Frank ICSE Class 9 Biology Solutions

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Tissues

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Tissues

PAGE NO : 41

Solution 1:
Permanent tissue is a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function.
Permanent tissues are of three types – simple tissues, complex tissues and special tissues.

Solution 2:
Sclerenchyma is a type of simple tissue present commonly in roots, stems, leaves and petioles. Its cells are dead, elongated and narrow with thickened and lignified cell walls. Sclerenchyma is of two types i.e. fibres and sclerids.
Sclerenchyma gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to the plant body, thus enabling it to withstand various strains.

Solution 3:
Xylem is a complex plant tissue composed of several types of cells which are:

 

  1. Tracheids – These cells are long and tubular with thick, rigid and lignified walls and pointed ends. Tracheids are present in all vascular plants. These conduct water and minerals from root to stem.
  2.  Vessels – These are long cylindrical cells with lignified walls, placed one above the other to form a pipe like structure. They participate in the conduction of water and minerals.
  3.  Xylem fibres – These are sclerenchymatous fibres found attached to xylem. These provide strength to the plant organs.
  4.  Xylem parenchyma – This is the living component of xylem. Xylem parenchyma is composed of simple parenchyma cells found in xylem. These are connected with tracheids or vessels through simple or bordered pits. Their function is to store food material.
    Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 1

Solution 4:
Phloem is a complex plant tissue found in all parts of the plant like roots, stems and leaves and is mainly responsible for the conduction of organic food prepared by the plant.
Phloem is made up of four components which are:

  1. Sieve tubes
  2. Companion cells
  3. Phloem parenchyma
  4.  Phloem fibres

PAGE NO : 42

Solution 5:

  1. Tissue is a group of cells of similar structure and function.
  2.  Vascular tissue is the complex plant tissue in higher plants that is composed of xylem and phloem and is concerned with conducting water, minerals and organic food throughout the plant body.
  3. Meristematic tissue is a group of cells which constantly divide and produce cells indefinitely throughout the life of the plant.
  4. Permanent tissue refers to a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 2
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 3

Solution 7:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 4
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 5
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 6

Solution 8:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues. These are:

(a) Simple and
(b) Compound

Simple epithelial tissue is further divided into six sub-groups which are:

  • Columnar epithelium
  • Ciliated epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  •  Squamous epithelium
  • Glandular epithelium
  • Sensory epithelium

Compound epithelial tissue is of two types:

  1. Stratified epithelium
  2. Transitional epithelium

Functions of epithelial tissue are:

  •  It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
  •  It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
  • Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.

Solution 9:
Nerve cell or neuron is a cell of the nervous system, capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites.
Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves and carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.

Solution 10:
Blood is called a tissue since it contains many blood cells i.e. RBCs, WBCs and platelets working together to perform a common function. Blood connects the body systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules, and removing the wastes.

Solution 11:
(i) Epithelial tissue:
Structure: The cells of epithelium are compactly placed, tightly held together and form a continuous sheet. Epithelial cells are supported below on a basement membrane. These cells may be of different shapes and sizes.
Types:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues which are:
(a) Simple and
(b) Compound
Functions:
(i) It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
(ii) It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
(iii) Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.
(ii) Muscular tissue:
Structure – Muscle tissue consists of cells which are elongated and large-sized, hence they are also called muscle fibres. These fibres are of various sizes. Contractile proteins are present in the muscle cells which bring about their contraction and relaxation. The cytoplasm of muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm and is bounded by a membrane called sarcolemma.
Types: Muscle tissue is of three types:

  1. Striated muscle tissue
  2.  Unstriated muscle tissue
  3.  Cardiac muscle tissue

Functions –

  1. Muscles bring about all voluntary movements done by a person.
  2.  All the involuntary movements needed to keep the body alive are possible due to muscles.
  3.  Connective tissue

