Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE workbook Answers

Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Respiratory System

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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Respiratory System

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APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology Chapter 5 Respiratory System

Synopsis —

  • The energy released during respiration is stored as chemical energy in the form of ATP — adenosine tri-phosphate.
  • Aerobic respiration —
    C6H12O6 + 6O2   →  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
    Anaerobic respiration —
    Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Respiratory System 1
  • During vigorous exercise, the cells respire anaerobically and form lactic acid which accumulate in the muscle cells causing fatigue and pain.
  • The respiration in humans occur in three phases:

    1. Breathing
    2. Gaseous Transport
    3. Cellular respiration
  • The oxygen inhaled in combines with haemoglobin present in the red blood cells forming an unstable compound called oxyhaemoglobin.
  • The nasal chamber has got hairy lining to prevent dust particles from reaching the lungs. The lining also has mucous to trap germs and dust.
  • The common passage for the food and air is the pharynx.
  • Trachea is also called the wind pipe.
  • The voice box or the Adam’s apple is the larynx which contains ligamentous folds called vocal cords.
  • Incomplete closure of epiglottis during swallowing causes coughing.
  • The trachea is formed of incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings which keep them permanently distended.
  • The lungs are protected outside by the two membranes called outer and inner pleura.
  • Left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung.
  • Left lung has two lobes while the right lung has three lobes.
    Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Respiratory System 2
  • Breathing is an involuntary act.
  • Even after maximum forced expiration, some air is left in the lungs called residual volume.
  • In normal adults, the breathing rate is 12-18/minute while a newborn breathes at about 60 breaths per minute.
  • Asphyxiation is a condition in which blood becomes venous by the accumulation of excess carbon dioxide and the oxygen supply is diminished.
  • The gas composition in artifical respiration is 95% oxygen, 5% carbon-di-oxide.
  • Snoring: Vibration of soft palate during breathing when mouth is kept open while sleeping.
  • Sneezing: It is a protective mechanism through which a foreign irritant particle is thrown out of the lungs suddenly and forcefully.
  • Hiccups: Jerky incomplete inspiration due to blockage of the respiratory tract.

Review Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Put a tick (✓) against the most appropriate alternative in the following statements.

(i) In humans, taken in of the air through nostrils into the nasal cavity is called
(a) Inhalation
(b) Exhalation
(b) Cellular respiration
(d) Internal respiration

(ii) The front opening of the wind pipe is guarded by —
(a) Glottis
(b) Exoglottis
(c) Epiglottis
(d) Trachea

(iii) The process during which food is oxidised and energy is released is called
(a) Cellular respiration
(b) Excretion
(c) Digestion
(d) Transpiration

Short Answer Questions

1. Answer briefly the following:

  1. Why do our body cells require oxygen ?
    Ans. Body cells require oxygen for the break down of glucose and release energy for carrying out various life functions.
  2. What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
    Ans. Breathing is a simple physical process of drawing in air through the nostrils and expelling it out.
    Respiration is a chemical process which involves the breakdown of food and release energy.
  3. Name the by-product formed during the oxidation of food.
    Ans. The by- products formed are
    1. carbon-di-oxide
    2. water
  4. Name the agency which transports oxygen to all parts of the body.
    Ans. Blood .
  5. What is the role of epiglottis during swallowing ?
    Ans. Epiglottis closes the wind pipe at the time of swallowing.

Question 2.
Describe in brief the function of ribs and diaphragm in breathing.
Answer:

  1. Ribs muscles—During inhalation, the ribs muscles contract and push the ribs upward and outward.
    During exhalation these relax and cause the ribs to return to original position.
  2. Diaphragm: During inhalation it becomes flattened while during exhalation it relaxes and moves up and back into convex (dome) shape.

Question 3.
Name the gas which is expelled out during expiration. Where is it originally produced in our body ?
Answer:
The gas which is expelled during expiration is carbon-di¬oxide. It is produced as a result of oxidation of glucose in the tissues. (Cellular respiration)

Question 4.
Name the following:

  1. Respiratory process
  2. in which oxygen is not utilized.
    Ans. Cellular respiration
  3. Respiratory process in which oxygen is utilized.
    Ans. Gaseous transport
  4. The microscopic air-sacs of the lungs.
    Ans. Alveoli
  5. The two membranes which protect the lungs.
    Ans. Outer pleura, inner pleura

Long Answer Questions:
Question 1.
Why is a respiratory system necessary ?
Answer:
Respiratory system is very important for the body. Respiration in human beings is divided into two distinct parts. The first part involves taking in oxygen from the air or what we commonly call breathing. The respiratory system is responsible for breathing in and out of air, and exchange of gases. The main parts of the respiratory system consist of the nostrils, trachea or wind pipe and lungs.
The blood, then, transports the oxygen to the individual cell where it is used for the chemical process of respiration. This is known as cellular respiration.The second part involves taking out carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function.

