ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Australia: Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife; Forest and Minerals

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Australia: Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife; Forest and Minerals

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

DISCUSS

Discuss the roie of the Eastern Highlands in the climate of Australia.
Answer:
Eastern Highlands block the rain-bearing winds ; as a result, most of Western Australia is a desert.

THINK AND ANSWER

Why do we not find marsupials like kangaroo and wombat in other parts of the world ?
Answer:
Marsupials like kangaroo and wombat are not found because the continent separated from the main land mass about 200 million years ago. As a result, its animal life evolved quite differently from that of the rest of the world.

EXERCISES

A. Match the columns

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 17 Australia Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife Forest and Minerals 1

Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 17 Australia Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife Forest and Minerals 2

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 17 Australia Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife Forest and Minerals 3

B. Identify who I am.

Question 1.
i am an animal that lives entirely on the juicy leaves of the gum tree.
Answer:
Koala

Question 2.
I am a wild dog found in Australia.
Answer:
Dingo

Question 3.
I am a mammal that lays eggs.
Answer:
Platypus

Question 4.
I am a big Australian bird but I cannot fly.
Answer:
Emu

Question 5.
I have a beautiful fan-tail and I can mimic very well.
Answer:
Cassowary

Question 6.
I am a male bird who likes to attract female birds by building intricate and decorative nests.
Answer:
Bower

Question 7.
I am popularly called the ‘laughing jackass’.
Answer:
Kookaburra

C. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
Name the winds that bring rainfall to Australia.
Answer:
The South-East Trade Winds blow onshore and bring heavy rainfall to the east coast. The Westerlies bring rainfall in winter to south-west and south-east Australia. The north-west monsoon winds cause rainfall over northern Australia.

Question 2.
What is the name of the temperate grassland in Australia?
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of Australia are called the downs.

Question 3.
What kind of natural vegetation can be seen in the desert regions of Australia ?
Answer:
Natural vegetation in the desert are cactus, spinifex, and acacia (locally called wattle).

Question 4.
Why is the wildlife of Australia considered unique in comparison to other countries ?
Answer:
The wildlife of Australia is unique. The continent separated from the main land mass about 200 million years ago. As a result, its animal life evolved quite differently from that of the rest of the world.
Among the unique animals found here are marsupials are— mammals that carry their young ones in a pouch formed by a fold of skin near the stomach. The pouches contain the mammary glands.

Question 5.
The platypus is considered a strange animal. Why ?
Answer:
The platypus is considered a strange animal because they lay eggs but suckle their young ones. The platypus is an aquatic, furred mammal with a bill like that of a duck and poisonous spurs on its hindlegs.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
Name the factors that influence the climate of Australia. Elaborate any two.
Answer:
The factors that influence the climate of Australia are its location, land features, direction of mountain ranges, winds and distance from the sea.

Location — The northern part lies in the tropics, so it is either warm or hot all the year round. The rest of the continent lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn and, as a result, has warm summers and mild or cool winters.
Land Features — The east coast gets heavy rainfall from the South-east Trade Winds, which steadily decreases westward, owing to the presence of the Eastern Highlands that form a barrier for the rain-bearing winds.
Direction ofMountain Ranges — If the Great Dividing Range did not lie in a north-south direction, Western Australia would not have been a desert.
Winds — The South-East Trade Winds blow onshore and bring heavy rainfall to the east coast. The Westerlies bring rainfall in winter to south-west and south-east Australia. The north-west monsoon winds cause rainfall over northern Australia.

Question 2.
The Western Plateau region of Australia is mainly a desert. Why ?
Answer:
The presence of the Eastern Highlands causes heavy rains along the eastern coast and rainfall decreases westwards, away from the coast. So, most of central and western Australia has high temperatures and very little rainfall resulting in the formation of a desert.

Question 3.
Briefly describe the climate and vegetation of the south-eastern and south-western coasts of Australia.
Answer:
The presence of the Eastern Highlands causes heavy rains along the eastern coast and rainfall decreases westwards, away from the coast. So, most of central and western Australia has high temperatures and very little rainfall resulting in the formation of a desert.
South-eastern and south-western parts which experience rain in winter from the onshore Westerlies. Winter condition prevail from April to September in this reason.
The temperate forests are found in the south-eastern and south¬western parts of Australia and in Tasmania. Eucalyptus (locally called eucalypt or gum tree) is the main tree of these forests. There are over 900 species of eucalyptus tree found in Australia. This tree does not shed its leaves, but the bark peels off and is replaced by new white or light coloured bark. Eucalyptus trees dominate the landscape of Australia.

Question 4.
What are marsupials ? Describe any one marsupial.
Answer:
Marsupials are — mammals that carry their young ones in a pouch formed by a fold of skin near the stomach. The pouches contain the mammary glands. Australia has about 150 species of marsupials that vary in size, from the giant kangaroo over two metres in height to the tiny insect-eating bandicoot. The wallaby, wombat, and koala are other examples of marsupials found in Australia.

Question 5.
What are monotremes ? Give examples.
Answer:
The platypus and echidna are the only living monotremes, i.e., they lay eggs but suckle their young ones. The platypus is an aquatic, furred mammal with a bill like that of a duck and poisonous spurs on its hindlegs.The echidna is also known as the spiny anteater.