Structure – This tissue has homogenous matrix which forms its main bulk. The connective tissue cells are living, separated from each other and are few in number. The matrix varies in size and shape and may be solid, gel like or liquid. The nature of the matrix decides the function of the connective tissue.
Types –
The following are the different types of connective tissue:
(a) Loose areolar connective tissue
(b) Fibrous connective tissue
(c) Cartilage connective tissue
(d) Bone
(e) Fluid connective tissue
Functions –
(i) Connective tissue connects and binds various organs of our body.
(ii) It gives support to the body and forms the skeleton to provide a definite shape.
(iii) It transports nutrients, hormones, oxygen and waste material within the body.
(iv) Nervous tissue:
Structure – The cells of nervous tissue is called neuron. It is capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites. Axons bundle together to form the nerve.
Functions – Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves. It carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.

Solution 12:
(a) – (v)
(b) – (i)
(c) – (iv)
(d) – (ii)
(e) – (vi)
(f) – (iii)

Solution 13:

  1. Nervous tissue
  2.  Cardiac muscle tissue
  3. Adipose tissue
  4.  Xylem
  5. Phloem

Solution 14:
The three kinds of muscles found in human body are:

  1.  Striated muscle – An example is leg muscle
  2. Unstriated muscle – An example is muscles in walls of uterus
  3.  Cardiac muscle – An example is heart muscle

Solution 15:

  1. Tissue
  2. Unicellular organism
  3.  Organ

Solution 16:

  1. Stratified epithelial tissue
  2.  Apical meristem
  3. Ligament
  4. Ciliated epithelium
  5. Cuboidal epithelium

Solution 17:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 7

Solution 18:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 8
Solution 19:

  1.  False
  2.  True
  3.  False
  4.  True
  5. True
  6.  True

Solution 20:

  1. (b) sclerenchyma
  2. (c) tissue
  3. (d) tracheid
  4. (b) thin walled and living
  5. (d) dicot stems
  6. (b) phloem
  7. (a) blood devoid of RBCs
  8. (a) one bone to another
  9. (d) striated and involuntary
  10. (a) vascular connective tissue

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Vegetative Propagation

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Vegetative Propagation

PAGE NO : 49

Solution 1:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 1
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 2

Solution 2:
Advantages of vegetative propagation are:

  1.  Vegetative propagation is the only method to obtain new plants in those plants where seed formation does not occur.
  2.  This method is cheaper, convenient and rapid method of plant multiplication.
  3.  It is the only method of reproduction in plants like grapes, roses, pineapple etc. which do not form viable seeds.
  4.  Plants raised through vegetative propagation from a single plant form a genetically uniform population called a clone.

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 3
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 4

Solution 4:
Orchids, Rose

Solution 5:
Plants propagated through root cuttings are:

  1. Roses
  2.  Raspberries
  3. Blackberries
  4.  Crabapple
  5.  Fig
  6.  Lilac

Plants propagated through stem cuttings are:

  1. Blackberries
  2. Cannabis
  3. Grapes
  4. Pineapple
  5. Sugarcane
    (Write any four of each)

Solution 6:

(a) Budding – Here a single bud instead of a branch is grafted on the stock. In about two weeks, the bud unites with the stock after which the stock just above the bud is cut off. Budding is usually done in rainy season. Budding is carried out in plants like lemon and hibiscus.
(b) Grafting – Here a detached part of one plant called scion, is inserted into the stem of a rooted plant called stock. Scion is a short piece of detached shoot containing several buds. After a few days, vascular connection is established between the joined parts and parenchyma tissue develops at the junction of the graft. Examples of plants in which grafting is carried out are apple, pear, mango and guava.
(c) Layering – In layering, an intact branch is bent into the soil and is covered with moist soil. The growing tip remains above the soil. When roots arise in the branch region in contact with soil, it is separated from the parent plant. Within a few weeks, a new plant can be propagated by this method. Examples of plants in which layering is carried out are cherry, jasmine and grapevine.

