an Act was passed which made it compulsory for all new recruits to serve overseas if required. This hurt the sentiments of the Hindus because they believed that overseas travel would lead to a loss of caste. The sepoys interpreted the regulation as another attack on their caste and religion.
(c)
In January 1857, a rumour started at the Dum Dum cantonment (in Calcutta) that the cartridges, which the British had introduced, were greased with cow fat and pig lard. The rumour spread like wildfire among the Hindu and Muslim sepoys. They were convinced that the government was deliberately trying to defile their religion. A wave of indignation and anger swept through all the military stations. On 29 march 1857 Mangal Pandey, a sepoy at Barrackpore refused to use the cartridge and attacked his senior officers. He was hanged to death.

Question 3.
In the context of the Revolt of 1857, briefly discuss:

  1. The decline of the Mughal dynasty
  2. Any four results of the Revolt of 1857
  3. Nature of the Revolt of 1857

Answer:
(a)
On 11 May 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar was persuaded to accept the leadership of the Revolt. He was proclaimed the emperor of Hindustan. There was jubilation all around. The restoration of the Mughal empire was proclaimed with the booming of guns.
The success of the Revolt proved to be shortlived. British reinforcements arrived from Punjab, and Delhi was recovered in September 1857.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was taken prisoner, tried and exiled to Rangoon. The royal princes (two sons and one grandson of Bahadur Shah Zafar) were shot and and their bodies displayed on the streets. The once great dynasty of the Mughals finally came to an end.
(b)
Results of the Revolt 1857

  1. The rule of the English East India Company came to an end.
  2. India came under the direct rule of the British Parliament and the Queen of England.
  3. Queen Victoria issued a Proclamation promising to look after the welfare of the Indian people.
  4. Treaties with Indian states would be honoured.
  5. A general pardon was granted to all the rebels, except those who had killed British subjects.
  6. The British government would not interfere in the social and religious customs of the people.
  7. Indians would be given opportunities to be associated with the administration. High posts in government services would be given on the basis of merit, not race.
  8. The army was reorganized and strengthened. The number of British soldiers was increased and the artillery placed exclusively under their control.

(c)
Nature of the Revolt of 1857

  1. The Revolt was the outcome of the accumulated grievances of different sections of people and not the sepoys alone.
  2. Those who joined the Revolt had different reasons and different motives but they were all united in their hatred of British rule and their determination to overthrow it.
  3. It had wide popular support of various sections of society.
  4. The struggle created a strong bonding and a sense of unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. They fought shoulder to shoulder, as single brethren against a common enemy.
  5. Of the estimated 1,50,000 people killed in the Revolt, 1,00,000 were civilians.

G Picture study:

This is the picture of the queen who led the Revolt in Central India
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The Great Uprising of 1857 7

  1. Identify the queen.
    Ans. Rani Laxmi Bai
  2. Name the city where she led the Revolt.
    Ans. Jhansi
  3. What were the economic causes of the Revolt of 1857?
    Ans. Refer Answer F-l (b) above
  4. What was the major outcome of the Revolt of 1857?
    Ans. Refer Answer F-3 (b) above.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Major Landforms of the Earth

by

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Major Landforms of the Earth

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

  • Nearly 29 per cent of earth’s surface is land.
  • Land features on the surface of the earth are different in different places. These features are called landforms. The major landforms include mountains, plateaux, valleys and plains.
  • There are three main types of mountains—fold mountains, volcanic mountains and block mountains.
  • There are two types of fold mountains—old and young.
  • Plateaux are also called plains-in-the air or tablelands.
  • Plains are flat lowlands that are mostly built by the alluvium deposited by rivers.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Fold mountains: Mountains that are formed when horizontal layers of the earth’s crust are folded by compression.
Landforms: Features of the land surface.

Discuss

Formation of landforms is a continuous process. Discuss the different ways in which landforms are changing around the world.
Answer:
The earth’s surface is constantly changing. These changes mostly occur in very minute ways which over time accumulates to create the earth’s physical features. Whereas some of these changes take thousands of years but surely they are occuring. We look around us that a mountain, river, plateau, valleys, rqck boulders etc. these all didn’t just disappear suddenly rather most of them had a building process.
There are basically two types of changes that occur on the earth’s surface.

  1. Slow change
  2. Fast change.

Fast change occur through the actions of earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides etc. While slow change takes time and has a process.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

We constantly impact landforms around us by our actions such has mining, building roads, dams, etc. We should, therefore, try to minimize such activities that have an adverse impact on landforms around us.
How can you help to preserve the landforms around you?
Answer:
We can preserve the landforms around us by adopting following methods, and they are :

  1. By Planting More Trees and Not cutting them.
  2. By Properly Disposing the Industrial waste.
  3. By Preserving greenery surrounding, National Parks and Wildlife Sancturies.
  4. Avoid de-vegetating the landforms and its Vicinity, if that’s it’s natural condition.
  5. Replicate Natural landscapes, patterns and processes.

EXERCISES

A. Match the columns
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 1
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 2
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 3

B. With the help of your atlas identify and mark the following in an outline map of the world.

Question 1.
An old fold mountain range in India.
Answer:
Aravallis

Question 2.
A block mountain in Europe
Answer:
The Black Forest of Europe.

Question 3.
A storehouse of mineral wealth in eastern india.
Answer:
The Chota Nagpur Plateau.

Question 4.
A rift valley in Egypt
Answer:
NileValley in Egypt.

C. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
What are fold mountains? With the help of a neat-sketch, briefly explain their formation.
Answer:
The mountains that are formed when the layers of the earth’s crust are folded by compression caused by the forces generated by movements inside the earth.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 4
There are particularly two types of fold mountains, they are :

  1. Old fold mountains
  2. Young fold mountains.

Question 2.
State two chief differences between old and young fold mountains. Give examples.
Answer:
The mountains which were formed over 250 million years ago due to compression of earth’s crust are called old fold mountains. They have gentle slopes and low altitude due to weathering overtime eg. Urals in Russia, Aravallis in India and Appalachians in India.
The recently formed mountains i.e. about 25 million years ago are called young fold mountains. They are rugged and lofty. They comprise the world’s highest mountain ranges.
Eg. Rockies of North America, Alps, Andes, Himalayas and The great Dividing Range.

Question 3.
What are plateaux ? Why are they of great economic value?
Answer:
Plateaux (plural of plateau) are the uplifted sections of the earth’s crust that are almost flat or level and usually descend steeply to the surrounding lowlands. Aplateau is also sometimes referred to as a plain-in-the air or tableland. The land of a plateau is very fertile while the latter is a storehouse of mineral wealth. They are rich in minerals like gold, iron, copper, manganese, etc.