Question 2.
What factors are most likely to affect the breathing rate ?
Answer:
Breathing is a necessary function for human beings. It supplies oxygen for a process called cellular respiration, which is how cells manufacture the energy they need for their life functions.
There are lots of things that can affect the rate of breathing in humans and they are:

  1. Exercise is one of those things, particularly aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise is any exercise that causes the person to breathe more, such as running jogging, playing basketball, football, running track, or playing soccer.
  2. Even Breathing rate also changes while the person is sleeping, sitting at rest or even after climbing the stairs.
  3. Another factor that can influence breathing rate is allergic reactions to stimuli from the environment, such as pollen. This can inflame the passageways leading to the lungs, making them smaller, requiring more air.
  4. Smoking is a habit that can influence the development of lung cancer, which in turn influences the rate a person breathes.
  5. Nervous conditions and reactions to stimuli also influence the breathing rate, such as the fumed “fight or flight” syndrome.

Question 3.
What happens to the energy liberated during respiration?
Answer:
The energy liberated during respiration is utilised for carrying out various life processes.
Some of the energy liberated during the breakdown of the glucose molecule, is in the form of heat, but a large part of it is converted into chemical energy called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Any activity inside the cell is carried out by the energy released by these ATP molecules.

Question 4.
What do you understand by inhalation and exhalation ? How are they different from each other ?
Answer:
The physical process, by which the air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs and air containing carbon dioxide is forced out from lungs is called breathing. Breathing involves two steps, inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration).

Inhalation (Inspiration)

  1. Ribs move upwardsand outwards.
  2. Diaphragm is pushed downwards and flattens.
  3. Volume of chest cavity increases.
  4. Lungs expand, air pressure becomes low.
  5. Atmospheric air at higher pressure rushes into the lungs

Exhalation (Expiration)

  1. Ribs move downwards and inward.
  2. Diaphragm moves upwards and becomes dome shaped.
  3. Volume of chest cavity decreases.
  4. Lung size reduces, air pressure becomes high.
  5. Air rushes out of lungs as atmospheric air pressure is lower.

Question 5.
What do you understand by the term respiratory diseases ? Name any three common respiratory diseases.
Answer:
Any of the diseases and disorders that affect human respiration are called Respiratory diseases. Diseases of the respiratory system may affect any of the structures and organs that have to do with breathing, including the nasal cavities, the pharynx (or throat), the larynx, the trachea (or windpipe), the bronchi and bronchioles, the tissues of the lungs, and the respiratory muscles of the chest cage.

  1. Bronchitis — It is a respiratory infection in which the lining of the bronchi becomes inflamed. As this irritated membrane begins to swell, it narrows or shuts off the bronchial passages, resulting in breathlessness and coughing spells.
  2. Asthma — It is a chronic disease that also causes inflammation and swelling in the airways. But this happens periodically. During an asthmatic attack, a patient experiences tightness in the chest, shortness of breath and wheezing. This condition improves considerably with medication.
  3. Pneumonia — It is a respiratory infection caused by a bacteria. This bacteria enters the air sacs, multiplies there and the air sacs may get filled with fluid. This disease causes chest pain, chills and high fever.

Question 6.
State the cause and treatment for the following diseases

  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Bronchitis

Answer:

  1. Tuberculosis — Cause: Caused by bacteria that can spread by air, dust or sputum.
    Treatment: BCG vaccine, antibiotic — Streptomycin.
  2. Pneumonia — Cause: Mainly caused by bacteria inhaled through air or by contact.
    Treatment: Antibiotics—Penicillin.
  3. Bronchitis — Cause: This respiratory infection is mainly caused by a virus. Air pollution and smoking can also cause bronchitis.
    Treatment: Drinking plenty of fluids, following a well balanced diet, frequent hand washing and adequate rest can prevent and improve bronchitis.

Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Cell – The Structure and Functions

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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Cell – The Structure and Functions

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology Chapter 3 Cell – The Structure and Functions

Synopsis

  • The single-celled organisms are called unicellular and if the organisms are made up of more than one cell are called multicellular.
  • The simple microscope was developed by Antony Von Leeuwenhoek.
  • The compound microscope was developed by Robert Hooke.
  • The branch of biology which deals with the study of cells is called cytology.
  • The living substance of the cell is called protoplasm.
  • Examples of
    (a) unicellular organisms:

    1. bacteria
    2. amoeba
    3. yeast
    4. chlamydomonas etc.
  • (b) multicelluar organisms: plants like rose, neem, animals like man, hydra etc.
  • Examples of different cellular shapes.
    1. irregular — amoeba
    2. oval — chlamydomonas (slipper organism)
    3. oblong — paramecium
    4. elongated — striated muscle cells
    5. very long or thread like — nerve fibre cells
    6. cubical or rectangular — plant cell
  • The smallest cell — Bacterial cell
    The longest cell — Nerve cells
    The largest cell — Ostrich egg
  • Cell theory explains
    1. Every living organism is made up of one or many cells.
    2. The structural unit of all the living organisms is the cell.
    3. The functional unit of all the living organisms is the cell.
    4. All cells arise from the pre-existing cells.
  • The three scientists who contributed in the cell theory are:

    1. M.J. Schleiden
    2. Theodor Schwann
    3. Rudolph Virchow
  • Animal cells have no cell walls.
  • The cell wall is made up of cellulose which is rigid and gives shape to the cell.
  • The cell wall is freely permeable while the cell membrane is semi-permeable.
  • The supportive framework which helps in the distribution of various product across the cell is endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Power house of the cell — Mitochondria
  • Synthesise proteins — Ribosomes.
  • The organelle found only in the animal cell which initiate and regulate cell division is Centrosome.
  • The organelle found only in the plant cell is plastid.
    Green plastids are chloroplasts
    Other plastids are amyloplasts.
  • Cell organelles are concerned with specific functions.
  • The importance of cell division is.
    1. Production of new cells.
    2. For growth and repair.
    3. Replacement of the dead and worn out cells. –
    4. For reproduction.
  • The process of fusion of sperm and an egg is called fertilisation.
  • The result of fertilisation is Zygote.

Review Questions

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Put a tick mark (✓) against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(i) Identify the part which contain pigment:
(a) cell membrane
(b) plastid
(c) centrosome
(d) cell wall

(ii) The organelle that controls all activities in
(a) nucleus
(b) vacoule
(c) plastids
(d) cytoplasm

(iii) A cell that is spherical in shape is:
(a) white blood cell
(b) nerve cell
(c) red blood cell
(d) amoeba

(iv)The vacuole contains:
(a) water
(b) cell sap
(c) salts
(d) food

Short Answer Questions:

Question 1.
 Name the scientist who invented the first microscope.
Answer :
Antony Von Leeuwenhoek.

Question 2.
Who coined the term “cell” ?
Answer :
The term “cell” was coined by Robert Hooke.

Question 3.
Briefly describe the three essential basic parts of a cell.
Answer :
The essential basic parts of a cell are:

  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
    1. Cell membrane — It is a very thin, delicate and flexible membrane which surrounds each cell. It is also called plasma membrane. It consists of fine pores which allow only certain molecules to pass through it and prohibit the others and therefore, due to its function, also called selectively permeable membrane.
    2. Cytoplasm: This is the living portion of the cell which is a semi-liquid, translucent and colourless liquid. It is the portion of the cell where major functions of the cell are carried out through various finer parts of the cell. The finer structures which are contained in this are called the cell organelles.
    3. Nucleus: The small spherical dark coloured body usually located in the centre of the cell. It is the most important part of the cell which regulates and co-ordinates various life processes. Its major role is during cell division. It contains hereditary factors called the genes.

Question 4.
The cell membrane is called selectively permeable. Why?
Answer :
The cell membrane of the cell is composed of fine pores through which only certain molecules of the different substances can pass into the cell. Since it allows only specific molecules to enter prohibiting the other it is referred to as Selectively Permeable.

Question 5.
State the difference between
Answer :
(i) Nucleus and nucleolus
Nucleus

  1. It is a cell organelle.
  2. It is the most important part of the cell.
  3. It is present in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  4. It is bounded by a delicate nuclear membrane

Nucleolus

  1. It is a component of the nucleus.
  2. It is the most important part of the nucleus.
  3. It is present in the nucleoplasm.
  4. It does not have any such membrane around it

(ii) Cytoplasm and protoplasm
Answer :
Cytoplasm

  1. The living portion of the cell inside the cell except the nucleus.
  2. It has many finer parts contained in it like golgi bodies, mitochondria etc.

Protoplasm
The living substance of a cell is called the protoplast.
It consists of two main parts

  1. cytolasm
  2. nucleus.

(iii) Cell wall and cell membrane.
Answer :
Cell wall

  1. It is made up of cellulose.
  2. It gives shape and rigidity to the plant cell.
  3. It is a non-living structure.
  4. It protects the cell from the entry of disease-causing agents, as well the underlying protoplasm against mechanical injuries.

Cell Membrane

  1. It is very thin, delicate and flexible.
  2. This allows the entry of certain molecules only, while holding back the others.
  3. It is living structure.
  4. It has fine pores in it, through which only certain substances carfpass in and out, while others cannot.

Question 6.
 List the major differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Answer :
Plant cell

  1. Cell is comparatively larger with distinct outlines.
  2. Has a definite and rigid cell wall.
  3. Has negligible amount of cytoplasm.
  4. Cytoplasm is not very dense.
  5. Contains plastids.
  6. No centrosome.
  7. Have prominent one or more vacuoles.
  8. Has simple golgi apparatus composed of units called dictyosomes.

