ICSE Solutions

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Urbanization

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Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks

1. Cities offer the migrant better education prospects for him or his children.
2. Workers in cities get higher wages.
3. Rural areas act as the push factor while urban areas are the pull factor.
4. Satellite towns or cities are socially and economically independent, either completely or partially.
5. In India, 60 cities have been selected as Smart Cities.

B. Match the following columns

Answer:

C. State whether the following are true or false

1. Rapid industrial growth in and around the city leads to lack of job opportunities.
Answer. False.
Rapid industrial growth in and around the city leads to plenty of job opportunities.

2. People in the urban areas have less access to health, educational, cultural and social services than in rural areas.
Answer. False.
People in the urban areas have greater access to health, educational, cultural and social services than in rural areas.

3. Slums are usually located on land not owned by the slum dwellers.
Answer. True.

4. Satellite towns/cities are connected to the metropolis by trains and motorways.
Answer. True.

5. Mumbai is one of the 20 cities selected as Smart Cities.
Answer. False.
Mumbai is not one of the 60 cities selected as Smart Cities.

D. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
Define urbanization ?
Answer:
Urbanization is the process in which more and more people start to live and work in towns and cities rather than villages.

Question 2.
List any three factors responsible for the urbanization of a place.
Answer:
Factors responsible for the urbanization of a place are :

1. Rapid industrial growth in and around cities provide plenty of job opportunities.
2. Modern lifestyle and freedom from social practice like caste system in villages.
3. Better medical facilities and health care services.
4. Better education prospects for migrants and their children.
5. Cities offer higher wages to workers.

Question 3.
Mention three ways in which the environment is affected as a result of increased urbanization.
Answer:
With the increase in urbanization, the environment is affected in many ways as :

1. There is a steep rise in air pollution due to more factories and motor vehicles plying on the roads.
2. The expansion of cities leads to the destruction of flora and fauna. Demand for more housing leads to deforestation and destruction of wetlands which drive away many birds and animals from their natural habitats.
3. In many areas close to the sea, urbanization damages the ocean ecosystem.
4. Destruction of green areas and increase in buildings leads to an increase in city temperatures.
5. Rise in air pollution leads to respiratory diseases and allergies.

Question 4.
What are satellite cities ?
Answer:

• Satellite cities : are smaller cities that come around larger cities but are independent of them. Its main objective is to relieve pressure from the main city. For example :
• Main city : New Delhi — Satellite cities are Noida and Gurugram.
  Main city Mubai — Satellite cities are Thane and Navi Mumbai.

Question 5.
Briefly mention the aspects of urban life which serve as the basis for the smart cities.
Answer:
The different aspects of urban life which are normally the basis of smart cities are economy, environment, governance, human capital, international outreach, mobility and transportation, public management, social cohesion, technology, and urban planning.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Smart Cities ?
Answer:
Smart Cities : are urban regions that are highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and market viability. The main purpose of a smart city is to improve the quality of life of the people by using information technology (IT) and to push economic growth. For example : In India, 60 cities have been selected as — ‘Smart Cities’ under Smart Cities mission. It include Jaipur, Pune, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Raipur, Indore, Bhopal, Kochi, etc.

Question 7.
Mention any five smart cities of India.
Answer:
Smart Cities : Hyderabad, Vadodara, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Guwahati, Raipur, Bilaspur, Durgapur, Indore, Gwalior, Rourkela, Jabalpur and Bhopal.

Question 8.
Mention the top ten smart cities in the world.
Answer:
The top 10 smart cities in the world (as in 2017)

E. Answer the following questions in detail

Question 1.
What are the positive impacts of urbanization ?
Answer:
Positive impacts of urbanization :

1. There is development and expansion of essential services like clean water, electricity and transport in cities.
2. People in urban areas have greater access to health, educational, cultural and social services than in rural areas.
3. More schools, colleges, training centers and universities provide better prospects to the children of migrants.
4. Urbanization creates harmony among people coming from different strata of society, allowing people of different castes, groups, languages and religions to live and work together, breaking down the social and cultural barriers.
5. Urbanization allows people to acquire modern communication skills, knowledge of computers, smartphones, languages, etc which enable them to get jobs.
6. Urbanization also provides people the opportunity to acquire training and work experience in hi-tech industries, enhancing their skills and facilitating them to migrate to other countries.