Question 4.
Mention the different types of plateaux.
Answer:
Types of Plateaux — Plateaus may be classified into the following categories on the basis of their formation, appearance and location:
Tectonic Plateau : A tectonic plateau is formed by the movement of the earth’s crustal plates. Tectonic movement causes a huge portion of the earth’s surface to rise. The plateau of South Africa and the Turkish-Iranian Plateau are examples of tectonic plateaus.
Volcanic Plateau : A volcanic plateau is a plateau formed by the spread of successive layers of lava on a particular region. When the lava cools, it solidifies and the successive sheets of lava finally form a raised tabeland or a plateau over a period of time. The extensive Columbia Plateau (in the north-western part of the U SA), the north-western part of the Deccan Plateau and the Malwa Plateau are examples of volcanic plateaus.
Dissected Plateau : These have irregular surface marked by canyons, gorges and steep, narrow valleys formed by the process of erosion. They are mostly common in dry and desert regions. The Colorado Plateau, through which the Grand Canyon passes, and the Brazilian Plateau (Mato Grosso) are examples of dissected plateaus.
Intermontane Plateau : These are surrounded by mountains and are the most common types of plateau. The most common example of an intermontane plateau is the Tibetan Plateau which is enclosed by the Himalayan Mountains to its south and the Kunlun Shan to its north.
Piedmont Plateau : Piedmont plateau is one that lies between a mountain and a plain or an ocean. Examples of piedmont plateaus are the Patagonia Plateau in South America and the piedmont Plateau of North America.

Question 5.
What is a basin ? Give an example.
Answer:
A basin is a depressed section of the earth’s crust surrounded by higher land. Many basins are found alongside plateau edges and form areas of inland drainage, i.e., the rivers flowing in the basin do not reach reach the sea. The Tarim and Tsaidam Basins of Asia and the Chad Basin ofnorth-central Africa are examples ofbasin.

Question 6.
Mention the different types of plains.
Answer:
Types of Plains: On the basis of formation, plains are grouped in three categories:
Structural Plains: Plains that lie near the coast of a sea or an ocean are called structural plains. Due to endogenetic movements, large, broad, flat areas of the sea floor are raised and appear on the surface. These types of plains are very flat and broad. The addition of sediments brought in by the sea waves over a period of time makes them broader and flatter than they originally were. Structural plains border all countries. The coastal plains of south-eastern USA near the Gulf Coast, which are part of the Great Plains, are one of the largest plains in the world. The plains of northern Russia and the central lowlands of Australia are other examples of structural plains.
Erosional Plains: Erosional plains are the result of the erosion of mountains, hills and plateaux. The eroded material is brought down to a low level by wind, rivers, rain, and ice. This kind of erosion caused by various agents gives rise to several types of plains. The plains of northern Canada, northern Europe and Kashmir in India are examples such plains.
Depositional Plains : Depositional plains are formed by sediments brought down on a large scale by natural agents such as moving ice, water and wind from the upper regions of mountains.

Question 7.
What is the importance of plains ?
Answer:
The importance of the plains are discussed below:

  1. Plains are important because they are good source of fresh fruits and vegetables.
  2. Plains are being ploughed by a farmer or a carabaos.
  3. Owing to the flat nature of the land. It is easy to construct roads and railways in plains.
  4. Plains have good and rich source of river which is very fertile for crops.

Question 8.
What is a peninsula ? Take the help of your atlas and name four major peninsulas of the world.
Answer:
A Peninsula is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides and joined to a larger land mass. The peninsular plateau of India and the Malay Peninsula are two examples of peninsulas attached to the continent of Asia. Europe is a peninsula of peninsulas. Can you name the three large water bodies that surround it ? Also identify the smaller peninsulas that jut out from it.
Arabian peninsula, Deccan for major peninsula are peninsulas, Indo-China peninsula, Alaska peninsula.

Question 9.
Which two land masses does the Isthmus of Panama connect ?
Answer:
The Isthmus of Panama joins North America and South America with the Pacific Ocean on one side and the Atlantic Ocean on the other. The Isthmus of Suez joins Africa to Asia and separates the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs :

Question 1.
Name the major landforms on earth.
Answer:
The major landforms on earth are :

  • Mountains — Most of the rivers originate from mountains. They are rich in minerals and metals deposits and support variety of flora and fauna.
  • Plateau — They are storehouses of minerals such as gold, silver, iron, copper, manganese, etc.
  • Valley — They are low-lying lands between hills formed by river flowing down the mountains or due to movement of earth plates.
  • Plains — They are the most fertile landforms which support easy habitation.

Question 2.
List the continents according to size. Describe the two largest continents in detail.
Answer:
Continents are very large land masses that are surrounded by vast water bodies called oceans on all sides. They are the primary divisions of land. There are seven continents in the world.
Asia is the largest continent. It occupies about one-third of the land area of our planet. It is joined to the land mass of Europe and, thus, we use the term Eurasia for this combined land mass. The Ural Mountains, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea separate the two continents. We find oceans on three sides of this land mass. To its north lies the Arctic Ocean, to its east is the Pacific Ocean and to its south is the Indian Ocean.
Africa is the second largest continent after Asia. It is surrounded by water bodies on all sides. In the north, the Mediterranean Sea separates it from Europe, and on its east is the Indian Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean in the west separates it from the two Americas. In Africa lies the largest desert of the world, the Sahara Desert.

Question 3.
Write short notes on

  1. Europe
  2. Australia.

Answer:

  1. Europe is smaller in size in comparison to the other continents mentioned above but has some of the most developed nations in the world. To its north is the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean separates it from North America. It has the most indented coastline among the continents, which is why it has numerous ports and some of the finest harbours in the world.
  2. Australia is sometimes called ‘the Land Down Under’ as it lies to the south of the main land masses. It is also the smallest continent in size. As there is water on all sides—the Indian Ocean in the west, the South Pacific Ocean in the east, the Southern Ocean in the south, and the Arafura Sea in the north— it is an island and is, therefore, also called the ‘island continent’.

Question 4.
How is Mount Fuji of Japan different from the Vosges of Europe ?
Answer:
Mount Fuj i is a volcanic mountain formed when molten lava, ash, dust, etc. come out through cracks in earth’s crust and is accumulated in shape of high cone. Where as Vosges in Europe are formed by rupturing or fracturing of rock strata due to strain and is an example of block mountain.