E. Map work
Study the map given here and answer the questions (lines indicate the different climatic regions) : (On Textbook page 149)

Question 1.
Describe the vegetation of region C.
Answer:
Temperate Grassland

Question 2.
What are the most outsanding characteristics of the climate of region B ?
Answer:
Tropical Monsoon

Question 3.
On the map, draw the South-East Trade Winds with red
Answer:
arrows.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 17 Australia Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife Forest and Minerals 4

Question 4.
By what name are the temperate grasslands known in the Murray-Darling Basin ?
Write the name in the appropriate place on the map.
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of Australia are called the downs.

F. Picture study
This is a photograph of an eucalyptus tree, a common tree found in Australia. There are over 900 species of this tree in Australia.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 17 Australia Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife Forest and Minerals 5

Question 1.
What is the local name of this tree?
Answer:
Eucalypt

Question 2.
Which animal survivies by eating the leaves of this tree?
Answer:
The koala is the most popular Australian animal. This tree dweller is only about 76 cm high and lives entirely on the sjuicy leaves of the eucalyptus tree.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Industries : Their Need and Classification

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Industries : Their Need and Classification

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

Discuss

Discuss the importance of cottage industry for a country which has a large population with little education.
Answer:
A major benefit of cottage industries is that they allow people to work from their homes. Women have benefited the most because they can work from home while still tending to their families. Many cottage businesses include the entire family in their operations, however, including husbands and children. Some businesses start as cottage industries and then become too large, necessitating a move out of the home into a business environment, but at that point they likely have the financial means to make the move.

Discuss

What, according to you, would be the future of industries if we destroyed our forests and wildlife ?
Answer:
Forest-based Industries are based on forest products. If we destroys forest the industries such packaging industry, furniture industry, sports good industry, paper industry are shutdown because of unavailability of raw materials.

THINK AND ANSWER

Why do you think multinational companies are attracted to establish ventures in foreign countries ?
Answer:
Multinational companies are attracted to establish ventures in foreign countries as cheap labour and cheap raw material inputs, transport and power are easily available in developing countries.

VALUES & LIFE SKILLS

A lot of children below the age of 14 years work in various industries.
Do you think these children should work in these industries ?
Why do you think they have to work there ?
Answer:
Child labour is the employment of children at regular and sustained labour.
No, the children should not work in any industry because of following reasons:

  1. Child labour does more than deprive children of their education and mental and physical development – their childhood is stolen.
  2. Immature and inexperienced child labourers may be completely unaware of the short and long term risks involved in their work.
  3. Working long hours, child labourers are often denied a basic school education, normal social interaction, personal development and emotional support from their family.
    Poverty is undoubtedly a dominant factor in the use of child labour; families on or below the poverty line force their children into work to supplement their household’s meager income. Eradicating poverty, however, is only the first step on the road to eliminating child labour.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. People who work together to make cars work in the large- scale industry.
2. The USA and China are strong because they have thousands of industries.
3. Nepal has few industries.
4. The size of an industry depends on the number of people employed, the capital invested and the area it occupies.
5. A cottage industry is a household unit run by a family.

B. Match the following.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 9 Industries Their Need and Classification 1
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 9 Industries Their Need and Classification 2

C. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
China/Nepal has many industries.
Answer:
China has many industries.

Question 2.
Cottage industries produce handicrafts/cement.
Answer:
Cottage industries produce handicrafts.

Question 3.
Small-scale industries are smaller/bigger than cottage industries.
Answer:
Small-scale industries are bigger than cottage industries.

Question 4.
Sports equipment are produced by small-scale/large- scale industry.
Answer:
Sports equipment are produced by small-scale industry.

Question 5.
Chota Nagpur Plateau is well known for steel/textile production.
Answer:
Chota Nagpur Plateau is well known for steel production.

D. State whether the following is true or false.

1. The USA has many industries.
Answer. True.

2. Industries do not contribute much to national income.
Answer. False.
Correct : Industries contribute much to national income.

3. The number of labour employed has no relation to the size of an industry.
Answer. False.
Correct : The number of labour employed has relation to the size of an industry.

4. Cottage industry employ labour from outside.
Answer. False.
Correct : Cottage industry employ only family members.

5. Small-scale industries employ only family members.
Answer. False.
Correct : Small-scale industries employ labour from outside.

E. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
What is an industry?
Answer:
An Industry is a group of people or companies engaged in a particular kind of business enterprise. There are different groups of people that work together to form an industry. For example, people who work together to make cars form the car industry or people who work together to fashion clothes form the fashion industry.

Question 2.
Name the three major types of industries.
Answer:
Three types of industries are :

  1. Cottage industry
  2. Small-scale industry
  3. Large-scale industry.
  4. Agro-based industry.

Question 3.
What goods are produced by a cottage industry?
Answer:
Handicrafts, handloom products, jewellery, pottery, leather products, etc. are produced by cottage industry.

Question 4.
Name a few goods produced by small-scale industries.
Answer:
Electronic goods, sports equipment, brassware, bicycles, toys,
etc. are produced by small-scale industries.

Question 5.
Which type of industry produces cement and petrochemicals?
Answer:
Cement and petrochemicals are produced by large-scale industry.

F. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Why do we need industries?
Answer:
Industries are required because of the following reasons :

  1. Industries are needed to make a country strong financially: The more number of industries in a country the stronger the country becomes. Countries such as the USA and China are strong because of the hundreds and thousands of industries they have. India too has many industries but not as many as USA or China. Some countries like Nepal have very few industries.
  2. Industries are needed for products of daily use : We will see items that we use everyday such as toothpaste, soap, bicycle, exercise books, pencils, medicines, cheese, and jams and so on. All these items are manufactured by different industries.
  3. Industries are needed so there is no shortage of necessary goods :
    Apart from fulfilling our daily needs, industries must produce
    sufficiently so that all the things people need are available to them at reasonable prices.

Question 2.
What is a cottage industry?
Answer:
Cottage Industry : It is generally a household unit run by a family.
The craftsmen and their family members carry on the traditional work started by their forefathers generations ago. Cottage industries generally produce all kinds of handicrafts, handloom products, jewellery, pottery, leather products, etc. These industries are encouraged by the government as they generate employment and improve living conditions, especially in rural areas.

Question 3.
What are the differences between a cottage industry and a small-scale industry?
Answer:
The differences between a cottage industry and a smale- scale industry are:

  1. The location of cottage industries is restricted in villages whereas the small-scale industries are mostly located in urban and semi- urban areas.
  2. Cottage industry being a household industry is mostly run by the members of the family and therefore do not maintain hired labourers. But the small-scale industries are mostly run by hired labourers.
  3. Cottage industries are producing goods for meeting local requirements whereas small-scale industries are producing goods to meet the demand for the people living in a wider area.
  4. Cottage industries are investing a very little amount of capital and are working with simple tools. But the small industries are investing a comparatively higher amount of capital (presently the limit has been raised from Rs. 60 lakh to Rs. 3 crore) and are working with machines run by power.

Question 4.
What are large-scale industries?
Answer:
Large-scale industries involve huge investments, professional management and a large force of skilled and unskilled labour.
Big power-driven machines are used with considerable automation. These industries are generally established at places where raw materials, cheap transportation, sources of power, plenty of labour and market are easily available. Industries producing iron and steel, petrochemicals, cement, railway engines and coaches, automobiles, textiles, etc. are examples of large-scale industries.

Question 5.
Give an account of the factors that determine the establishment of an industry.
Answer:
Factors that determines the establishment of an Industry are:

  1. Availability of Raw Material — All industries that require heavy and bulky raw material are generally set up near the sources of raw materials in order to save heavy transportation cost. For example, iron and steel plants in India and other countries have been set up near iron ore mines and coalfields as both iron ore and coal are heavy and difficult to transport.
  2. Availability of Power — For any industry power is a very critical factor. Cheap, abundant and uninterrupted power supply is an essential need for any modem industry using large machines.
  3. Availability of Transport —An important factor for setting up industries is the availability of efficient means of transportation as movement of raw material to the factory and finished goods to the market depend on it.
  4. Availability of Labour — Though labour-skilled and unskilled-can be transported from different regions, it is advantageous to have an assured labour supply locally for setting up an industry.
  5. Market — The ultimate aim of any industry is to sell its product easily, i.e., to find a market for its product without much difficulty. Industries of certain types are set up in specific regions where their goods can easily be sold. Woollen industries will do well in areas of cold climate while industries making cotton goods will

LET’S DO SOMETHING

With the help of the Internet, find out the names of three companies from the following industries :

  1. Iron and steel
  2. Textile
  3. Cement

Answer:

  1. Tata Iron and Steel Corp., Bhilai Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant.
  2. Acrow India ltd., Al chemist corp. ltd. Acil Cotton Industries ltd.
  3. Ultratech,ACC,Ambuja Cement, Ramco Cements. thrive in areas that have warm and dry climate.
  4. Other Factors — Factors like easy access to financial and banking facilities, climate, state-government policies, etc. also influence either directly or indirectly the location of an industry.

G. Ask your parents to take you to a cottage or small-scale industry in your city so that you can see how goods are produced there ?
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of parents.

H. Picture Study
This is a picture of an industry.

  1. What type of industry is this ?
  2. Can you give two features of this industry?

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 9 Industries Their Need and Classification 3

Answer:

  1. This is a large-scale industry of automobiles sector.
  2. Large-scale industries involve huge investments, professional management and a large force of skilled and unskilled labour. Big power-driven machines are used with considerable automation. These industries are generally established at places where raw materials, cheap transportation, sources of power, plenty of labour and market are easily available.

LET’S DO SOMETHING

With the help of the Internet, find out the names of three companies from the following industries:

  1. Iron and steel
  2. Textile
  3. Cement

Answer:

  1. Tata Iron and Steel Corp., Bhilai Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant.
  2. Acrow India ltd., A1 chemist corp. ltd. Acil Cotton Industries ltd.
  3. Ultratech, ACC, Ambuja Cement, Ramco Cements.

 

 

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Major Industries

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Major Industries

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

Discuss

Why do you think industries do not always employ adequate and right methods to control industrial pollution?
Answer:
Industries do not always employ adequate and right methods to control industrial pollution because the techniques to control industrial pollution are highly expensive. Industrialist’s feel huge burden on their pockets. Most of the Industrialist are uneducated, so they are not aware about how and why to control pollution.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

Industries cause pollution when the factories that manufacture goods dump their wastes into water, air and soil.
Imagine that you are a factory owner. Write down a few ways in which you can reduce the pollution caused by your factory.
Answer:
I would followthe following steps

  1. For the mitigation of smoke emissions from the chimney a stack should be installed at the emitting point.
  2. Liquid coming out from the process of manufacturing should be treated in treatment plant before its disposal as civic waste water.
  3. Solid waste of factory should be disposed off in safe way by throwing it into the designated landfill site.
  4. For minimum emissions from chimney or up to the allowable
    limits, chimney is made according to scientific prescriptions so that whatever emits from it during or after the manufacturing process must be within its limited level.
  5. Moreover, the quality of machinery and equipment which is used for manufacturing should also be well-maintained and its regular maintenance and repair should be done to help them limit the emissions from production.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Steel is necessary material for making machines.
2. Jamshedpur and Rourkela are important steel producing centres in India.
3. Southern USA is an important cotton producing belt in the US.
4. Bengaluru is a major centre of information technology industry in India.
5. China is the world’s largest shipbuilding country.