Animal cell

  1. Size is small with less distinct outlines.
  2. Cell wall absent.
  3. Cytoplasm fills almost the entire cell.
  4. Cytoplasm is granular and relatively dense.
  5. Do not contain plastids
  6. Centrosomes are present.
  7. Have temporary vacuoles which are small and concerned with secretion or excretion.
  8. Have complex and prominent golgi apparatus.

Question 7.
Briefly discuss the importance of chromosomes to an organism.
Answer :
The most important feature of a living cell is that it can divide or reproduce of its own kind and this function is regulated by the nucleus of the cell. The nucleus in its nucleoplasm contain a network of dark stained thread like structures called chromatin fibres. These fibres during cell division become thick and ribbon like which are then called chromosomes. The chromosomes are the actual hereditary factors. These are unique for each species both in number and in character.
Human body has 46 chromosomes which occur in pairs.
They are further categorised as:

  1. Chromosomes specific for determining the sex of the species called the sex chromosomes.
  2. Other chromosomes are called autosomes.

8. Fill up the blanks with the terms given below in the box.
Pigments, wall, pre-existing, cell, vacoules

  1. The cell is the structural unit of all living things.
  2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  3. Animal cells have no cell wall.
  4. Plastids contain pigments.
  5. Vacoules are filled with water and dissolved substance

Question 9.
Try to find the names of four cell organells hidden in this maze, (hint: The hidden words can appear horizontally or vertically; forwards or backward or even mixed up). Write them in the lines provided. For example :
“NUCLEUS” in the last row, seven backward letters.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Cell - The Structure and Functions 1
Answer :
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Cell - The Structure and Functions 2

  1. Vacuole
  2. Leucoplast
  3. Chromoplast
  4. Nucleus, Plastid

Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – The Circulatory System

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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – The Circulatory System

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology Chapter 6 The Circulatory System

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Put a tick mark (✓) against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(a) Function of WBCs is to
(i) Transport oxygen
(ii) Help in clotting of blood
(iii) Provide immunity
(iv) Provide storage of food.

(b) Blood Capillary is a
(i) Broad tube
(ii) Artery with thick wall
(iii) Vein with large lumen
(iv) Narrow tube made up of endothelium only.

(c) Nucleus is absent in
(i) RBCs
(ii) VBCs
(iii) All blood cells
(iv) Liver cells.

(d) The only artery which carries deoxygenated blood is called,
(i) Hepatic artery
(ii) Pulmonary artery
(iii) Aorta
(iv) Renal artery

(e) Sphygmomanometer ni’sures
(i) Pulse rate
(ii) Heart beat
(iii) Blood pressure
(iv) Brain activity

(f) Pulmonary vein carries
(i) Oxygenated blood
(ii) Deoxygenated blood
(iii) Glucose-rich blood
(iv) C02 laden blood

(g) The blood tastes saltish due to the dissolved:
(i) Sodium chloride
(ii) Potassium chloride
(iii) Ammonium nitrate
(iv) Sodium nitrate

Short Answer Questions:

1. Differentiate between the following pair of terms:
Question 1(a)
Patelets and WBC
Answer:
Platelets

  1. These are colourless, oval or round, cytoplasmic fragments found floating in the blood.
  2. These play a major role in blood clotting.
  3. Their life span is 3-5 days and it is called thrombocytes.

WBC

  1. WBC are colourless and lack haemoglobin, larger in quantity, and have distinct oval and lobed nucleus.
  2. They prevent body from disease causing germs by providing immunity
  3. Their life span is short i.e. 5 to 20 days.

Question 1(b)
Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
Answer:
Pulmonary artery

  1. This involves circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs.
  2. It carries deoxygenated blood.

Pulmonary vein

  1. This involves circulation of blood to the heart from the lungs.
  2. It carries oxygenated blood.

Question 1(c)
 Vena Cava and Aorta
Answer:
Vena Cava

  1. Vena Cava is a large vein.
  2. It carries deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower parts of the body i.e. head and shoulders.

Aorta

  1. Aorta is the large artery.
  2. It carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through its branches.

Question 1(d)
RBC and WBC
Answer:
RBC

  1. They do not have nucleus at maturity.
  2. They possess haemoglobin and are red.
  3. They help in transport of respiratory gases.

WBC

  1. They have a large characteristic nucleus.
  2. They are colourless as they have no pigment.
  3. They help in defence mechanism.

Question 2.
Give any three differences between an artery and a vein:
Answer:
Following are the differences between the artery and a vein:
Artery

  1. Arteries carry blood from the heart to various body parts.
  2. These carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery).
  3. Blood flows with high speed and under high pressure.

Vein

  1. Veins carry blood from different body parts to the heart.
  2. These carry deoxygenatec blood (except the pulmonary vein).
  3. Blood flows with low speech and under low pressure.