Question 5.
Briefly describe the importance of mountains.
Answer:
Importance of Mountains:

  1. Mountains are a storehouse of water. Many rivers originate in the glaciers in the mountains.
  2. Reservoirs are made and the water from the mountains is used for irrigation and generation of hydro-electricity.
  3. The river valleys and terraces are most suitable for farming and cultivation of crops as the land is very fertile.
  4. Mountains support a rich variety of flora and fauna.
  5. Mountains also affect the climate of an area.
    For example, the Himalayas cause rainfall in India by blocking the south-west monsoon winds. They also protect us from the cold winds of Central Asia in winter.
  6. Mountains are also rich in mineral and metal deposits which are essential for industries.
  7. According to the United Nations Development Programme, mountains provide home for around 720 million people.
  8. The forests in the mountainous regions provide fuel, fodder, shelter and other products like gum, wild fruits, mushrooms, resins, etc. mountains provide an ideal holiday for tourists. They visit the for their natural scenic beauty and relaxation.
  9. Many recreation, sporting and tourism activities takes place in the mountains. Paragliding, hang gliding, river rafting and skiing are popular sports in the mountains.

Question 6.
How is a volcanic mountain formed ?
Answer:
Volcanic mountains are formed when molten lava, ash, cinder and dust from deep inside the earth come out on the surface through cracks in the earth’s crust and accumulate in the shape of high cones.
The opening through which lava and other materials come to the surface is called a vent. The funnel-shaped depression at the top of a vent is called a crater.
Examples – Mountain Fujiyama in Japan, Mountain Mayon in the Philippines.

Question 7.
What is a V-shaped valley ?
Answer:
The valley which is formed by an exogenous process i.e. from the outside like a river flowing down the mountain eroding the soil and minerals form a V-shaped valley, eg. Rhine valley in Europe and Damodar valley in India.

Question 8.
Briefly explain

  1. peninsula
  2. island
  3. isthumus.

Answer:

  1. Peninsula: is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides and joined to a larger land mass. The peninsular plateau of India and the Malay Peninsula are two examples of peninsulas attached to the continent of Asia. Europe is a peninsula of peninsulas. Can you name the three large water bodies that surround it ? Also identify the smaller peninsulas that jut out from it.
    Arabian peninsula, Deccan for major peninsula are peninsulas, Indo-China peninsula, Alaska peninsula and Labrador peninsula.
  2. Island : An island is a piece of land which is surrounded on all sides by water. India has two groups of islands – the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
  3. Isthumus : An isthmus is an elongated narrow piece of land, with water on each side, that joins two large land masses. For example, the Isthmus of Panama joins North America and South America with the Pacific Ocean on one side and the Atlantic Ocean on the other. The Isthmus of Suez joins Africa to Asia and separates the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

E. Draw neat, labelled, coloured sketches to show the characteristics of each of the following geographical features. Write a brief description alongside, explaining each of them

Question 1.
Block mountain
Answer:
Block mountain—They are formed by rupturing or fracturing of rock strata due to strain. The land between the cracks inside the earth sink leaving upstanding blocks on either side making mountains.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 5

Question 2.
Volcanic mountain
Answer:
Volcanic mountain — They are built when molten lava, ash, cinder and dust from deep inside the earth comes out on the surface through cracks in the earth’s crust and accumulate in the shape of high cones.
The opening through which lava and other materials come to the surface is called a vent. The funnel-shaped depression at the top of a vent is called a crater.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 6

Question 3.
Plateau
Answer:
Plateau — It is the uplifted section of the earth’s crust that are almost flat or level and usually descend steeply to the surrounding lowlands, eg. Deccan Plateau and the Chota Nagpur plateau etc.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 7

Question 4.
Rift valley
Answer:
Rift Valley—The rift valley is the type of valley that is formed when the land between the two faults sink i.e. the land between 2 block mountains is called rift valley.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 8

F. Picture study
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Major Landforms of the Earth 9
Look at the photographs of a plain and a plateau given here and answer the questions.

Question 1.
How does a plain look different from a plateau ?
Answer:
A plain is a flat piece of land where it is very easy to build houses, roads and carry agricultural practices whereas a plateau is a flat raised piece of land with steep slopes and high cliffs from the surrounding land which makes the soil rich in minerals like iron, copper, manganese.

Question 2.
Why are river plains thickly populated ?
Answer:
The river plains are thickly populated as it is easier to make buildings, construct roads and have all kinds of transportation facilities. The land is also very fertile, rich in minerals. Thus, making it easier for people to grow crops for their living.

Question 3.
How is life in the plains different from life in the mountains?
Answer:
Landforms also influence weather. The higher one goes the colder it gets, while down in the plains and valleys it is warmer. Since landforms affect climate they also affect farming. It is more difficult to grow crops and rear cattle on hillsides than it is in the plains. In the plains, it is easier for people to make roads and houses and to dig wells, unlike in the mountains where it is difficult and expensive to make them and water has to be brought from distant streams. In other words, life in the mountains is more difficult than life in the plains.

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – Traders to Rulers (II)

by

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – Traders to Rulers (II)

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics. You can download the History and Civics ICSE Solutions for Class 8 with Free PDF download option. History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics GeographyBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

  1. The British had to face the challenge of the rulers of Hyderabad and Mysore, Marathas after the conquest of Bengal.
  2. The new Nizam of Hyderabad, Salabat Jung initially had cordial relations with the English.
  3. Lord Wellesley made the Nizam of Hyderabad enter the Subsidiary Alliance system.
  4. The English fought four wars with rulers of Mysore, known as Anglo-Mysore wars.
  5. It took the British 43 years to defeat the Marathas in three Anglo-Maratha wars.
  6. Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh on basis of misgovernance.

II. Match the contents of Column A and Column B:
Column A                                 Column B
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 1
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 2
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 3

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

  1. The Subsidiary Alliance system was started by Lord Cornwallis.
    False.
  2. The capture of the port of Mahe by the British led to the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1780
    True.
  3. Tipu won a great battle against his three enemies, the English, Nizam and the Marathas in 1792
    False.
  4. The war of succession among the Marathas in 1772 gave a chance to the English to interfere in Maratha politics.
    True.
  5. The Second Anglo-Maratha war was fought when Lord Wellesley was the Governor General of India.
    True.
  6. Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed under the pretext of misgovernance.
    False.

IV. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What were the results of the First Anglo-Mysore War?
Answer:
The Marathas, the Nizam and the British marched towards Mysore. But Hyder won over the Marathas and the Nizam. The British were isolated. Haider won after some setbacks. He forced the British to sign a peace treaty in 1769, according to which both Haider and the British agreed to help each other in case of any attack by a third power.