B. Match the following.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 1
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 2

C. State whether the following is true or false.

1. Other industries depend on the steel industry for infrastructural material.
Answer. True.

2. Steel industry is set up in areas where raw materials are available.
Answer. True.

3. The Deccan Plateau is a major cotton producing region.
Answer. True.

4. Ethanol can be produced from cotton.
Answer. False.
Correct : Ethanol can be produced from sugar.

5. Practising the principle of 3 Rs can help in controlling pollution.
Ans. True.

D. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
Why is the steel industry considered the basic industry on which other industries depend?
Answer:
Steel is the necessary raw material for making machines as well as other infrastructural material for other industries. The iron and steel industry is the basic industry on which other industries are dependent.
Steel industry is dependent on raw materials such as iron ore, limestone, manganese and coal. Since these are heavy and bulky, this industry is usually located in the vicinity of the areas where these raw materials are available.

Question 2.
Why are cotton textile centres located in the Deccan Plateau?
Answer:
Cotton textile centres located in the Deccan Plateau due to following reasons:

  1. Thick dark soil obtained which is suitable for growth of cotton and large production of cotton.
  2. Abundant and cheap labour.

Question 3.
Name the factors that have made Bengaluru a major IT centre.
Answer:
Bengaluru has become a major IT centre because of its pleasant climate, good transportation facilities, highly trained professionals and progressive government policies.

Question 4.
Which are the major automobile-producing countries in the world?
Answer:
The top five car producing countries in the world that manufacture the most cars in the world are China, USA, Japan, Germany and South Korea.

Question 5.
What are the major causes of industrial pollution?
Answer:
The major causes of industrial pollution are:

(a) Toxic chemicals used by industries in processing and manufacturing.
(b) Consumer products such as paints, sprays, plastics, cement, electronic parts, petroleum cleaning solvents, etc.
(c) Numerous industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of various products such as leather goods, paints, medicines, hospital wastes, etc.
(d) Greenhouse gas emissions such as CO.
(e) Activities such as mining, cutting down forests, construction of huge buildings, dams, highways etc.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
Give an account of the cotton textile industry in India.
Answer:
The cotton textile industry is one of the primary industries in India. More than 40 per cent of the working population of India directly or indirectly depends on this industry.
The manufacturing of cotton textile involves the following
processes:

  1. washing of fibres
  2. carding and combing of fibres to form a rope-like mass of fibres known as‘slivers’
  3. spinning to make cotton yam
  4. weaving of the ‘ grey cloth’ or undyed cloth
  5. bleaching of the ‘grey cloth’
  6. dyeing and printing

Question 2.
Write a note on sugar producing countries.
Answer:
In 2015, the top five sugar cane producing countries of the world were Brazil, India, China, Thailand and Pakistan. In Brazil, the heart of sugar cane area is located in the south-central part of the country. In India, sugar cane is produced mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Question 3.
What do you know about the ship-building industry in the world ?
Answer:
Shipbuilding is the world’s oldest industry. China is the world’s largest shipbuilder, followed by Japan and South Korea. In China, the shipbuilding industry is around Beijing, one of the world’s largest shipbuilding centres.

F. Trace your journey: Imagine you are a cotton boll. Write about your journey from the field to somebody’s wardrobe write about all the stages you had to pass through to become a garment.
Answer:
Here are the following stages we had to pass through to become a garment:

  1. washing of fibres
  2. carding and combing of fibres to form a rope-like mass of fibres known as ‘slivers’
  3. spinning to make cotton yam
  4. weaving of the ‘grey cloth’ or undyed cloth
  5. bleaching of the‘grey cloth’
  6. dyeing and printing

G Map work.

Question 1.
On an outline map of the world mark any five major industrial centres of the world.
Answer:
Five major industrial centres of the world are :

  1. Sydney
  2. Chicago
  3. Berlin
  4. London
  5. St. Petersburg

Question 2.
Mark two major centres of IT industries.
Answer:
Bengaluru and Silicon Valley

Question 3.
Mark two major centres of steel production.
Answer:
Singhbhum and Raniganj.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 3

H. Picture Study

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 10 Major Industries 4

Question 1.
This picture shows an industry that cannot be set up in all areas. Why ?
Answer:
This is a steel industry which cannot be set up in all areas because raw materials and cheap labour are not easily available.

Question 2.
Name the raw materials used in this industry.
Answer:
Iron ore, limestone, manganese and coal.