Solution 7:
(a) Tubers
(b) Stem cutting
(c) Bulb
(d) Corm
(e) Stem cutting

Solution 8:
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Agave/ Oxalis
(c) Bryophyllum
(d) Potato
(e) Apple

Solution 9:
Hybridisation is the crossing of two plants differing in one or more genetic characters to obtain a new individual or variety.

Solution 10:
Plant hybridisation is a time consuming process and is carried out between two plants of different species or between two varieties of the same species.
Two parent plants are selected of which one parent has the desired characters. On the female plant, emasculation is carried out i.e. stamens are removed to prevent undesirable fertilization. Then pollen of the male plant is collected and artificially brushed on stigma of emasculated flower. The emasculated flower is kept bagged before and after fertilization to prevent any unwanted cross pollination. After pollination, fertilization takes place and seeds of desired variety are produced.

Solution 11:
Vegetative propagation is economically important in the following ways:

  1.  Vegetative propagation is helpful in the improvement of food crops, cash crops and ornamentals.
  2. Plants raised through vegetative propagation are totally identical to the parent plants (clones) and are genetically similar.
  3. Vegetative propagation is the only method to multiply those plants where seed formation does not occur.
  4.  This is a cheaper, convenient and rapid method of plant multiplication.
  5. It is the only method of reproduction in plants like grapes, roses, Chrysanthemums, pineapples etc. which do not form viable seeds i.e. seeds do not germinate.

Solution 12:
The objectives of plant hybridisation are:

  1. Development of hybrid vigour
  2.  Accumulation of desired traits of two or more plants in a single hybrid.

Plant hybridization is beneficial to us in the following ways:

  1. It is useful in obtaining clones and genetic experimental plants.
  2.  It is a quick and convenient method.
  3.  Hybrid plants are stronger than either parent plant in general and have a higher yield.
  4. Crop plants giving a much higher yield can be developed using this technique.
  5. Plants resistant to diseases, pests and climatic factors can be produced by hybridization with desired plants or wild species.
  6. The hybrid plants (especially ornamentals) have more colourful or fragrant flowers that enhance their commercial value.

Solution 13:
Micropropagation is a technique of propagating plants by culturing cells, tissues or organs. This technique uses a very small amount of the stock plant.

Solution 14:
In micropropagation, a piece of tissue such as bud or shoot tip is removed from a plant, sterilized and placed onto a culture medium. The tissue multiplies into an undifferentiated mass of cells called callus. Later it is transferred to a nutrient medium where this tissue differentiates and produces a number of plantlets. The plantlets are then transplanted into pots kept in green houses and then placed in fields to see their performance.

Solution 15:

  1. (b) layering
  2. (c) lack cambium
  3. (a) agamospermy
  4. (b) both genetically and morphologically similar to parent-plants

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Biotechnology Applications

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Biotechnology Applications

PAGE NO: 53

Solution 1:
Biotechnology is the study and use of techniques using living organisms or their products for the benefit of human race. It is the controlled use of biological agents such as microorganisms or cellular components for beneficial uses.

Solution 2:
Yes.

Solution 3:
Since ancient times, microbes have been exploited for fermentation, baking etc. even without any idea of the mechanism behind them.
The various ways in which microbes were utilized in ancient times are:

  1. In ancient times (before 2500 B.C.), the Aryans used to prepare ‘Soma’ as offering to God.
  2. Preparations of curds, cheese, paneer, butter etc. from milk are age-old techniques.
  3. In Roman times, cheese was processed from milk and its nutritive value was recognized.
  4. For baking, leftover dough was applied from a previous batch of bread on leavened bread.