Question 2.
How did the British force win the Third Anglo-Mysore War?
Answer:
In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792) the company won the support of two other powers – the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas. Tipu Sultan was completely defeated by these three joint powers and was forced to sign the Treaty of Seringapattam in 1792. According to the terms of this treaty Tipu had to surrender half of his territories which were to be shared between the British, the Nizam and the Marathas. Tipu also had to pay a war indemnity of ruppees 3.3 crore. Two of his sons were taken hostages.

Question 3.
What were the causes of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War? What were its results?
Answer:
The Treaty of Seringapattam was short lived. Lord Wellesley, the Governor General wanted the ruler of Mysore, Tipu to accept the Subsidiary Alliance but Tipu refused to do so. Tipu sought French help. The British feared that the French might land in support of Tipu. So in 1799, the British went to war against Tipu. The Nizam joined the British but the Marathas remained neutral and the French support never came. Tipu was killed in the battle on 4th May 1799.

Question 4.
Name the four different centres of Maratha power.
Answer:
The four different centres of Maratha power were Bhonsle at Nagpur, Scindia at Gwalior, Peshwa at Pune and Holkar at Indore.

Question 5.
What were the causes and results of the First Anglo-Maratha War? When was it fought?
Answer:
In 1772, a war of succession followed for the seat of Peshwaship after the death of Peshwa Madhav Rao I between Raghoba and Madhav Rao II. The English sided with Raghoba. Marathas led by Nana Phadnavis supported Madhav Rao II. An indecisive war broke out and continued for seven years. It ended in 1782 with the signing of the Treaty of Salbai. Under this Madhav Rao II was recognised as Peshwa and the Marathas had to cede Salsette. Peace prevailed between the Marathas and the British for 20 years.

Question 6.
Who was the Governor-General of India during the Second Anglo-Maratha War? What was the significance of this battle?
Answer:
The Second Anglo-Maratha War was fought when Lord Wellesley was the Governor General of India. In 1803 Baji Rao II signed with the English East India Company a Subsidiary Alliance known as Treaty of Bassein. As a result the English installed Baji Rao II at Pune and helped to drive out the Holkars. The Maratha chiefs Scindia and Bhonsle refused to accept the system of Subsidiary Alliance and declared war against the British. But the British defeated the combined forces of Scindia and Bhonsle. They were forced to enter into the Subsidiary Alliance with the English. They ceded the territories of Ahmednagar, Broach, Cuttack and Balasore. This war gave a blow to the power and prestige of the Marathas.

Question 7.
Why was the Third Anglo-Maratha War fought? What were its results?
Answer:
The Third Anglo Maratha War was fought in (AD 1817-1818) because the Maratha chiefs were feeling humiliated after signing the Subsidiary Alliance with the British. Peshwa Baji Rao II began to make plans to unite the Marathas against the British. This war was fought during the Governor Generalship of Marquess Hastings. When Lord Hastings became aware of Baji Rao’s plans he forced him to sign the Treaty of Pune in 1817. According to it, Konkan was ceded and Baji Rao II renounced Maratha leadership. Scindia was forced to sign the Treaty of Gwalior and provide help to the British against the Pindaris.

The Marathas made their last attempt to regain their old prestige and independence. They declared war against English. Baji Rao II raised a huge army and attacked the British Residency at Poona in 1817. The war continued for about two years. Finally the Marathas were defeated and large parts of their territories were annexed by the British.

The Third Anglo – Maratha War led to the abolition of Peshwa’s hereditary office. The Maratha dream of building a Hindu empire was completely shattered and the British emerged as the unchallenged power in India.

Question 8.
State very briefly why the Marathas failed against the British.
Answer:
The Marathas were inferior to the English in material sources, military organisation, diplomacy and leadership. The Maratha state was despotic and feudal. It was a loose confederation of different powers – the Holkar, Bhonsle, Scindhia – headed by the Peshwa. The Marathas were careless about military intelligence whereas the British had superior espionage system. The Marathas did not possess any national sentiment. The internal jealously and selfish treachery among them triumphed over national interest. The Marathas lacked men of talent and leadership in later years. They were in disarray in all aspects.

Question 9.
Explain the doctrine of Lapse. Name the other methods used by Lord Dalhousie to expand the British power in India.
Answer:
According to Doctrine of Lapse if the ruler of a dependent state died without leaving a natural heir the state would automatically pass over to the British. The Doctrine of Lapse did not recognise adopted children as rightful heirs. Satara, Jaitpur, Baghat, Udaipur, Sambhalpur, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. Punjab was annexed through war. Awadh was annexed by Dalhousie on the basis of misgovemance.

V. Word Hunt

Given below is a grid. Look for names of places which Dalhousie annexed. You have to look vertically, horizontally and diagonally. In total there are 8 places. After you have found out these places, write down why these were annexed.
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 4
VI. Picture Study –

This is a picture depicting the first Anglo-Sikh War.
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 5

Question 1.
What was the political condition of Punjab after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh there was a state of political instability in the Punjab. For six years there was conflict among various claimants to the throne.

Question 2.
When was the first Anglo-Sikh war fought?
Answer:
First Anglo Sikh War was fought in December 1845.

Question 3.
What were the causes and results of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
The mother of the minor son of Ranjit Singh, Maharani Jindan Kaur instigated the Khalsa against the British. This led to the first Anglo-Sikh War.
The Sikhs were defeated and had to sign the Treaty of Lahore in 1846. The Sikhs lost territory and had to keep British Resident.

Additional Questions

Rise of British Power in Bengal

 A. Fill the in the blanks:

  1. Madras, Bombay and Calcutta became the headquarters of the British settlements in the southern, western and eastern regions, respectively.
  2. In 1717, the Mughal emperor granted the United East India Company the right to carry on duty-free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
  3. The French East India Company was established in 1664 C.E.
  4. The British and the French fought the Carnatic Wars in India to establish their monopoly in trade.
  5. Bengal in the 18th century was the richest and the most fertile province in India.
  6. In 1757 Robert Clive recovered Calcutta which had been captured by Siraj-ud-Daulah in 1756.
  7. Mir Jafar was deposed because he was unable to meet the demands of the British.
  8. In 1765, Awadh was returned to Shuja-ud-Daulah but Kora and Allahabad were taken away and given to Shah Alam II.
  9. Shah Alam II granted the Company the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765.
  10. Warren Hastings deposed and pensioned off the Nawab of Bengal and brought Bengal under the direct, and complete control of the Company.

B. Match the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 12

Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 7

C. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
The English East India Company was established in the year 1600/1700/1800 CE.
Answer:
The English East India Company was established in the year 1600.

Question 2.
The English East India Company set up its first factory in Surat/Agra/Broach.
Answer:
The English East India Company set up its first factory in Surat.