Let’s Do Something
Take some time out to visit a handicrafts shop nearby. Make a note of the following there :

  1. What are the items sold in the shop ?
  2. How are these products manufactured ?
  3. Where have they come from ?

Answer:
Do it Yourself.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

DISCUSS

Collect rainfall data from the website of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) for Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi and Kolkata and discuss how rainfall patterns have changed in the last 5 years.
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 1
Mumbai receives maximum rainfall in 2016 and minimum rainfall in 2012.
Chennai receives maximum rainfall in 2013 and minimum rainfall in 2012.
Delhi receives maximum rainfall in 2013 and minimum rainfall in 2014.
Kolkata receives maximum rainfall in 2013 and minimum rainfall in 2014.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS :

We need to understand that global warming, climate change, acid rain and ozone depletion are all happening because of our dependence on fossil fuels and CFC-based technologies. Therefore, the need of the hour is to reduce
our dependence on them.
What can you do in this regard ?
Answer:
The ways to reduce our dependency on them are :

  1. By using materials such as bamboo, recycled metal and organic paints in construction of buildings.
  2. By using solar energy to heat and light homes and offices.
  3. By using clean fuel like CNG and unleaded petrol to run vehicles.
  4. By making changes in everyday practices such as
    (a) choosing to travel in public vehicles, biking, walking or using a car pool.
    (b) buying energy efficient household appliances.
    (c) replacing light bulbs with CFL bulbs.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Carbon dioxide and methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour and CFCs are examples of greenhouse gases.
2. Global Warming is a major cause of climate change.
3. The increase in earth’s temperature is called global warming.
4. The layer of atmosphere where ozone is found is called stratosphere.
5. The ozone layer protects us from the ultraviolet rays of the sun.

B. Write True or False.

1. Aeroplanes flying in the sky cause global warming.
Answer. True.

2. Forest fires do not cause global warming.
Answer. False.
Correct : Forest fires do cause global warming.

3. Ozone is found in the troposphere.
Answer. False.
Correct : Ozone is found in the stratosphere.

4. The ozone layer is harmful for humans and animals.
Answer. False.
Correct : The ozone layer is not harmful for humans and animals.

5. CFCs and BFCs protect the ozone layer.
Answer. False.
Correct : CFCs and BFCs deplete the ozone layer.

C. Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
Oxygen/Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

Question 2.
Use of fossil fuels/hydroelectricity causes global warming.
Answer:
Use of fossil fuels causes global warming.

Question 3.
Cattle release methane / CFCs.
Answer:
Cattle release methane.

Question 4.
Global warming will reduce/increase climate change.
Answer:
Global warming will increase climate change.

Question 5.
The ozone layer is found between 20 and 40/40 and 60 km above the earth’s surface.
Answer:
The ozone layer is found between 20 and 40 and above the earth’s surface.

D. Match the following

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 3

E. Answer the following questions in brief 

Question 1.
Why do we call carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is called greenhouse gas because it absorbs
Infrared radiations. A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range.

Question 2.
Name two more greenhouse gases.
Answer:
Methane and water vapour are other greenhouse gases.

Question 3.
How will countries like Bangladesh and Thailand be affected by global warming?
Answer:
Climate change will cause melting of polar ice caps with huge chunks of icebergs several kilometres across breaking off from the mainland. This is already taking place around the Arctic and in Antarctica. The result will be an increase in the volume of ocean waters. Countries like Bangladesh, Thailand and Malaysia and the Southeastern parts of USA like the States of Florida and Louisiana would be swamped by flood water along its shores.

Question 4.
What is responsible for causing a hole in the ozone layer?
Answer:
The release of large amount of CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons and BFCs or bromofluorocarbons by industries are responsible for the formation of holes in the ozone layer.

Question 5.
Name some diseases that are caused due to exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Answer:
Exposure to UV rays can cause sunburn, cataract, hair loss, skin cancer and birth deformities.

F. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs 

Question 1.
How is the greenhouse effect created?
Answer:
The ‘greenhouse effect’ takes place when the ‘sun’s rays heat the earth. This heat is absorbed by the surface of the earth and some of it is radiated back into the atmosphere. However, a part of this heat is trapped in the atmosphere by gases such as water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane while the rest escapes into space. These gases let in light from the sun but prevent the heat from escaping like the glass walls of a greenhouse. They also act like a mirror and reflect back to the earth some of the trapped heat energy. The more greenhouse gases (GHGs) are present in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped, subsequently making the earth warmer.

Question 2.
State three causes that have led to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Answer:
The causes that have led to the increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) are:

  1. Increase in industries
  2. Increase in deforestation
  3. Increase in atmospheric pollution due to emissions from chimneys of factories
  4. Increase in natural disasters like floods, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes that release large amounts of smoke, dust and gases into the atmosphere
  5. Increase in the methane content of the atmosphere because of large-scale cattle rearing, since cattle release methane
  6. Expansion of cies and towns

Question 3.
What do you understand by the term ‘global warming’?
Answer:
The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap a part of the heat radiated back by the earth, increasing its temperature. The increase in the earth’s temperature is called global warming.

Question 4.
State some anthropogenic (man-made) causes of global warming.
Answer:
Man-made causes of global warming ‘include burning of fossil fuels, cutting of forests, using refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosols, factories belching smoke, increase in methane content of the atmosphere because of large-scale cattle rearing, expansion of cities and towns.

Question 5.
Global warming does not augur well for our planet earth. State at least three reasons to support this statement.
Answer:
Global warming is not good for our planet as

(a) It will worsen climate changes leading to food shortages.
(b) Many forms of wildlife are now’ at risk and since climate change and deforestation are causing disappearance of their habitat.
(c) Climate change will cause melting of polar caps resulting in the increase in the volume of ocean waters.