Solution 4:
Some food items prepared using microbes are bread, idli and dosa (South India), soya sauce, koji (Japan), temph (Indonesia), curd, cheese, butter and gari (West Africa)

Solution 5:
Two pioneer institutes in the field of Biotechnology in India are:

  1. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
  2.  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi

Solution 6:
Four industrial applications of biotechnology are:

  1. Biotechnology is used to produce various alcoholic beverages like wine, beer, whisky, brandy and rum. For this purpose, brewer’s yeast is used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices. Depending on the type of the raw material used for fermentation and the type of processing, different types of alcoholic drinks are obtained.
  2.  Biotechnology also helps in the commercial production of non-alcoholic beverages like tea and coffee. Here microbes are used in a fermentation process called curing.
  3. Vinegar i.e. acetic acid is obtained by the fermentation of fruit juices.
  4.  A number of organic acids like citric acid, lactic acid, butyric acid etc. are obtained by biotechnological methods by employing several acid producing microbes.
  5. Biotechnological techniques help in the production of certain enzymes for industrial use. For example proteases, lipases and amylases are obtained from cultures of yeasts like Saccharomyces and Torula and certain bacteria.
    (Write any 4)

Solution 7:

  1. Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. Certain bacteria and blue-green algae fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to plants.
  2. Certain microorganisms control or prevent spread of other organisms. They are utilized as bio-control agents. Example – Certain fungi which kill agricultural weeds are utilized as bio-weedicides.

Solution 8:

(a) In sewage treatment plants, microbes are utilized as scavengers to remove organic matter from sewage. Bacteria, algae and fungi play important roles in sewage treatment.
(b) Gobar gas or biogas is obtained from cowdung, garbage etc. when it is placed in biogas plants where anaerobic bacteria produce methane etc. The waste slurry is used as manure.

Solution 9:
Five applications of biotechnology in the field of medicine are:

  1. Antibiotics – Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other pathogenic microbes, without harming the host. Biotechnology has helped us to obtain pure and large amounts of antibiotics from microbes. Examples of antibiotics obtained from microbes are penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin etc. The world’s first discovered antibiotic penicillin is produced by Penicillium species of fungi. It destroys bacteria causing tonsillitis, sore throat, gonorrhea, local infections and pneumonia.
  2. Vaccines – Vaccines are killed or weakened pathogens employed to provide immunity against the diseases caused by them. Using biotechnology, we have been able to produce cheaper, purer, safer and more potent vaccines.
  3. Antibodies – Antibodies against disease causing pathogens can be obtained through clone cultures. These help to provide immunity against diseases.
  4. Hormones – Using recombinant DNA technology, humans have succeeded in producing several important hormones. For example – The bacteria E.coli have been successfully used to produce large quantities of human insulin. This is a boon to the many diabetic patients who are deficient in insulin and hence are unable to control their blood sugar. Also this was an improvement over the earlier used animal insulin which was expensive and allergic to many people.
  5. Diagnostic kits – Today many diagnostic kits are available for detecting many diseases especially those caused by parasites. These kits give more reliable and quicker results easily.

Solution 10:
Koji – Japan
Gari – Africa
Temph – Indonesia
Vinegar – Fermentation
Baking – Yeast

Solution 11:
(a) Idli, dosa
(b) Wine, beer
(c) Insulin
(d) Criminals
(e) biological sciences, technology

Solution 12:

  1. (d) all of the above
  2. (b) acid fermentation
  3. (b) Soma
  4. (a) weakened pathogens
  5. (a) acetic acid

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Flowers

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Flowers

PAGE NO: 64

Solution 1:
A flower is the reproductive unit in angiosperms. It is a modified shoot in which internodes are shortened and leaves are modified into floral structure. Flower is meant for sexual reproduction.
A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on the swollen parts of a flower stalk. Flower stalk consists of the stalk called pedicel and the swollen upper part called thalamus bearing the floral leaves.
The different floral whorls are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Calyx and corolla are accessory whorls, while androecium and gynoecium are reproductive whorls.