Question 3.
The largest and the most prosperous European settlement in Bengal was the British settlement at Calcutta/Burdwan/ Murshidabad.
Answer:
The largest and the most prosperous European settlement in Bengal was the British settlement at Calcutta.

Question 4.
Alivardi Khan was succeeded by Mir Qasim/Siraj-ud- Daulah/Shuja-ud-Daula.
Answer:
Alivardi Khan was succeeded by Siraj-ud-Daulah.

Question 5.
Robert Clive hatched a plot with Mir Jafar/Mir Qasim/ Alivardi Khan to replace Siraj-ud-Daulah.
Answer:
Robert Clive hatched a plot with Mir Jafar to replace Siraj- ud-Daulah.

Question 6.
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757/1764/1772.
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757.

Question 7.
The Dual Government in Bengal was introduced by Robert Clive/Warren Hastings/Lord Cornwallis.
Answer:
The Dual Government in Bengal was introduced by Robert Clive.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

  1. The Carnatic Wars were fought between the British and the French.
    True.
  2. The employees of the Company were entitled to both private trade as well as duty-free trade.
    False.
    Correct: The employees of the Company were permitted to carry on private trade but they were not entitled to the Company’s privilege of duty-free trade.
  3. The English East India Company was given the right to issue passes or dastaks for the free movement of their goods.
    True.
  4. The British army was defeated in the Battle of Buxar.
    False
    Correct : The British army won in the Battle of Buxar.
  5. The Treaty of Allahabad was signed between the British Company and Mir Qasim.
     False.
    Correct: The Treaty of Allahabad was signed between the British and Shuja-ud-Daulah.
  6. Warren Hastings laid the foundation of an organized system of government in Bengal.
    True.

 Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Who granted the English East India Company the exclusive right to trade with the East ?
Answer:
The Queen of England, Elizabeth I, granted the Company the exclusive right to trade with the East.

Question 2.
Name the British trading settlements in
(a) Madras  (b)Calcutta
Answer:
(a)
Madras was given to the British by a local ruler. They established a trading settlement which they fortified and named Fort St. George.
(b)
Calcutta In 1690 CE, a British trading settlement was established and fortified in Calcutta. It was named Fort William.

Question 3.
What important right did the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar grant the English East India Company ?
Answer:
In 1717, the Mughal Emperor, Farrukhsiyar, granted the Company the right to carry on duty-free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (now Odisha). The Company made enormous profits.

Question 4.
Why were European traders attracted to the Bengal province inthe 18th century?
Answer:
Bengal was the richest and the most fertile province in India at that time. It was known as the paradise of the earth and this province attracted traders from many European countries.

Question 5.
What privileges did the farman of 1717 confer on the English East India Company?
Answer:
By the ‘Farman” of 1717, the English East India company was granted the right to carry on duty-free trade in Bengal. They were allowed to export and import goods from and to Bengal without paying any taxes to the government. They were given the right to issue passes or dastaks for the free movement of their goods.

Question 6.
Why did the farman of 1717 become a bone of contention between the nawabs of Bengal and the British Company?
Answer:
The Nawabs of Bengal wanted British company to pay taxes on trade like the Indians. But the Britishers refused to do so. This created conflict between both the parties and resulted in wars between both of them.

Question 7.
Why did the British fortify their trade settlement in Calcutta?
Answer:
Siraj-ud-Daulah ordered the British to pay taxes to him like all other Indian merchants. The British refused to do so. This angered the young nawab. In anticipation of a war with the French, who had a trading settlement in Chandemagore, the British began to fortify Calcutta.

Question 8.
Why did Siraj-ud-Daulah attack Calcutta in 1756?
Answer:
When the Britishers tried to fortify Calcutta, Siraj-ud-Daulah ordered both the British and the French to dismantle their fortifycations and not to fight private wars on his territory. The French agreed but the British refused. This enraged the Nawab and he attacked Calcutta with a large army and captured Fort William.

Question 9.
What important trading right was granted to the English East India Company after its victory in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:

  1. The English East India Company was granted the undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
  2. The Company was given the zamindari of the 24 Parganas.

Question 10.
State the political significance of the Battle of Buxar.
Answer:

  1. It gave them political influence and control over Awadh and the Mughal emperor.
  2. It laid the foundation of British rule in India.

Question 11.
Name the Indian signatories of the Treaty of Allahabad.
Answer:
Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam II

Question 12.
In which year was the Dual Government abolished and by whom?
Answer:
In 1772, Warren Hastings abolished the Dual Government.

F.Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
The Battle of Plassey was a major turning point in the history of India. In this context answer the following questions:
(a) Give an account of the events leading from the conspiracy to replace Siraj-ud-Daulah to his eventual defeat in the Battle of Plassey.
(b)State the results of the Battle of Plassey.
(c) Why is this battle considered a major turning point in the history of India?
Answer:
(a)
A major part of the nawab’s army under the command of Mir Jafar did not take any part in the battle. Realizing that he had been betrayed, the nawab fled from the battlefield. He was captured and put to death.
(b)
Results of Battle of Plasey:

  1. The English East India company was granted the undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
  2. The Company w’as given the zamindari of the 24 parganas.
  3. Mir Jafar paid the Company and its officials over 300 lakh rupees.

(c)
The Battle of Plassey was a major turning point in the histoiy of India.

  1. It paved the way for the establishment of British rule in Bengal and, eventually, the rest of India.
  2. It transformed a trading company into a political power.

It provided the British the vast resources of Bengal, which helped them to win the Third camatic war and other expeditions in India.

Question 2.
Mir Qasim was a competent ruler, determined to free himself from foreign control. In this context answer the following:
(a) What steps did Mir Qasim take to strengthen his position? Why did he abolish all duties on internal trade?
(b) Trace the events from the outbreak of war (1763) between Mir Qasim and the British up to the Battle of Buxar in 1764.
(c) Explain the importance of the Battle of Buxar.
Answer:
(a)
To strengthen his position, Mir Qasim improved the financial position of Bengal and raised a modern, disciplined and well-equipped army trained by the Europeans.The employers of the company misused their trade privileges. They sold their duty-free trade points to Indian merchants who also used them to carry on duty-free trade. This deprived the Nawab fo large revenues. To put an end to the corrupt practices of the British, Mir Qasim abolished all duties on internal trade.