G. Picture study.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 4

Question 1.
Which region of the world is seen in the picture?
Answer:
Antarctica and Arctic Poles.

Question 2.
How is it going to be affected by global warming?
Answer:
Global warming causes melting of polar ice-caps with huge chunks of icebergs several kilometres across breaking off from the mainland resulting in increase in volume of ocean waters. The increase in the volume of ocean waters will result in rising of sea levels. Countries like Bangladesh, Thailand and Malaysia and the Southeastern parts of USA like the States of Florida and Louisiana would be swamped by flood water along their shores.

LETS DO SOMETHING

Question 1.
Imagine that you are an active member of the Greenpeace. Write a two-page appeal addressed to the Prime Minister of India stating why you think that increasing number of vehicles on roads will be disastrous to the nation in the long run.
Answer:
August 25, 2017,
Mr. Narendra Modi,
Prime Minister of India
Dear Prime Minister Modi,

It is with great optimism and hope that we are following news about the meeting you will have with U.S. President Trump, at this critical time in our planet’s future. 2017 is the year for making decisive commitments towards tackling climate change together. As the elected leader of the world’s largest democracy, and a country with much to lose from run away climate change, the hopes of 1.3 billion Indian citizens rest on you. Along with them, and the millions of people worldwide who will inevitably be affected by decisions made this year, we hope you will successfully push the United States, and the developed world, towards an ambitious and equitable global agreement to rein in climate change.

We congratulate you on setting new and ambitious renewable energy targets, and urge a focus on decentralized renewable energy as the fastest, most cost-effective way to tackle India’s energy poverty challenge. At the same time, we believe that continued growth in coal power is not in the interests of common Indians as it imposes a significantly higher cost on people’s health, livelihood of communities and the environment, and will prove far more expensive than renewable energy. We hope you will secure much-needed support from global partners, civil society and investors – including the United States administration – to realize these renewable energy goals.

Being the member of the Greenpeace, I would like to bring in your kind notice that I found that the number of vehicles has increased considerably in India in the past five years, which is one of the sources of pollution. In the recently released World Health Organization (WHO) report on pollution, the situation of the city is not so encouraging in terms of pollution in the air.
Due to increase in number of vehicles over the years, the city roads witness frequent traffic congestions, but above all, the vehicles emitting pollutants are affecting environment badly. The recently-released WHO report shows that India has 2.5 microns of diameter (PM2.5) concentration of 68 micrograms particulate matter per meter cube. However, the WHO guideline values for particulate matter is 10 microgram per meter cube for PM2.5.

“The air pollution consists of many pollutants, among other particulate matter. These particles are able to penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract and therefore constitute a risk for health by increasing mortality from respiratory infections and diseases, lung cancer, and selected cardiovascular diseases,” says the WHO report.

New patients with respiratory problems are constantly being reported in hospitals. Recently, the many big cities are witnessing a flow of traffic on city roads consisting high end cars too. Moreover, as far as public transport is concerned, the government-owned low floor buses could be seen plying on the road emitting black smoke causing problems for pedestrians, bikers and other roadside vendors. Mr. Avinash Chowdhry senior member of Greenpeace took out a rally of school children at Statue

Circle (Mumbai) on the eve of World Environment Day said, “Men’s health is determined by his environment. He is greatest enemy of his own health. Environmental pollution is one of the reasons of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes.”
Collaboration between the government and civil society is essential to secure a bright future for India and the planet. Greenpeace looks forward to working with the Indian government on our common objective of ensuring clean, affordable renewable energy for all.

Sincerely,
VeenuGopal,
Interim Executive Director, Greenpeace

Question 2.
Make a collage using pictures or a chart to show the various causes and consequences of global warming.
Answer:
You can take idea from the picture given below and can make a collage of your own.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 5

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Africa: Location, Area, Political & Physical Features

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Africa: Location, Area, Political & Physical Features

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THINK AND ANSWER

Why did Africa remain unexplored for a long time ?
Answer:
The equator passes through the middle of the continent and most of Africa lies within the tropics. It is, therefore, the hottest continent.
People faced many difficulties while exploring Africa. In the north, the Sahara, the world’s largest desert, was impenetrable due to severe heat and dry conditions. Most of Africa consists of undulating plateaus, so it was difficult to reach the interior from the coastal areas. The rivers of Africa have many rapids and waterfalls, and are not fit for navigation. The extensive equatorial forests and swampy lands teeming with dangerous tsetse flies and poisonous insects discouraged explorers from entering the heart of the continent.

Discuss

Deforestation rate in Africa is twice the average for the rest of the world with more than four million hectares of primary forest disappearing every year. What could be the reasons for this.
Answer:
The reasons would be :

  1. Conversion of forests for subsistenance and commercial agriculture.
  2. Deforestation done because of commercial logging
  3. Other activities such as cattle rattling, cash crop plantations, and the construction of dams, roads and mines.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

The Sahara Desert forms a large part of Africa. This desert extends from the Atlantic in the west to the Red Sea in the east.
Suppose you were going to the Sahara Desert. List the things you would take with you.
What kind of problems are you likely to face ?
How would you cope with them ?
Answer:
The things one should carry and the problems we can face are discussed below :
1. Preparing for Desert Emergencies —
(a) Wear clothing that minimizes sweat loss : Most of your body’s water loss happens through perspiration. Cover as much skin as possible with loose, light-weight clothing. This will trap the sweat against your skin, slowing evaporation and therefore water loss.
(b) Bring lots of extra water : Whenever you enter a desert, bring more water than you expect. While walking in sunshine and 40°C (104°F) heat, the average person loses 900 mL (30 oz) of sweat every hour. In an emergency situation, you’ll be thankful for any water you carried.

