Area Under a Curve

Area Under a Curve

Area of bounded regions

  1. The area bounded by a cartesian curve y = f(x), x-axis and ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
    Area Under a Curve 1
  2. If the curve y = f(x) lies below x-axis, then the area bounded by the curve y = f(x) the x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b is negative. So, area is given by \(\left| \int _{ a }^{ b }{ ydx }  \right|\).
  3. The area bounded by a cartesian curve x =f(y), y-axis and abscissae y = c and y = d is given by,
    Area Under a Curve 2
  4. If the equation of a curve is in parametric form, let x = f(t), y = g(t) then
    Area Under a Curve 3,
    where t1 and t2 are the values of t respectively corresponding to the values of a and b of x.

Symmetrical area

If the curve is symmetrical about a co-ordinate axis (or a line or origin), then we find the area of one symmetrical portion and multiply it by the number of symmetrical portions to get the required area.

Area between two curves

  1. When both curves intersect at two points and their common area lies between these points:
    If the curves  y1 = f1(x) and y2 = f2(x), where f1(x) > f2(x) intersect in two points A(x = a) and B(x = b), then common area between the curves is
    Area Under a Curve 4
    Area Under a Curve 5
  2. When two curves intersect at a point and the area between them is bounded by x-axis:
    Area bounded by the curves is
    Area Under a Curve 6
    Area Under a Curve 7 where P(α, β) is the point of intersection of the two curves.
  3. Positive and negative area:
    Area is always taken as positive. If some part of the area lies above the x-axis and some part lies below x-axis, then the area of two parts should be calculated separately and then add their numerical values to get the desired area.

Volumes and surfaces of solids of revolution

If a plane curve is revolved about some axis in the plane of the curve, then the body so generated is known as solid of revolution. The surface generated by the perimeter of the curve is known as surface of revolution and the volume generated by the area is called volume of revolution.
For example, a right angled triangle when revolved about one of its sides (forming the right angle) generates a right circular cones.

(1) Volumes of solids of revolution

  1. The volume of the solid generated by the revolution, about the x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the ordinates at x = a, x = b and the x-axis is equal to \(\pi \int _{ a }^{ b }{ { y }^{ 2 }dx }\).
    Area Under a Curve 8
  2. The revolution of the area lying between the curve x = f(y) the y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given by (interchanging x and y in the above formulae) \(\int _{ a }^{ b }{ { \pi x }^{ 2 }dy }\).
  3. If the equation of the generating curve be given by x = f1(t) and y = f2(t) and it is revolved about x-axis, then the formula corresponding to \(\int _{ a }^{ b }{ { \pi y }^{ 2 }dx }\) becomes Area Under a Curve 9where f1 and f2 are the values of t corresponding to x = a  and  x = b.

(2) Area of surfaces of revolution

  1. The curved surface of the solid generated by the revolution, about the x- axis, of the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the ordinates at x = a, x = b and the x-axis is equal to \(2\pi \int _{ x=a }^{ x=b }{ { y }ds }\).
    Area Under a Curve 10
  2. If the arc of the curve y = f(x) revolves about y-axis, then the area of the surface of revolution (between proper limits)
    Area Under a Curve 11
  3. If the equation of the curve is given in the parametric form x = f1(t) and y = f2(t), and the curve revolves about x-axis, then we get the area of the surface of revolution
    Area Under a Curve 12
    where t1 and t2 are the values of the parameter corresponding to x = a and x = b.

(3) Volume and surface of the frustum of a cone
If r1, r2 be the radii of the circular ends and k is the distance between centres of circular ends and l be the slant height, then

  1. Volume of frustum of cone = πk/3(r12 + r1r2 + r22)
  2. Curved surface area of frustum of cone = π(r1 + r2)l
  3. Whole surface area of frustum of cone = π(r1 + r2)l + πr12 + πr22.

(4) Volume and surface of the frustum of a sphere

Let the thickness of the frustum of sphere is k and radii of the circular ends of the frustum are r1 and r2, then

  1. Volume of the frustum of sphere = πk/6(3r12 + 3r22 + k2)
  2. Curved surface area of frustum of sphere = 2πak (where a is radius of circle)
  3. Whole surface area of frustum of sphere = (2πak + πr12 + πr22).

Area Under a Curve Problems with Solutions

1.
Area Under a Curve 13
Solution:
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2.
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Solution:
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3.
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Solution:
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4.
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Solution:
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5.
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Solution:
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6.
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Solution:
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7.
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Solution:
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8.
Area Under a Curve 27
Solution:
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9.
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Solution:
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10.
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Solution:
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11.
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Solution:
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12.
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Solution:
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