(b)
The employees of the Company misused their trade privileges. They sold their duty-free trade permits to Indian merchants who also used them to carry on duty-free trade. This deprived the nawab of large revenues and was unfair to those local merchants who had to pay heavy duties.
To put an end to the corrupt practices of the British, Mir Qasim abolished all duties on internal trade. This made the British furious. They refused to accept an equal status with the Indian merchants.
In 1763, war broke out between Mir Qasim and the British. The nawab was defeated. Mir Jafar was reinstated on the throne.
Mir Qasim was determined to recover his throne. He escaped to Awadh, where he formed an alliance with Shuja-ud- Daulah, the nawab of Awadh, and the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II.
The combined forces of the three allies clashed with the Company’s troops at Buxar in 1764, and were decisively defeated by the British.

(c)

  1. The victory of the British in the Battle of Buxar firmly established them as masters of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
  2. It gave them political influence and control over Awadh and the Mughal emperor.
  3. It laid the foundation of British rule in India.
  4.  At this time, Robert Clive returned to India as the governor of Bengal.

Question 3.
With reference to the Treaty of Allahabad and its impact,answer the following:
(a) Mention the terms of agreement between Robert Clive and Shuja-ud-Daulah in this treaty.
(b) Explain how the treaty between Robert Clive and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II legalized the English East India’s Company’s control over Bengal.
(c) Give an account of the events that followed the death of Mir Jafar, leading to the establishment of the Company as the real ruler of Bengal.
Answer:
(a)

  1. Awadh was returned to Shuja-ud-Daulah. However, the two districts of Kora and Allahabad were taken away from the Nawab.
  2. The nawab of Awadh had to pay a war indemnity of 50 lakh rupees to the Company.
  3. The British agreed to defend the nawab of Awadh against his enemies. The nawab would have to pay for the cost of the British troops. Awadh became a buffer state between the British possessions in Bengal and the Marathas.

(b)
The British gave Shah Alam II the districts of Kora and Allahabad and an annual pension of 26 lakh rupees. In return, the emperor (the nominal head of the Mughal empire) granted the Company the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, e., the right to collect revenue from these provinces and judge civil cases. The Company’s control over Bengal was made legal.
(c)
After Mir Jafar’s death in 1765, his son was made-the nawab of Bengal. He had to sign a treaty with Clive,according to which he had to disband most of his army. He also had to transfer the ‘Nizamat’ powers (general administration and criminal justice) to a deputy nawab appointed by the British. The deputy nawab could not be dismissed by the nawab. The nawab was given an allowance of 53 lakh rupees which was subsequently reduced. Thus, the English East India Company became the real ruler of Bengal from 1765.

Question 4.
With reference to the establishment of Dual Government in Bengal (1765-72) answer the following:

(a) Why was the government introduced in Bengal by Robert Clive referred to as ‘Dual Government’?
(b) What were the advantages and disadvantages of this system for the Company and the nawab respectively?
(c) The evils of the Dual Government led to the collapse of the administration and the economy. Explain.
Answer:
(a)
Robert Clive introduced Dual Government in Bengal in 1765. Bengal now had two masters-the nawab and the Company. The Nawab was responsible for general administration, maintenance of law and order and justice (i.e., criminal cases). The Company had military power and the right to collect and use the revenue of Bengal. This arrangement was known as Dual Government.
(b)
The Company enjoyed power without any responsibilities. The nawab, on the other hand, was burdened with the responsibility of administration without the resources necessary for running it efficiently e., responsibility without power.The revenue was collected by Indian officials appointed by the Company. The greed, corruption and oppression of these officials reduced the peasants to conditions of utter misery. The Company took no interest in the welfare of the people.
(c)
The conditions of the people worsened when Bengal was hit by a terrible famine in which one third of the population perished. Nobody cared, neither the Company nor the nawab, who in any case had neither the authority nor the resources to lessen the miseries of the people. The Company, through its power to nominate the deputy nawab, only interfered in the general administration without assuming any responsibility.The evils of the Dual Government began to manifest themselves. The administration and economy collapsed. In 1772, the Court of Directors of the Company appointed Warren Hastings as the Governor of Bengal. In 1773, by the Regulating Act, he was made the Governor General of British territories in India. The Governor General was now the most important functionary of the East India Company.

G  Picture Study.

This picture portrays a momentous event in 1765, involving a British Governor and a Mughal emperor wherein the Mughal emperor is conveying the grant of the Diwani to the governor.
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 8

  1. Identify the Mughal emperor and the British governor
    Ans. Mughal Emperor – Shuja-ud-Daulah, British Governor – Robert Clive
  2. What is the significance of this grant of the Diwani?
    Ans. The significance of granting the company the Diwani i.e. the right to collect revenue from these provinces and judge civil cases.
  3. Give a brief account of the battle that preceded this event. When did it take place?
    Ans. Battle of Buxar in 1764.
  4. What is the importance of this battle?
    Ans. Mir Qasim was defeated and Mir Jafar was reinstated on the throne.

Additional Questions

Expansion of British Power in India
EXERCISES
A. Fill the in the blanks:

  1. The five centres of Maratha power were:
    Ans.
    The five centres of Maratha power were:

    • The Sindhias of Gwalior
    • The Holkars of Indore
    • The Bhonsle family of Nagpur
    • The Gaekwad family of Baroda
    • The Peshwa of Poona (Pune)
  2. The Governors-General during the First and Second Anglo- Maratha Wars were Warren Hastings and Lord Wellesley, respectively.
  3. The Second Anglo-Maratha War was a severe blow to the Sindhia and Bhonsle of the Marathas.
  4. Lord Dalhousie adopted three methods to make the British the paramount power in India.
  5. Jhansi was annexed by Dalhousie on the basis of the Doctrine of Lapse.
  6. Dalhousie annexed Awadh on the grounds of Maladministration or Misgovernment.

B. Match the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 9
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 10

C. Choose the correct answer:

  1. The First Anglo-Maratha War was fought during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Cornwallis/Lord Wellesley/ Warren Hastings.
    Ans. The First Anglo-Maratha War was fought during the Governor- Generalship of Warren Hastings.
  2. The Maratha chiefs were united under the leadership of Nana Phadnavis/Baji Rao II/Madhav Rao II during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
    Ans. The Maratha chiefs were united under the leadership of Nana Phadnavis during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
  3. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War the British placed a descendant of Shivaji on the throne of Nagpur/Satara/Jhansi.
    Ans. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War the British placed a descendant of Shivaji on the throne of Satara.
  4. Punjab was annexed by Lord Minto/Lord Dalhousie/Lord Wellesley in 1849.
    Ans. Punjab was annexed by Lord Dalhousie in 1849.
  5. The widespread resentment against annexations expressed itself in the Revolt of 1849/1861/1857.
    Ans. The widespread resentment against annexations expressed itself in the Revolt of 1857