  1. Divide the water you’ re carrying among several containers. This minimizes the amount of water you can lose to one leak.
  2. Store the excess in a cool spot in your vehicle, away from direct sunlight.

(c) Bring food that packs the most nutrition in the least size and weight: Energy bars, pemmican, jerky, and trail mix are popular choices. Do your research, experiment beforehand, and be prepared. When wheeled vehicles break down, it’s just your two legs and the path to the next town, and you don’t want to be carrying anything nonessential.
(d) Pack survival equipment: Here are the bare essentials for a survival kit:

  1. Sturdy emergency blankets
  2. Cords or rope
  3. Water purification tablets
  4. First aid kit
  5. Fire starters
  6. Powerful flashlight or headlamp. LEDs last longest.
  7. Knife
  8. Compass
  9. Signal mirror
  10. Goggles and a dust mask or bandana (for dust storms)

2. Survival Tactics :
(a) Become nocturnal: In a desert survival situation, you do not want to be moving around during the day. The cooler night air enables you to travel farther and faster with minimum danger of heat exhaustion. In hot climates, this single decision will save your body about three liters (three quarts) of water per day.
(b) Stay in a shelter during the day: If you don’t have a shaded car to stay in, string cords between a pair of objects in a place that gets shade most of the day. Drape a sturdy emergency blanket over the cords. Place a few pieces of brush on top of the blanket, then cover it with another emergency blanket (this one can be a thin Mylar sheet). The gap of air between the two blankets insulates the shelter, keeping it cooler.
(c) Signal for help : Building a fire is a great way to make a signal, creating smoke during the day and light at night. While in transit, keep a signal mirror in reach to reflect light at passing aircraft or distant cars.
(d) Decide whether to stay in place : If you have a supply of water and someone knows where you are, staying in one place may be your best chance of rescue. Traveling to find help will exhaust you much faster than staying in place, and water loss will cut your survival time way down if you can’t find another supply. That said, if your water supplies are low, you will need to look for more. You cannot expect to survive more than a couple of days if you run out of water.
(e) Find water sources : If there’s been a rainstorm recently, you may find pockets of water in rock outcrops or flat stone surfaces. More often, you’ll need to search for areas with possible groundwater:

  1. Follow animal tracks leading downhill, birds circling around something, or even flying insects.
  2. Walk to the greenest vegetation you can see, especially large plants with wide leaves.

3. Recognizing Dangers
(a) Watch out for signs of dehydration : Many people make their journey much harder by underestimating their water needs. Trying to ration your supply is a mistake that can cost your life. If you notice any of the following symptoms, drink more water:

  1. Urine with a dark color or a noticeable smell.
  2. Dry skin
  3. Dizziness
  4. Fainting

(b) Rest if you experience heat exhaustion : If you feel lightheaded or nauseous, or if your skin feels cool and clammy, seek shade immediately. Rest and treat yourself as follows:

  1. Remove or loosen your clothing
  2. Sip a sports drink or slightly salty water (about 5 mL salt per liter water /1 tsp per quart).
  3. Apply wet cloth on your skin to aid cooling evaporation.

(c) Stay away from dangerous animals : Most mammals and reptiles will stay away from you, especially if they are alone. Follow the same practice and be aware of your surroundings to avoid accidentally cornering something.

EXERCISES

A. Choose the correct answer :

1. The strait that separates Europe from Africa is the

  1. Palk Srait
  2. Bering Strait
  3. Strait of Gibraltar
  4. trait of Magellan

2. A large portion of Africa lies in the

  1. desert
  2. tropics
  3. temperate region
  4. marshy land

3. The area in a desert where water can be found is called a/an

  1. pond
  2. well
  3. depression
  4. oasis

4. The Sudd is a

  1. lake
  2. swamp
  3. gulf
  4. cape

5. The largest lake in Africa is

  1. Lake Chad
  2. Lake Tana
  3. Lake Victoria
  4. Lake Tanganyika

B. Identify who I am

1. i am a country through which the Tropic of Capricorn passes: Namibia.
2. I am the southernmost tip of Africa: Cape of Good Hope.
3. I am a snow-capped mountain near the equator: Mt. Kilimanjaro.
4. I am the longest river of Africa: Nile.
5. I am a river that flows into Lake Chad: The Chari.
6. I am a lake that does not lie in the Great Rift Valley of Africa: Lake Victoria.
7. I am a river that flows through the Namib Desert: Okavango

C. Match the following:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 14 Africa Location, Area, Political & Physical Features 1
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 14 Africa Location, Area, Political & Physical Features 2

D. Give geographical reasons

Question 1.
People faced many difficulties while exploring Africa.
Answer:
It was difficult to explore Africa because of deserts like Sahara which have severe heat and dry conditions, the undulating plateaux, non-navigable rivers, extensive equatorial forests, swampy lands and poisonous insects.