  •  Calyx – The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and its members are called sepals. Generally, sepals are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud stage. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis. The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous (sepals free).
  • Corolla – It is the second whorl composed of floral leaves called petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. Petals also protect the inner whorls. Like calyx, corolla may be also free (gamopetalous) or united (polypetalous). The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants.
  •  Androecium – It is the third whorl and is the male reproductive whorl of a flower. Androecium is composed of one or more stamens. Each stamen consists of three parts:
  1. Filament – It is the lower stalk of the stamen.
  2. Anther – Filament bears a bilobed fertile structure called anther at its distal end. Each lobe contains two pollen sacs. The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs.
  3. Connective – Filament of the stamen is extended in between the two anther lobes called connective.
  • Gynoecium – It is the innermost whorl and the female reproductive part of the flower. Gynoecium is made up of one or more carpels. A carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style and ovary.
    Ovary is the swollen basal part containing ovules. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like structure called placenta.
    Style is the elongated thread like structure attached to the apex of the ovary. It connects the ovary to the stigma.
    The stigma is situated at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains.
  • Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 1

Solution 2:
(a) Inflorescence – The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is called inflorescence.
Function – Inflorescence facilitates the best arrangement and display of flowers on a branch without any sort of overcrowding. It also facilitates pollination via a prominent visual display and more efficient pollen uptake and deposition.
(b) Gynoecium – It is the innermost whorl of the flower bearing the female reproductive parts.
Function – The ovary of gynoecium produces ovules which bear the female gamete.
(c) Placentation – The manner in which placenta and ovules are arranged inside the ovary wall is known as placentation.
Function – Placentation helps in the best arrangement of ovules within the ovary. Placentation also helps in plant classification.
(d) Incomplete flower – A flower lacking one whorl out of the four whorls is said to be incomplete flower.
Function – An incomplete flower contains either male or female reproductive organs.
(e) Perianth – When the calyx and corolla are not distinct in a flower (eg. – lily), the whorl is collectively called perianth.
Function – The members of perianth, called tepals are usually brightly coloured and bear scent. This attracts insects which aids in pollination. They also protect the flower in bud condition.

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 2

Solution 4:
The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms and is meant for sexual reproduction. Flowers produce seeds from which new plants grow in future. So the main function of flower is to perpetuate the species.
There are six different types of flowers. These are complete, incomplete, bisexual, unisexual, actinomorphic and zygomorphic.

Solution 5:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 3
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 4

Solution 6:
In certain flowers like tomato and brinjal, the calyx remains attached even after the formation of the fruit and does not wither away. Such calyx is called persistent calyx.

Solution 7:
Calyx is the outermost whorl of a flower which is composed of sepals. Generally these sepals are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud condition. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis.

Solution 8:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 5

Solution 9:
Corolla is the second whorl composed of floral leaves called petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. Petals also protect the inner whorls. The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants.

Solution 10:
The androecium and gynoecium are the essential parts of a flower because they are involved in sexual reproduction.
Androecium is the male reproductive organ of a flower and is involved in producing male gametes.
Gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower and produces the female gametes.

The non-essential or accessory parts of flowers are the calyx and corolla since they do not directly participate in the process of sexual reproduction leading to the development of seed.
Sepals of calyx are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud stage. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis.
Petals of corolla are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination; they also protect the inner whorls.

Solution 11:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 6

Solution 12:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 7

Solution 13:
(a) Androecium – It is the third whorl and is the male reproductive organ of a flower. Androecium is composed of one or more stamens. Each stamen consists of three parts: Filament, Anther and Connective. The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs on the anthers.
(b) Gynoecium – It is the innermost whorl and is the female reproductive part of the flower. Gynoecium is made up of one or more carpels. A carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style and ovary. Ovary is the swollen basal part containing ovules.
(c) Calyx – The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and its members are called sepals. Generally, sepals are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud stage. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis. The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous (sepals free).
(d) Corolla – It is the second whorl composed of floral leaves called petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. Petals also protect the inner whorls. Like calyx, corolla may be also free (gamopetalous) or united (polypetalous).