Question 3.
Blood consists of two parts — a liquid part and a cellular part. Name these parts and briefly write about them.
Answer:

  1. Plasma: The plasma is a light-yellow coloured, alkaline liquid which mainly consists of:
    • Water- 90-92%
    • Proteins – 7-8%
    • Inorganic salts – 1%
    • Other substances – traces
  2. Cellular elements : These elements are of three categories:
    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
    • White blood cells (leukocytes)
    • Blood platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 4.
What is the role of haemoglobin in the blood ?
Answer:
The haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment which is formed of the iron containing part known as haemin and protein part known as globin. It helps to transport respiratory gases (oxygen).

5. Fill in the blanks with suitable words given below:

  1. The colour of a red blood cell is due to haemoglobin.
  2. The two lower chambers of the heart are called ventricles.
  3. The blood plasma contains a dissolved substance such as nutrient, proteins, waste products and harmones.
  4. The pulmonary artery takes the blood from the ventricles to the lungs.
  5. The instrument used to find out the blood pressure is known as sphygmomanometer.
  6. The blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the body comes into the right auricle of the heart.
  7. The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes into the left ventricle of the heart.
  8. The oxygen-rich blood is pumped into different parts of the body through aorta.
  9. The carbon dioxide loaded blood from right ventricle is pumped into the lungs through pulmonary artery.
  10. The liquid part of coagulated blood is known as serum.

Question 6.
In which organ of our body does blood get oxygenated?
Answer:
Blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. The oxygenated blood is returned to left verticles by the pulmonary vein.

Question 7.
Which side of the heart (left or right) contains oxygenated blood?
Answer:
The left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

Question 8.
 Name the disease in which the number of platelets reduces to 25,000 – 30,000 per cubic mm of blood. State its major symptoms.
Answer:
Dengue fever is one such disease in which the number of platelets get reduced to as low as 25-30 thousands per cubic mm of blood. The major symptoms of dengue are high fever, rashes or red spots on body, nausea or vomiting, pain in abdomen, back, or back of the eyes and muscles.

Long answer Questions

Question 1.
Name the three kinds of blood vessels found in human beings. With the help of suitable diagrams, differentiate between them.
Answer:
The three kind of blood vessels found in human beings are arteries, veins and capillaries.

  1. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the various parts of the body.
  2. Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood from the body parts to the heart.

Capillaries: These are the terminal branches of an artery, which rejoin to form a vein. A capillary is a very narrow tube whose walls have a single layer of cells with no muscles. Although the wall of a capillary is very thin, yet an exchange of nutrients, waste products and gases take place between the blood and the body fluids.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Circulatory System 1

Differences:
Arteries

  1. Carry blood away from the heart.
  2. Have thick and more muscular walls.
  3. Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood).
  4. The blood flows with j erks and under great force.

Veins

  1. Carry blood towards the heart.
  2. Have thin and less muscular walls.
  3. Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood).
  4. The blood flows smoothly and under little pressure.

Capillaries :

  1. Arteries after entering an organ divide into number of smaller branches called arterioles which further divide repeatedly to form a network of fine branches called capillaries.
  2. The walls of the capillaries are very thin and are one cell deep.
  3. The Capillaries after the metabolic exchange unite to form larger vessels called venules, which again unite to form a vein.

PQ. During surgical operations or during accidents, the patient may be given blood from outside to save his life. What is the technical name of this process ? Briefly explain the precautions to be taken in this process.
Answer:
During surgical operation or an accident when excess of bleeding takes place, the patient may be given blood from outside to save his life.
The transfer of blood from the donor to the recipient is called blood transfusion.
The following precautions are taken before the blood is given to the needy person:

  1. Matching of the donor’s blood with that of the recipient should be done.
  2. It should be made sure clinically that blood of donor is free from any infection.
  3. Sterilization of all the instruments to be used during the operation is must.

Question 2.
State briefly, the difference between white blood cells and the red blood cells.
Difference between white blood cells and the red blood cells
Answer:
RBC

  1. They do not have nucleus atmaturity.
  2. They possess haemoglobin and are red.
  3. They help in transport of respiratory gases.
  4. Life span is 120 days.
  5. They are about 5 million/mm3of blood.
  6. In the embryonic stage the RBC are formed in the liver and spleen. But after birth, they are formed in the red bone marrow.

WBC

  1. They have a large characteristic nucleus.
  2. They are colourless as they have no pigment.
  3. They help in defence mechanism.
  4. WBC have a short life.span of 5 to 20 days.
  5. They are about 7000/mm3of blood.
  6. WBC are formed in the red bone marrow.

Question 3.
You can see some blood vessels on the outside of the hands specially in older people. Are those veins or arteries ? How can you confirm your answer ?
Answer:
In older persons the skin becomes loose as the fat below becomes less with age and the vessels passing through these areas especially on the outside of the hands become prominent. These are veins as they flow superficially. The veins are thin and less muscular. These carry the blood to the heart veins are placed superficially so they are easily visible to the eye and are prominent.
The blood in the veins will be carrying CO2 and will have many substances like sugar, amino acids, chemicals and bacteria.