D. State whether the following are true or false:

  1. After Hyder Ali’s death, his son Tipu Sultan continued the Anglo-Maratha Wars.
    True.
  2. The Subsidiary Alliance system was used by the British to bring Indian rulers under British control without any war.
    True.
  3. The Subsidiary Alliance proved very advantageous for the Indians.
    False.
    Correct : The Subsidiary Alliance proved very advantageous for the British.
  4. The adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II was denied the pension that his father used to get from the British.
    True.
  5. By 1856, the English East India Company had brought the whole of India under its control.
    True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
What was the main objective of the Subsidiary Alliance system?
Answer:
The subsidiary Alliance system was a method perfected by Lord Wellesley to subjugate Indian powers without the cost and bother/ trouble of war.Any Indian ruler whose security was threatened was encouraged to seek help from and enter into an alliance with the British, who promised to protect the ruler from external attacks and internal revolts. The Indian ruler had to accept certain terms and conditions.                            ‘

Question 2.
What happened when the administration of a subsidiary state collapsed?
Answer:
When the administration collapsed, the British used it as an excuse for annexing the kingdom on grounds of misgovemment.

Question 3.
Why did Peshwa Baji Rao II sign the Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
In 1802, Peshwa baji Rao II, supported by Sindhia, was defeated by Holkar. Baji Rao II fled to Bassein where he signed the Subsidiary Treaty as a price for British protection and support. He was escorted back to Poona by British soldiers.

Question 4.
Why was Wellesley recalled from India during the Second Anglo-Maratha War?
Answer:
Wellesley was recalled from India because the government in England was unhappy with the enormous expenditure involved in Wellesley’s policy of wars and expansion.

Question 5.
How did the Subsidiary Alliance impact the
(a) economy
(b) administration in Awadh?
Answer:
(a)
Awadh had signed a Subsidiary Alliance with Wellesley. He had to protect the nawab from external invasions and internal rebellions. It made the nawabs complacent and unconcerned about the affairs of the state. The payement of annual subsidies to the Company exhausted the state treasury
(b)
When the administration was on the verge of collapse, Dalhousie struck. He brought charges of misgovemment or maladministration against the nawab. On those grounds he deposed the nawab and annexed Awadh in 1856.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
With reference to the Subsidiary Alliance System perfected by Lord Wellesley, answer the following:
(a) Why did Indian rulers sign the Subsidiary Alliance? State two important military terms and conditions imposed on the Indian rulers by this treaty.
(b) The Subsidiary Alliance proved very beneficial for the British. Explain.
(c) Discuss the disastrous effects of the Subsidiary Alliance on the Indian states.
Answer:
(a)
Indian ruler whose security was threatened was encouraged to seek help from and enter into an alliance with the British,who promised to protect the ruler from external attacks and internal revolts. The Indian rulers had to accept certain terms and condition in return for
British protection under the Subsidiary Alliance like:

  1. British troops would be permanently placed in the territory of the Subsidiary state.
  2. The ruler would have to pay for the maintenance of the troops.
  3. He could not employ any europeans in his service or dismiss those who were already there.
  4. He could not form an alliance with any other power or declare war against any power without the permission of the British.
  5. He would acknowledge the British Company as the paramount power.

(b)
The Subsidiary Alliance proved very advantageous for the British like.

  1. The British maintained large armies at the expense of the Indian rulers.
  2. The British acquired valuable territories as subsidiary payment. This led to the expansion of the
  3. British empire in India and an increase in its resources.
  4. The influence of European rivals, especially the French, was excluded from the courts of the Indian rulers.
  5. The British controlled the foreign policy of the Subsidiary states.

(c)
The Subsidiary Alliance System had great effect on the subsidiary state like:

  1. British troops would be permanently placed in the territory of the Subsidiary state.
  2. The ruler would have to pay for the maintenance of the troops.
  3. He could not employ any Europeans in his service or dismiss those who were already there.
  4. He could not form an alliance with any other power or declare war against any power without the permission of the British.     ‘
  5. He would acknowledge the British Company as the paramount power.ses or dastaks for the free movement of their goods.

Question 2.
Dalhousie was a great expansionist and adopted a number of methods to build an all-India empire. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) Mention the various methods adopted by Dalhousie and the territories annexed on the basis of these methods.
(b) Under what circumstances did a subordinate state automatically ‘lapse’ and pass into the hands of the British? How did the rulers react to this policy?
(c) Why did Nana Saheb become one of the leaders of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
(a)
Dalhousie adopted a number of methods to give the final touches to the work of empire-building in India. The methods he adopted were:

  1.  War-Punjab.
  2. Doctrine of Lapse-Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur.
  3. Annexation on grounds of maladministration-Awadh.

(b)
Lord Dalhousie brought several subordinate states under the direct rule of the Company by annexing them on the basis of the Doctrine of Lapse. According to the Doctrine of Lapse, all subordinate states (subsidiary states and states created by the British) where the rulers died without a natural male heir would automatically ‘lapse’, e., pass into the hands of the British. Rulers without heirs could not adopt sons, according to the age-old Hindu and Islamic traditions, without the permission of the Company.
(c)
Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, inherited his father’s personal property but was not given the pension that had been paid to his father. Nana Saheb became one of the important leaders of the Revolt of 1857.

Question 3.
With reference to the annexation of Awadh discuss:
(a) The effects of the Subsidiary Alliance on the administration in Awadh
(b)The political scenario in India by 1856
(c) Any three factors responsible for the success of the British over their Indian rivals
Answer:
(a)
Awadh had signed Subsidiary Alliance with Wellesley. He had to protect the nawab from external invasions and internal rebellions. It made the nawabs complacent and unconcerned about the affairs of the state. The payement of annual subsidies to the Company exhausted the state treasury. When the administration was on the verge of collapse, Dalhousie struck. He brought charges of misgovemment or maladministration against the nawab. On these grounds he deposed the nawab and annexed Awadh in 1856.
(b)
By 1856 the English East India Company had brought the whole of India under its control of the British. The British had eliminated all their rivals and established themselves as the paramount power in India.
(c)
The factors responsible for the success of the British are:

  1. Lack of unity among Indian rulers.
  2. Lack of organized and efficient administration in Indian states.
  3. Superior military resources of the company.
  4. Superior economic resources of the company.
  5. Naval supremacy of the British.