Question 2.
How does urbanization negatively impact the lives of people?
Answer:
Negative effects of urbanization :

1. Migrants from village to cities end up being labourers and lead to the creation of slums.
2. Slum owners can easily throw out the slum dwellers from their houses.
3. Growth in slums puts extra pressure on essential utilities like clean drinking water, sanitation, electricity supply, etc.
4. Overcrowding in slums lead to the outbreak of diseases such as malaria and dengue.
5. unemployment increases as the number of people looking for jobs is more than jobs available.
6. Unemployment and poverty force people to do crimes.
7. With urbanization, environment is affected is many ways.

• There is a steep rise in air pollution due to more factories and motor vehicles plying on the roads.
• The expansion of cities leads to the destruction of flora and fauna. Demand for more housing leads to deforestation and destruction of wetlands which drive away many birds and animals from their natural habitats.
• In many areas close to the sea, urbanization damages the ocean ecosystem.
• Destruction of green areas and increase in buildings leads to an increase in city temperatures.
• Rise in air pollution leads to respiratory diseases and allergies.

Question 3.
Briefly explain ways of reducing the negative impact of urbanization.
Answer:
Ways to reduce the negative impact of urbanization : There are various steps that the government can take to check and reduce the negative effects of urbanization.

1. Sustainable and environment-friendly cities : The government should plan and provide environment-friendly cities with smart growth techniques and should pass laws to this effect. It is quite unhealthy for people to reside in unsafe and polluted areas. Therefore, the government should aim to build sustainable cities with improved environmental conditions and habitats which are safe and clean for people living in urban areas.
2. Provision of essential services : The government at the local level must ensure,that all populations living within the urban areas have access to adequate essential services such as education, health, sanitation and clean water, technology, electricity and food. Jobs and earning opportunities must be provided so that people can earn a living and lead a good quality life. Subsidies should also be provided by the government so that the costs of basic healthcare, education, public transportation, communication systems, energy and technology can be reduced.
3. More job creation : More employment opportunities should be created to lessen the negative impact of rapid urbanization. Private investments should be encouraged in order to effectively utilize natural resources and create more job opportunities. For example by exploiting natural resources optimally and promoting tourism, more job opportunities can be created for the urban population. In order to encourage job creation, subsidies and grants should be provided to foreign and private investment in environment-friendly development projects.
4. Population control : The government at the local level in urban areas must provide medical health clinics and family planning centers to help reduce the high rates of population growth. Effective medical counselling and campaigns directed towards health care and hygiene and family planning options must be provided across the entire urban area with the sole purpose of controlling diseases and population growth.

Question 4.
Elaborate the features of a satellite city.
Answer:
Satellite cities are smaller cities close to a larger or main city but are independent of them. Some of the features of a satellite city are :

1. It is smaller than the main city and is located nearby.
2. Satellite towns or cities are socially and economically independent, either completely or partially.
3. Being physically separated front the metropolis by a wide corridor of rural land or a green belt or even a river, satellite cities develop their own urbanized area in the course of time.
4. Satellite towns or cities are connected to the metropolis by trains and motorways.
5. Many satellite towns or cities do not encourage the setting up of high pollution generating industries and factories.
6. Satellite towns and cities encourage development of small- scale industries such as dairy farms, cottage industries, handicraft industries, jam factories, etc.
7. Satellite cities are mostly ‘bedroom communities’ or residential areas. People go to work in the main city and return to their homes in the satellite cities.
8. Satellite cities set up the their own municipalities.
9. Satellite cities have their own museums, art galleries, theatres and multiplexes.