Question 2.
The rivers of Africa are not very suitable for navigation in their lower course.
Answer:
The rivers have many rapids and waterfalls making them unfit for navigation.

Question 3.
The river Nile flows through a desert and yet has water throughout the year.
Answer:
River Nile has water throughout the year because its source is Lake Victoria which lies in the rainy equatorial region.

E. Answer the following questions briefly.

Question 1.
Give the latitudinal extent of Africa and explain why it is mostly a tropical continent.
Answer:
Latitudinal extent of Africa is 37°N to 35°S. Africa is known as mostly tropical continent because a large portion of Africa lies in the Tropics, the Tropic of cancer (23 1/2° N) in the North and the Tropic of Capricorn (23 1/2° S) in the South.

Question 2.
Name three great explorers connected with the African continent.
Answer:
David Livingstone, who discovered Victoria Falls in 1855. Mungo Park followed the course of the river Niger. Henry Morton Stanley traced the course of the river Congo from Lake Tanganyika to its mouth.

Question 3.
Name the major mountain ranges of Africa.
Answer:
The Atlas Mountains lie in north-western Africa. They are young fold mountains consisting of three parallel ranges—the Tell Atlas in the north, the High Atlas in the middle, and the Sahara Atlas in the south. The highest peak in the Atlas Mountains is Mt Toublkal, which remains snow-capped most of the year.

Question 4.
Name the lakes found in the Great Rift Valley.
Answer:
The lakes found in the Great Rift Valley are Lake Malawi, Lake Mobutu, Lake Edward and Lake Turkana.

Question 5.
How much time does it take the cocoa tree to yield cocoa pods ?
Answer:
An evergreen tropical plant, the cocoa tree grows to a height of 4 to 9 m. It begins to yield cocoa pods after about 5-7 years. Cocoa pods grow on the trunk and main branches. Each pod is about 18-25 cm long and contains pulp with beans.

F. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
Elaborate on the achievements of the great explorers in opening up the continent of Africa.
Answer:
Explorers like David Livingstone discovered Victoria Falls. Mungo Park discovered the course of river Niger. Henry Morton Stanley traced the source of river Congo from Lake Tanganyika to its mouth.

Question 2.
Name the major physical divisions of Africa. Describe any one.
Answer:
Africa can be divided into the following physical divisions: the Atlas Mountains, the low central plateau, the high plateau of the south, the Great Rift Valley, the Nile and Congo-Zaire Basins, and the coastal plains.

  1. The Atlas Mountains lie in north-western Africa. They are young fold mountains.
  2. There are three parallel ranges – the Tell Atlas in the north, the High Atlas in the middle, and the Sahara Atlas in the south. The highest peak in the Atlas Mountains is Mt Toubkal, which remains snow-capped most of the year.
  3. The low central plateau extends from the Atlantic Coast in the west to the Nile Valley in the east. The Sahara Desert forms a part of this plateau. This desert extends from the Atlantic in the west to the Red Sea in the east, and covers an area of 8.6 million sq.km.
  4. The Great Rift Valley of Africa is a special physical feature of the southern plateau. It is a long narrow valley formed as a
    result of vertical cracks that developed because of the movements within the earth. It extends for a total distance of 5,000 km from Lake Malawi to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba to the Dead Sea in Jordan.

Question 3.
Describe the three important deserts found in Africa.
Answer:
The three important deserts are Sahara, The Namib, The Kalahari.
Sahara is part of the low Central Plateau. It is the largest desert in the world covering the area of 8.6 million square km.
The Namib, desert runs along the Western Coast in South-West Africa.
Kalahari desert lies in the Southern part of Africa forming part of High Plateau of South Africa.

Question 4.
What is a rift valley? How is it formed?
Answer:
The Great Rift Valley is a long narrow valley formed as a result of vertical cracks that developed because of movements within the earth. It extends for a total distance of5,000 km from Lake Malawi to Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba to Dead Sea in Jordan. Many freshwater lakes, such as Malawi, Tanganyika, and Turkana are found here.

Question 5.
Give an account of the major lakes of Africa.
Answer:
Lake Victoria is the largest lake of Africa. The river Chari flows into Lake Chad. Lake Tanganyika is one of the longest freshwater lake in the world. Other large lakes in Great Rift Valley are Malawi, Mobutu, Edward and Turkana.

G. Map work:
On a blank outline map of Africa, mark the following:

  1. The Cape of Good Hope
  2. The Drakensberg Mountains
  3. The Victoria Falls
  4. The Atlas Mountains
  5. The Nile River
  6. The Libyan Desert
  7. The Suez Canal

Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 14 Africa Location, Area, Political & Physical Features 3

H. Picture Study

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 14 Africa Location, Area, Political & Physical Features 4
This is a photograph of Victoria Falls.
Question 1.
Name the explorer who discovered it.
Answer:
David Livingstone discovered Victoria Falls in 1855.

Question 2.
On which river is this fall located ?
Answer:
Victoria Fall is located on Zambezi River.

LET’S DO SOMETHING

On a blank outline map of Africa

(a) Mark with brown lines the Atlas and the Drakensberg Mountains.
(b) Shade with yellow and label the Sahara Desert and the Kalahari Desert.
(c) Shade with light brown the plateau region of Africa, the Ethiopian and Adamawa Highlands.
(d) Colour with blue and label neatly all the surrounding water bodies, oceans, seas, bays, gulfs, and straits.

Answer:
Do it Yourself.