G Picture study:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - Traders to Rulers (II) 11

  1. Name the Governor General.
    Ans. Lord Dalhousie
  2. What was the method adopted by him to subjugate the Indian territories ?
    Ans. Governor General Dalhousie was a great imperialist who annexed several states on the basis of the Doctrine of Lapse.
  3. Mention the terms and conditions under this method.
    Ans. According to the Doctrine of Lapse, all subordinate states
    (subsidiary states and states created by the British) where the rulers died without a natural male heir would automatically ‘lapse’, i.e. pass into the hands of the British. Rulers without heirs could not adopt sons, according to the age-old Hindu and Islamic traditions, without the permission of the Company.
  4. Did this method have any advantage for the Indian rulers? Why ?
    Ans. The annexation of these states caused widespread resentment among the Indian rulers and became a potent factor responsible for the outbreak of the Revolt of 1857.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Major Industries

by

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Major Industries

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

Discuss

Why do you think industries do not always employ adequate and right methods to control industrial pollution?
Answer:
Industries do not always employ adequate and right methods to control industrial pollution because the techniques to control industrial pollution are highly expensive. Industrialist’s feel huge burden on their pockets. Most of the Industrialist are uneducated, so they are not aware about how and why to control pollution.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

Industries cause pollution when the factories that manufacture goods dump their wastes into water, air and soil.
Imagine that you are a factory owner. Write down a few ways in which you can reduce the pollution caused by your factory.
Answer:
I would followthe following steps

  1. For the mitigation of smoke emissions from the chimney a stack should be installed at the emitting point.
  2. Liquid coming out from the process of manufacturing should be treated in treatment plant before its disposal as civic waste water.
  3. Solid waste of factory should be disposed off in safe way by throwing it into the designated landfill site.
  4. For minimum emissions from chimney or up to the allowable
    limits, chimney is made according to scientific prescriptions so that whatever emits from it during or after the manufacturing process must be within its limited level.
  5. Moreover, the quality of machinery and equipment which is used for manufacturing should also be well-maintained and its regular maintenance and repair should be done to help them limit the emissions from production.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Steel is necessary material for making machines.
2. Jamshedpur and Rourkela are important steel producing centres in India.
3. Southern USA is an important cotton producing belt in the US.
4. Bengaluru is a major centre of information technology industry in India.
5. China is the world’s largest shipbuilding country.

B. Match the following.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 1
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 2

C. State whether the following is true or false.

1. Other industries depend on the steel industry for infrastructural material.
Answer. True.

2. Steel industry is set up in areas where raw materials are available.
Answer. True.

3. The Deccan Plateau is a major cotton producing region.
Answer. True.

4. Ethanol can be produced from cotton.
Answer. False.
Correct : Ethanol can be produced from sugar.

5. Practising the principle of 3 Rs can help in controlling pollution.
Ans. True.

D. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
Why is the steel industry considered the basic industry on which other industries depend?
Answer:
Steel is the necessary raw material for making machines as well as other infrastructural material for other industries. The iron and steel industry is the basic industry on which other industries are dependent.
Steel industry is dependent on raw materials such as iron ore, limestone, manganese and coal. Since these are heavy and bulky, this industry is usually located in the vicinity of the areas where these raw materials are available.

Question 2.
Why are cotton textile centres located in the Deccan Plateau?
Answer:
Cotton textile centres located in the Deccan Plateau due to following reasons:

  1. Thick dark soil obtained which is suitable for growth of cotton and large production of cotton.
  2. Abundant and cheap labour.

Question 3.
Name the factors that have made Bengaluru a major IT centre.
Answer:
Bengaluru has become a major IT centre because of its pleasant climate, good transportation facilities, highly trained professionals and progressive government policies.

Question 4.
Which are the major automobile-producing countries in the world?
Answer:
The top five car producing countries in the world that manufacture the most cars in the world are China, USA, Japan, Germany and South Korea.

Question 5.
What are the major causes of industrial pollution?
Answer:
The major causes of industrial pollution are:

(a) Toxic chemicals used by industries in processing and manufacturing.
(b) Consumer products such as paints, sprays, plastics, cement, electronic parts, petroleum cleaning solvents, etc.
(c) Numerous industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of various products such as leather goods, paints, medicines, hospital wastes, etc.
(d) Greenhouse gas emissions such as CO.
(e) Activities such as mining, cutting down forests, construction of huge buildings, dams, highways etc.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
Give an account of the cotton textile industry in India.
Answer:
The cotton textile industry is one of the primary industries in India. More than 40 per cent of the working population of India directly or indirectly depends on this industry.
The manufacturing of cotton textile involves the following
processes:

  1. washing of fibres
  2. carding and combing of fibres to form a rope-like mass of fibres known as‘slivers’
  3. spinning to make cotton yam
  4. weaving of the ‘ grey cloth’ or undyed cloth
  5. bleaching of the ‘grey cloth’
  6. dyeing and printing

Question 2.
Write a note on sugar producing countries.
Answer:
In 2015, the top five sugar cane producing countries of the world were Brazil, India, China, Thailand and Pakistan. In Brazil, the heart of sugar cane area is located in the south-central part of the country. In India, sugar cane is produced mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Question 3.
What do you know about the ship-building industry in the world ?
Answer:
Shipbuilding is the world’s oldest industry. China is the world’s largest shipbuilder, followed by Japan and South Korea. In China, the shipbuilding industry is around Beijing, one of the world’s largest shipbuilding centres.

F. Trace your journey: Imagine you are a cotton boll. Write about your journey from the field to somebody’s wardrobe write about all the stages you had to pass through to become a garment.
Answer:
Here are the following stages we had to pass through to become a garment:

  1. washing of fibres
  2. carding and combing of fibres to form a rope-like mass of fibres known as ‘slivers’
  3. spinning to make cotton yam
  4. weaving of the ‘grey cloth’ or undyed cloth
  5. bleaching of the‘grey cloth’
  6. dyeing and printing

G Map work.

Question 1.
On an outline map of the world mark any five major industrial centres of the world.
Answer:
Five major industrial centres of the world are :

  1. Sydney
  2. Chicago
  3. Berlin
  4. London
  5. St. Petersburg

Question 2.
Mark two major centres of IT industries.
Answer:
Bengaluru and Silicon Valley

Question 3.
Mark two major centres of steel production.
Answer:
Singhbhum and Raniganj.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 3

H. Picture Study

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 4

Question 1.
This picture shows an industry that cannot be set up in all areas. Why ?
Answer:
This is a steel industry which cannot be set up in all areas because raw materials and cheap labour are not easily available.

Question 2.
Name the raw materials used in this industry.
Answer:
Iron ore, limestone, manganese and coal.

Let’s Do Something
Take some time out to visit a handicrafts shop nearby. Make a note of the following there :

  1. What are the items sold in the shop ?
  2. How are these products manufactured ?
  3. Where have they come from ?

Answer:
Do it Yourself.