Question 4.
Given alongside is a diagram of human heart showing its internal structures. Label the parts marked 1 to 6, and answer the following questions.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Circulatory System 2
(a) Which types of blood is carried by the blood vessel marked 2?
(b) Name the main artery which takes the blood from heart to different parts of the body?
(c) Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
(d) Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs ?

Answer:

  1. Left pulmonary artery
  2. superior vena cava
  3. Left pulmonary vein
  4. Right auricle
  5. Left auricle
  6. Left ventricle

(a) Deoxygentated blood.
(b) Aortic arch (Aorta).
(c) Right Atrium.
(d) Left Atrium

Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Habitat and Adaptation

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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Habitat and Adaptation

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APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology Chapter 8 Health and Hygiene

Multiple Choice questions:
1. Put a tick mark (✓ ) against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(a) In cactus plant found in desert regions, the photosynthesis occur in:
(i) leaves
(ii) spines
(iii) modified roots
(iv) modified stem

(b) The animals such as birds have:
(i) light pneumatic bones
(ii) solid heavy bones
(iii) heavy pointed bones
(iv) no bones

(c) The biotic components of environment includes:
(i) greeen plants
(ii) animals
(iii) decomposer
(iv) all of these

(d) The presence of hollow plant stems is the characterstics of:
(i) desert plants
(ii) aquatic plants
(iii) mountaineous trees
(iv) none of these

(e) Slow breathing is the characterstics of:
(i) desert animals
(ii) aquatic animals
(iii) aerial animals
(iv) mesophytic animals

(f) Diversity of organisms are found in the different habitats because of different for
(i) average temperature
(ii) soil type
(iii) annual precipitation
(iv) all the these

Short Answer Questions:

Question 1.
List any four abiotic factors which affect different living beings.
Answer:
The various non-living things, such as soil, rocks, air, water, temperature, etc. are its abiotic components.

Question 2.
How is a whale similar to a fish in adaption to life in water ? Explain any two features.
Answer:
Whale are marine mammals. Its huge body is also spindle — shaped (streamlined). It front legs are modified into paddles or flippers for kicking water, hind limbs are absent. Whales have to periodically come up to the surface of water to breathe-inthe atmospheric air into their lungs.

Question 3.
Describe any two adaptations seen in desert plants.
Answer:
The adaptations seen in desert plants are :

  1. Well-developed root systems.
  2. Leaves either very small or converted to spines.
  3. Stem is green and fleshy in some plants.

Question 4.
Describe the aerial adaptations in birds.
Answer:
The bird’s body is perfectly adapted for aerial life. Various aerial adaptations found in birds are:

  1. Body shape: The body of birds is streamlined. Necks stretched forward with the head pointed in front and a narrowed tail at the end provide them a sleek shape. The body surface is smooth to minimize resistance against air.
  2. Wings: The forelimbs are modified into wings.The fingers are very much reduced. The whole length of the forelimb carries long flight feathers.         .
  3. Steering and brakes: The feathers on the tail help to slow down the speed and also help in steering (changing direction).
  4. Wing muscles: These are the much strong, active and enlarged breast muscles.
  5. Cutting down the body weight: Except for the most necessary bulky heavy wing muscles, the rest of the bird’s body tends to be light to facilitate flight.
  • Bones have air cavities.
  • Much less water is required in the body. The birds excrete solid urine (formed of uric acid instead of urea which otherwise requires much water to be excreted out).
  • Right ovaiy and oviduct are greatly reduced.

Question 5.
Briefly explain the term “Habitat”.
Answer:
The place where animals survive, flourish and reproduce is known as habitat. A suitable habitat should be safe and food should be available in plenty. The climate of the habitat should be favourable for the animals living there.

Question 6.
Give two adaptations in animals found in mountain habitat by which they protect themselves from the cold climate.
Answer:
Animals living in the mountain regions are also adapted. Such adaptations are basically to protect them from cold and snow. For example, yak has thick skin covered with fur to protect it from cold. Mountain goat has thick fur on its body including feet and toes. These animals have strong hooves for running up rocky slopes of the mountains.

  • The oxygen content in the mountain air is thin. So the blood of most of these animals contains more red blood cells. This helps them to breathe in sufficient oxygen even when air pressure is low.
  • Some animals hibernate or go for a long winter sleep when the temperatures are very low. In this way they conserve their energy and survive the winter without food. Frogs, and hedgehogs are some animals which hibernate.

Question 7.
Define the following: habitat, adaptation.
Answer:
Habitat — The place where a biotic community lives is called a habitat. It includes plants, animals along with their physical environment.