Question 5.
What are the essential features of a Smart City ?
Answer:
Smart cities are urban regions that are highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure. The IT (information technology) is the core basis of providing essential services to all residents. Other essential infrastructure, apart from IT in a smart city, includes —

1. proper sanitation and waste management systems
2. round the clock electricity supply
3. round the clock and adequate water supply
4. efficient urban mobility and public transport with a network of good, well-connected roads
5. well-designed and affordable housing which even people in the low-income brackets can buy
6. good governance, particularly e-governance where everything and everyone is connected digitally
7. sustainable environment with more than adequate green cover
8. safety and security of women, children and the elderly
9. quick and efficient functioning of law enforcement officials
10. adequate health centers and nursing homes
11. good schools equipped with the latest teaching aids and smart classes.

Question 6.
Why is there a need to build a Smart City ?
Answer:
The main purpose of a smart city is to improve the quality of life of the people by harnessing information technology and to push economic growth. Also, smart cities encourage area- based development by transforming existing areas, including slums, into better planned places so that people can live happily and comfortably. New areas are identified so that more people can be accommodated in the future.

F. Picture study

This is the picture of a smart city.

Question 1.
What is a smart city?
Answer:
A smart city is an urban region which is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and market viability.

Question 2.
Mention any three essential infrastructure requirement of a smart city.
Answer:
In a smart city, information technology (IT) is the core infrastructure and the basis of providing essential services to- all residents. Other essential infrastructure, apart from IT in a smart city, would include :

1. Proper sanitation and waste management systems.
2. Round the clock electricity supply.
3. Round the clock and adequate water supply.
4. Efficient urban mobility and public transport with a network of good, well-connected roads.
5. Well-designed and affordable housing which even people in the low-income brackets can buy.
6. Good governance, particularly e-governance where everything and everyone is connected digitally.
7. Sustainable environment with more than adequate green cover.

G Map work
On an outline map of the world mark any ten smart cities of the world.
Answer:

Extra Questions

Question 1.
What are slums ? How do they effect the cities ?
Answer:
Slums are urban areas that are heavily populated with poor housing and living conditions. They have the following effect on cities :

1. Since slums are usually located on land not owned by the slum dwellers, they can be easily evicted (thrown out) from their houses by the owners.
2. Growth of slums in urban areas puts pressure on essential utilities such as clean drinking water, sanitation, power, etc.
3. Overcrowding in slums lead to the outbreak of diseases such as malaria and dengue.
4. Crimes begin to increase in slum areas due to unemployment and poverty. It makes difficult to enforce law and order in the city.

Question 2.
According to 2011 Census, what is the urban population of India ?
Answer:
According to Census 2011, 377.1 million people live in urban areas in India which is nearly 31 per cent of the country’s total population.

Question 3.
Give some examples of satellite cities in India.
Answer:
Main City :

• New Delhi
• Mumbai
• Kolkata
• Hyderabad
• Pune

Satellite City :

• Gurugram, Noida
• Navi Mumbai, Thane
• Rajarhat, Salt Lake City
• Hi tech City
• Pimpri- Chinchwad.

Question 4.
Give the names of few cities which have been selected under Smart Cities Mission in India ?
Answer:
In India 60 cities have been selected as ‘Smart Cities’ as part of the Smart Cities Mission. It includes Bhubaneswar, Jaipur, Surat, Pune, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Vadodara, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Guwahati, Raipur, Bilaspur, Durgapur, Indore, Gwalior, Rourkela, Jabalpur and Bhopal.