PAGE NO: 65

Solution 14:
(a) Datura
(b) Cotton
(c) Cotton
(d) Sunflower
(e) Tomato
(f) Mulberry

Solution 15:
(i) (b) condensed stem
(ii) (b) jointed calyx
(iii) (c) thalamus
(iv) (a) reniform
(v) (c) capitulum

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Seeds: Structure and Germination

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Seeds: Structure and Germination

PAGE NO: 78

Solution 1:
(a) Seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule which possesses an inactive embryo and reserve food for its further development.
(b) The process by which the dormant embryo of the seed resumes active growth and forms a seedling is known as germination.

Solution 2:
(a) Albuminous seed – In some dicotyledons and monocotyledons, the
food is stored mainly in the endosperm. Such seeds are called albuminous seeds. Example – Seeds of castor, cereals and grasses.
(b) Dormancy – Seed dormancy is a condition of plant seeds that prevents germination under optimal environmental conditions. Here the seed is in a state of apparent inactivity and will not grow even if favorable conditions are provided, until a definite time has elapsed.
(c) Hypogeal germination – In this germination, the seed remains inside the soil since epicotyl elongates faster than hypocotyl. Hence the cotyledons remain inside the soil. Example – Wheat, rice, pea, mango.
(d) Epigeal germination – It is a type of germination in which cotyledons are pushed above the soil into the air and light. This occurs due to rapid growth and elongation of the hypocotyl. Example – Bean, cotton, castor, papaya, onion, tamarind.

Solution 3:
This is because the seed is in a state of dormancy. In this case, even if all the favorable conditions are provided, the seed remains in a state of apparent inactivity and only germinates after a definite time has elapsed.

Solution 4:
(a) Seed coat is the outer covering of seed. It protects the inner contents of the seed.
(b) Micropyle allows entry of water into the embryo.
(c) Endosperm contains stored food mostly as starch.
(d) Cotyledons store food material for the embryo.

Solution 5:
(a) Plumule
(b) Coleorhiza
(c) Endosperm
(d) Micropyle
(e) Root and shoot
(f) Endosperm
(g) Epigeal germination
(h) Hypogeal germination
(i) Orchis seed
(j) Seed of Lodoicea moldivica

PAGE NO: 79

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Seeds Structure and Germination 1

Solution 7:
(a) castor, papaya
(b) grasses, wheat
(c) pea, mango
(d) wheat, rice

Solution 8:
The factors necessary for germination are:

  1. Water – Water is essential for seed germination since protoplasm becomes active only when saturated with water. Water facilitates the necessary chemical changes in food material. Also enzymatic reaction occurs only in the water medium. Water when imbibed by the seed coat makes it soft and swollen. Then the seed coat bursts open, helping the embryo come out easily.
  2. Temperature – A suitable temperature is essential for seed germination since many physiological processes occur within the seed during germination. Seeds fail to germinate below 0?C or above 45?C. Optimum temperature for seed germination is 15-30?C.
  3. Oxygen – During germination, embryo resumes growth and for this energy is required. This energy comes from the oxidation of food material stored in the endosperm or cotyledons. This process requires oxygen.

Solution 9:
Apparatus required for three beans experiment are beaker, bean seeds and wooden piece.
The air-dried seeds are attached to a piece of wood, one at each end and one in the middle. This is then placed in a beaker and water is poured into it till the middle seed is half immersed in it. The beaker is then left in a warm place for a couple of days. From time to time, water is added to maintain the original level.
It is observed that after a couple of days that the bean in the middle germinates normally since it has sufficient water, oxygen and temperature. The bottom seed gets sufficient water and temperature but not oxygen hence it may develop a radicle but doesn’t grow further. The upper seed gets oxygen and temperature but not water and hence fails to germinate.
This experiment shows that water, temperature and oxygen are essential for seed germination and that germination will not occur if any one of these factors are absent.

Solution 10:
If the seeds are sown too deep in the soil, they may not get sufficient oxygen required for respiration and hence will fail to germinate.

Solution 11:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Seeds Structure and Germination 2

Solution 12:
(i) (d) in endosperm
(ii) (d) castor bean
(iii) (d) all the above
(iv) (d) maize
(v) (a) double coconut
(vi) (b) germination
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