Question 8.
List the environmental factors that influence a habitat.
Answer:
Environment in which that organism generally lives. The special feature of habitat is that this environment includes all the physical characteristics around (air, water, temperature, etc.), along with the effective plants and animals. Forexample, a pond is the habitat of a fish where it lives with other organisms and also interacts with water, air, temperature, etc. The natural home of an organism (niche) and its immediate surroundings is called its habitat. The habitat of any living creature should be a place where it can find shelter, food, water and suitable conditions for breeding.

Question 9.
Differentiate between an aquatic habitat and a terrestrial habitat.
Answer:
Habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitat.The plants and animals that live on land are said to live in terrestrial habitats

Question 10.
Name any three types of terestrial habitat.
Answer:
The plants and animals that live on land are said to live in terrestrial habitats: For example, forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain region.
The three types of terrestrial habitat are:

  • Desert habitat — Vast regions of sand, high daytime temperatures and low night time temperatures, very little water are the main environmental factors of this habitat.
  • Mountain habitat — Rocky land, snow and ice laden regions are the main features of this habitat. Temperatures in the mountains change with altitude. The lower regions are cooler whereas at higher altitudes it gets extremely icy and cold.
  • Polar habitat—is extremely cold and covered with snow throughout the year. Polar bears, reindeer, penguins and very scanty plant growth survive in the cold regions.

Question 11.
Name two types of terrestrial habitats with low temperature.
Answer:
Desert habitat — Vast regions of sand, high daytime temperatures and low night time temperatures, very little water are the main environmental factors of this habitat.

Mountain habitat — Rocky land, snow and ice laden regions are the main features of this habitat. Temperatures in the mountains change with altitude. The lower regions are cooler whereas at higher altitudes it gets extremely icy and cold.

Question 12.
Complete the table given below. Write down two points in each given column.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Habitat and Adaptation 1

Answer:
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Habitat and Adaptation 2

Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – The Flower

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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – The Flower

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology Chapter 2 The Flower

Review Questions

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Put a tick mark (✓) against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(a) In a germinating seed, the roots develop from:
(i) Radicle
(ii) Plumule
(iii) Tegmen
(iv) Hilum

(b) In a germinating seed, the shoot develops from:
(i) Radicle
(ii) Plumule
(iii) Tegmen
(iv) Hilum

(c) Which one of the following is a monocotyledonous seed ?
(i) Bean
(ii) Pea
(iii) Maize
(iv) Gram

(d) If the cotyledons are pushed above the soil, then such type of germination is called :
(i) Epigeal
(ii) Hypogeal
(iii) Perigeal
(iv) Progeal

(e) If the cotyledons remain under the soil, then such seeds type of germination is called:
(i) Epigeal
(ii) Hypogeal
(iii) Perigeal
(iv) Progeal

(f) Pollen is produced in the:
(i) Filament
(ii) Style
(iii) Pistil
(iv) Anther

(g) Reproductive whorls of a flower are:
(i) Stamens and carpels
(ii) Sepals and petals
(iii) Sepals and stamens
(iv) Petals and carpels

PQ. Vegetative propagation is not observed in:
(i) Potato
(ii) Tomato
(iii) Pea
(iv) Bean

(h) Which one of the following is a false fruit ?
(i) Tomato
(ii) Apple
(iii) Potato
(iv) Pea

(i) In a seed, food is generally stored in:
(i) Radicle
(ii) Plumule
(iii) Fruit
(iv) Catyledons or endosperms

1. Given below is a longitudinal section of a bean seed. Label the parts marked 1 to 5 and write their functions.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 1
Answer :
1. Testa (seed coat)
2. Plumule
3. Radicle
4. Micropyle
5. Cotyledon

  1. Testa (seed coat) — It protects the seed from insects and bacteria as well as from mechanical injury.
  2. Plumule — Plumule develops into a shoot.
  3. Radicle — Radicle develops into a root
  4. Micropyle — The micropyle absorbs as much water as is required for germination.
  5. Cotyledon — Contain stored food material which is used by the seeding during germination.

2. Name the following:

(a) A seed which shows hypogeal germination.
Ans. pea seed, maize. seed
(b) Amonocotseed.
Ans. Maize seed, wheat seed
(c) A dicot seed.
Ans. Bean seed, gram seed, pea seed
(d) A seed which shows epigeal germination.
Ans. Bean seed castor seed, tamarind seed

Question 3.
Differentiate between the following pairs of terms:
Answer :
(a) Radicle and plumule.
Radicle: In a seed the radicle lies downwards near the lower pointed end of the grain. It gives rise to the root.
Plumule: In a seed the plumule lies upwani near the cotyledon and gives rise to the shoot.

(b) Ilium and micropyle.
Answer :
IlIum : On one side of seed câat, there is scar called hi hum, which marks the place where the seed was attached to the fiiüt wall.
Micropyle : Above the hilum is a small pore called micrope. The micropyle absorbs as much water as is required for germination

(c) Testa and tegmen.
Answer :
Testa: The seed is protected by a thick outermost coat called the testa or seed coat.
Tegmen: Under the testa lies a very thin membrane called the tegmen.