5. Fill in the blanks

1. In India 31% people live in urban areas.
2. Thousands of youth having good knowledge of the English language are hired at call centers across the country.
3. Urbanization provides people the opportunity to acquire training and work experience in hi-tech industries.
4. Slums are urban areas that are heavily populated with poor housing and living conditions.
5. Urbanization leads to creation of slums.
6. Overcrowding in slums leads to the outbreak of diseases such as malaria and dengue.
7. A rise in air pollution leads to rise in allergies and respiratory diseases.
8. Satellite cities are mostly ‘bedroom communities’ or residential areas.
9. Increase in the number of motor vehicles over the years has led to a huge increase in air pollution in New Delhi.
10. In smart cities, information technology (IT) is the core infrastructure and the basis of providing essential services to all residents.
11. In India 60 cities have already been selected as ‘Smart Cities’.
12. Smart cities are urban regions that are highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure.
13. Urbanization is the process in which more and more people j start to live and work in towns and cities rather than villages.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Australia: Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife; Forest and Minerals

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APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

DISCUSS

Discuss the roie of the Eastern Highlands in the climate of Australia.
Answer:
Eastern Highlands block the rain-bearing winds ; as a result, most of Western Australia is a desert.

THINK AND ANSWER

Why do we not find marsupials like kangaroo and wombat in other parts of the world ?
Answer:
Marsupials like kangaroo and wombat are not found because the continent separated from the main land mass about 200 million years ago. As a result, its animal life evolved quite differently from that of the rest of the world.

EXERCISES

A. Match the columns

Answer:

B. Identify who I am.

Question 1.
i am an animal that lives entirely on the juicy leaves of the gum tree.
Answer:
Koala

Question 2.
I am a wild dog found in Australia.
Answer:
Dingo

Question 3.
I am a mammal that lays eggs.
Answer:
Platypus

Question 4.
I am a big Australian bird but I cannot fly.
Answer:
Emu

Question 5.
I have a beautiful fan-tail and I can mimic very well.
Answer:
Cassowary

Question 6.
I am a male bird who likes to attract female birds by building intricate and decorative nests.
Answer:
Bower

Question 7.
I am popularly called the ‘laughing jackass’.
Answer:
Kookaburra

C. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
Name the winds that bring rainfall to Australia.
Answer:
The South-East Trade Winds blow onshore and bring heavy rainfall to the east coast. The Westerlies bring rainfall in winter to south-west and south-east Australia. The north-west monsoon winds cause rainfall over northern Australia.

Question 2.
What is the name of the temperate grassland in Australia?
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of Australia are called the downs.

Question 3.
What kind of natural vegetation can be seen in the desert regions of Australia ?
Answer:
Natural vegetation in the desert are cactus, spinifex, and acacia (locally called wattle).

Question 4.
Why is the wildlife of Australia considered unique in comparison to other countries ?
Answer:
The wildlife of Australia is unique. The continent separated from the main land mass about 200 million years ago. As a result, its animal life evolved quite differently from that of the rest of the world.
Among the unique animals found here are marsupials are— mammals that carry their young ones in a pouch formed by a fold of skin near the stomach. The pouches contain the mammary glands.

Question 5.
The platypus is considered a strange animal. Why ?
Answer:
The platypus is considered a strange animal because they lay eggs but suckle their young ones. The platypus is an aquatic, furred mammal with a bill like that of a duck and poisonous spurs on its hindlegs.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
Name the factors that influence the climate of Australia. Elaborate any two.
Answer:
The factors that influence the climate of Australia are its location, land features, direction of mountain ranges, winds and distance from the sea.

Location — The northern part lies in the tropics, so it is either warm or hot all the year round. The rest of the continent lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn and, as a result, has warm summers and mild or cool winters.
Land Features — The east coast gets heavy rainfall from the South-east Trade Winds, which steadily decreases westward, owing to the presence of the Eastern Highlands that form a barrier for the rain-bearing winds.
Direction ofMountain Ranges — If the Great Dividing Range did not lie in a north-south direction, Western Australia would not have been a desert.
Winds — The South-East Trade Winds blow onshore and bring heavy rainfall to the east coast. The Westerlies bring rainfall in winter to south-west and south-east Australia. The north-west monsoon winds cause rainfall over northern Australia.

Question 2.
The Western Plateau region of Australia is mainly a desert. Why ?
Answer:
The presence of the Eastern Highlands causes heavy rains along the eastern coast and rainfall decreases westwards, away from the coast. So, most of central and western Australia has high temperatures and very little rainfall resulting in the formation of a desert.

Question 3.
Briefly describe the climate and vegetation of the south-eastern and south-western coasts of Australia.
Answer:
The presence of the Eastern Highlands causes heavy rains along the eastern coast and rainfall decreases westwards, away from the coast. So, most of central and western Australia has high temperatures and very little rainfall resulting in the formation of a desert.
South-eastern and south-western parts which experience rain in winter from the onshore Westerlies. Winter condition prevail from April to September in this reason.
The temperate forests are found in the south-eastern and south¬western parts of Australia and in Tasmania. Eucalyptus (locally called eucalypt or gum tree) is the main tree of these forests. There are over 900 species of eucalyptus tree found in Australia. This tree does not shed its leaves, but the bark peels off and is replaced by new white or light coloured bark. Eucalyptus trees dominate the landscape of Australia.

Question 4.
What are marsupials ? Describe any one marsupial.
Answer:
Marsupials are — mammals that carry their young ones in a pouch formed by a fold of skin near the stomach. The pouches contain the mammary glands. Australia has about 150 species of marsupials that vary in size, from the giant kangaroo over two metres in height to the tiny insect-eating bandicoot. The wallaby, wombat, and koala are other examples of marsupials found in Australia.

Question 5.
What are monotremes ? Give examples.
Answer:
The platypus and echidna are the only living monotremes, i.e., they lay eggs but suckle their young ones. The platypus is an aquatic, furred mammal with a bill like that of a duck and poisonous spurs on its hindlegs.The echidna is also known as the spiny anteater.

E. Map work
Study the map given here and answer the questions (lines indicate the different climatic regions) : (On Textbook page 149)

Question 1.
Describe the vegetation of region C.
Answer:
Temperate Grassland

Question 2.
What are the most outsanding characteristics of the climate of region B ?
Answer:
Tropical Monsoon

Question 3.
On the map, draw the South-East Trade Winds with red
Answer:
arrows.

Question 4.
By what name are the temperate grasslands known in the Murray-Darling Basin ?
Write the name in the appropriate place on the map.
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of Australia are called the downs.

F. Picture study
This is a photograph of an eucalyptus tree, a common tree found in Australia. There are over 900 species of this tree in Australia.

Question 1.
What is the local name of this tree?
Answer:
Eucalypt

Question 2.
Which animal survivies by eating the leaves of this tree?
Answer:
The koala is the most popular Australian animal. This tree dweller is only about 76 cm high and lives entirely on the sjuicy leaves of the eucalyptus tree.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Industries : Their Need and Classification

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APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

Discuss

Discuss the importance of cottage industry for a country which has a large population with little education.
Answer:
A major benefit of cottage industries is that they allow people to work from their homes. Women have benefited the most because they can work from home while still tending to their families. Many cottage businesses include the entire family in their operations, however, including husbands and children. Some businesses start as cottage industries and then become too large, necessitating a move out of the home into a business environment, but at that point they likely have the financial means to make the move.

Discuss

What, according to you, would be the future of industries if we destroyed our forests and wildlife ?
Answer:
Forest-based Industries are based on forest products. If we destroys forest the industries such packaging industry, furniture industry, sports good industry, paper industry are shutdown because of unavailability of raw materials.

THINK AND ANSWER

Why do you think multinational companies are attracted to establish ventures in foreign countries ?
Answer:
Multinational companies are attracted to establish ventures in foreign countries as cheap labour and cheap raw material inputs, transport and power are easily available in developing countries.

VALUES & LIFE SKILLS

A lot of children below the age of 14 years work in various industries.
Do you think these children should work in these industries ?
Why do you think they have to work there ?
Answer:
Child labour is the employment of children at regular and sustained labour.
No, the children should not work in any industry because of following reasons:

1. Child labour does more than deprive children of their education and mental and physical development – their childhood is stolen.
2. Immature and inexperienced child labourers may be completely unaware of the short and long term risks involved in their work.
3. Working long hours, child labourers are often denied a basic school education, normal social interaction, personal development and emotional support from their family.
   Poverty is undoubtedly a dominant factor in the use of child labour; families on or below the poverty line force their children into work to supplement their household’s meager income. Eradicating poverty, however, is only the first step on the road to eliminating child labour.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. People who work together to make cars work in the large- scale industry.
2. The USA and China are strong because they have thousands of industries.
3. Nepal has few industries.
4. The size of an industry depends on the number of people employed, the capital invested and the area it occupies.
5. A cottage industry is a household unit run by a family.

B. Match the following.

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
China/Nepal has many industries.
Answer:
China has many industries.

Question 2.
Cottage industries produce handicrafts/cement.
Answer:
Cottage industries produce handicrafts.

Question 3.
Small-scale industries are smaller/bigger than cottage industries.
Answer:
Small-scale industries are bigger than cottage industries.

Question 4.
Sports equipment are produced by small-scale/large- scale industry.
Answer:
Sports equipment are produced by small-scale industry.

Question 5.
Chota Nagpur Plateau is well known for steel/textile production.
Answer:
Chota Nagpur Plateau is well known for steel production.

D. State whether the following is true or false.

1. The USA has many industries.
Answer. True.

2. Industries do not contribute much to national income.
Answer. False.
Correct : Industries contribute much to national income.

3. The number of labour employed has no relation to the size of an industry.
Answer. False.
Correct : The number of labour employed has relation to the size of an industry.

4. Cottage industry employ labour from outside.
Answer. False.
Correct : Cottage industry employ only family members.

5. Small-scale industries employ only family members.
Answer. False.
Correct : Small-scale industries employ labour from outside.

E. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
What is an industry?
Answer:
An Industry is a group of people or companies engaged in a particular kind of business enterprise. There are different groups of people that work together to form an industry. For example, people who work together to make cars form the car industry or people who work together to fashion clothes form the fashion industry.

Question 2.
Name the three major types of industries.
Answer:
Three types of industries are :

1. Cottage industry
2. Small-scale industry
3. Large-scale industry.
4. Agro-based industry.

Question 3.
What goods are produced by a cottage industry?
Answer:
Handicrafts, handloom products, jewellery, pottery, leather products, etc. are produced by cottage industry.

Question 4.
Name a few goods produced by small-scale industries.
Answer:
Electronic goods, sports equipment, brassware, bicycles, toys,
etc. are produced by small-scale industries.

Question 5.
Which type of industry produces cement and petrochemicals?
Answer:
Cement and petrochemicals are produced by large-scale industry.

F. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Why do we need industries?
Answer:
Industries are required because of the following reasons :

1. Industries are needed to make a country strong financially: The more number of industries in a country the stronger the country becomes. Countries such as the USA and China are strong because of the hundreds and thousands of industries they have. India too has many industries but not as many as USA or China. Some countries like Nepal have very few industries.
2. Industries are needed for products of daily use : We will see items that we use everyday such as toothpaste, soap, bicycle, exercise books, pencils, medicines, cheese, and jams and so on. All these items are manufactured by different industries.
3. Industries are needed so there is no shortage of necessary goods :
   Apart from fulfilling our daily needs, industries must produce
   sufficiently so that all the things people need are available to them at reasonable prices.

Question 2.
What is a cottage industry?
Answer:
Cottage Industry : It is generally a household unit run by a family.
The craftsmen and their family members carry on the traditional work started by their forefathers generations ago. Cottage industries generally produce all kinds of handicrafts, handloom products, jewellery, pottery, leather products, etc. These industries are encouraged by the government as they generate employment and improve living conditions, especially in rural areas.

Question 3.
What are the differences between a cottage industry and a small-scale industry?
Answer:
The differences between a cottage industry and a smale- scale industry are:

1. The location of cottage industries is restricted in villages whereas the small-scale industries are mostly located in urban and semi- urban areas.
2. Cottage industry being a household industry is mostly run by the members of the family and therefore do not maintain hired labourers. But the small-scale industries are mostly run by hired labourers.
3. Cottage industries are producing goods for meeting local requirements whereas small-scale industries are producing goods to meet the demand for the people living in a wider area.
4. Cottage industries are investing a very little amount of capital and are working with simple tools. But the small industries are investing a comparatively higher amount of capital (presently the limit has been raised from Rs. 60 lakh to Rs. 3 crore) and are working with machines run by power.

Question 4.
What are large-scale industries?
Answer:
Large-scale industries involve huge investments, professional management and a large force of skilled and unskilled labour.
Big power-driven machines are used with considerable automation. These industries are generally established at places where raw materials, cheap transportation, sources of power, plenty of labour and market are easily available. Industries producing iron and steel, petrochemicals, cement, railway engines and coaches, automobiles, textiles, etc. are examples of large-scale industries.

Question 5.
Give an account of the factors that determine the establishment of an industry.
Answer:
Factors that determines the establishment of an Industry are:

1. Availability of Raw Material — All industries that require heavy and bulky raw material are generally set up near the sources of raw materials in order to save heavy transportation cost. For example, iron and steel plants in India and other countries have been set up near iron ore mines and coalfields as both iron ore and coal are heavy and difficult to transport.
2. Availability of Power — For any industry power is a very critical factor. Cheap, abundant and uninterrupted power supply is an essential need for any modem industry using large machines.
3. Availability of Transport —An important factor for setting up industries is the availability of efficient means of transportation as movement of raw material to the factory and finished goods to the market depend on it.
4. Availability of Labour — Though labour-skilled and unskilled-can be transported from different regions, it is advantageous to have an assured labour supply locally for setting up an industry.
5. Market — The ultimate aim of any industry is to sell its product easily, i.e., to find a market for its product without much difficulty. Industries of certain types are set up in specific regions where their goods can easily be sold. Woollen industries will do well in areas of cold climate while industries making cotton goods will

LET’S DO SOMETHING

With the help of the Internet, find out the names of three companies from the following industries :

1. Iron and steel
2. Textile
3. Cement

Answer:

1. Tata Iron and Steel Corp., Bhilai Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant.
2. Acrow India ltd., Al chemist corp. ltd. Acil Cotton Industries ltd.
3. Ultratech,ACC,Ambuja Cement, Ramco Cements. thrive in areas that have warm and dry climate.
4. Other Factors — Factors like easy access to financial and banking facilities, climate, state-government policies, etc. also influence either directly or indirectly the location of an industry.

G. Ask your parents to take you to a cottage or small-scale industry in your city so that you can see how goods are produced there ?
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of parents.

H. Picture Study
This is a picture of an industry.

1. What type of industry is this ?
2. Can you give two features of this industry?

Answer:

1. This is a large-scale industry of automobiles sector.
2. Large-scale industries involve huge investments, professional management and a large force of skilled and unskilled labour. Big power-driven machines are used with considerable automation. These industries are generally established at places where raw materials, cheap transportation, sources of power, plenty of labour and market are easily available.

LET’S DO SOMETHING

With the help of the Internet, find out the names of three companies from the following industries:

1. Iron and steel
2. Textile
3. Cement

Answer:

1. Tata Iron and Steel Corp., Bhilai Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant.
2. Acrow India ltd., A1 chemist corp. ltd. Acil Cotton Industries ltd.
3. Ultratech, ACC, Ambuja Cement, Ramco Cements.