Question 4.
Give two functions of a fruit.
Answer :
Functions of a fruit are:

  1. Fruit is a protective case for the seeds.
  2. Fruit is a temptation to animals and man to eat it and scatter the seeds

Question 5.
Match the columns :
Column A           Column B
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 2
Answer :
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 3

Question 6.
Radicle emerges out of the seed earlier than plumule.What one advantage is served by this ?
Answer :
Radicle comes out of the seed earlier than the plumule has advantages as it gets water and minerals from the soil and gives it to the growing plumule.

Question 7.
State whether the following statements are True or False.

(a) Some seeds have no cotyledons.
False
(b) Warmth is necessary for the germination of seeds.
True
(c) All seeds have two cotyledons.
False
(d) Oxygen is necessary for the germination of seeds.
True

Question 8.
State one function of the following:
(a) radicle
(b) cotyledons
(c) endosperm
(d) micropyle
Answer :

  1. Radicle — form the roots
  2. Cotyledons — On removing th& testa and the tegmen from a soaked bean seed, you will find that the seed is made up of two fleshy seed leaves called the cotyledolm. They contain stored food material which is used by the seedlling for growth.
  3. Endosperm—ovary forms the fruit.
  4. Micropyle —Above the hilum is a small pore called micropyle (micro = small, pyle = passage). The micropyle absorbs and allows as much water as is required for germination.

Question 9.
The three conditions necessary for germination of seeds are (tick the correct answer):
(a) Oxygen, suitable temperature and water.
(b) Good soil, water and air
(c) Good soil, suitable temperature and light.
(d) Light, oxygen, and temperature.
(e) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and light.

Question 10.
 Name the part of the seeds from which the following are given out:
(a) Roots : .
(b) Leaves :
Answer :
(a) Roots — Radicle give rise to roots.
(b) Leaves—Plumule gives rise to shoot bearing leaves.

Question 11.
In the spaces provided below, draw labelled diagrams to show the three stages in the germination of any seed you have observed.
Answer :
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 4

Long Answer Questions
(Write the answers in your note-book)

Question 1.
What is meant by pollination ? Name the two types of pollination.
Answer :
The transfer of the pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.
The two types of pollination found in flowering plants are.

  1. self-pollination – that occurs within the same plant.
  2. cross-pollination – that occurs between two flowers of two different plants but of the same kind.

Question 2.
Imagine that all the seeds produced by a plant happen to fall under the same plant and sprout into new plants. Mention any two problems that will be faced by the new plants.
Answer :
If all the seeds produced by a plant happen to fall under the same plant and sprout into new plants then in this situation plants will face the following problems:

  1. A large number of plants will grow in a small limited space. The water and the minerals available to them in the soil will be limited.
  2. The air surrounding them will not be enough and less sunshine will be available to them. As a result, most of these sprouted plants will die.

Question 3.
What is a flower ? Draw a typical flower and label its different parts.
Answer :
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 5
A flower is a reproductive part of a plant. It helps in sexual reproduction as it has male parts and female parts.
A fully opened flower has the following parts:
Stalk—A flower is attached to the shoot by means of stalk or pedicel stalk. The tip of the stalk is swollen or flattened. This is called toms or thalamus or receptacle.
The different parts of a flower are inserted on the thalamus. There are usually four whorls as Calyx

  • (Sepals)
  • Corolla (Petals)
  • Androecium (stamens)
  • Gynoecium (Carpels)
  • Present on the thalamus.
  1. Sepals (Calyx): These are the outermost part of the flower. These are leaf like and green in colour. This is the outer covering of the flower and form outer whorl in a flower. The Calyx (sepals) enclose the inner parts of the flower when it is a bud. It is protective in function.
  2. Corolla (Petals): Petals form the second whorl inner to the sepals. These are usually coloured, gaudy, or white in colour and scented and give sweet smell. The value of a flower is due to the attractive colour of the petals. These attract the insects for pollination.
  3. Stamens (Androecium): The third whorls inner to the petals are stamens. This third whorl is called Androecium. These are the male parts of the flower. Each stamen is formed of a long narrow, hair like structure called filament. On its tip it bears a rounded broad sac like structure called anther. Each anther has two anther lobes. Each anther lobe has two pollen sacs which have powdery mass called pollen grains.
  4. Carpels (Gynoecium): Carpels are the inner most or fourth whorl in a flower. It is lodged on the thalamus and forms the female part of a flower. This whorl of carpels is called gynoecium. Each carpel or pistil has three parts,
    1. The lower most, swollen part is ovary. It is attached to the thalamus
    2. The middle part is style which is narrow, thread like
    3. Stigma: The style ends in a knob like, rounded structure which is sticky in nature to receive the pollen grains.The ovaries contain ovules which later turn into seeds after fertilization and the ovary wall forms the fruit sometimes the thalamus also becomes a part of the fruit as in apple.

Question 4.
With the help of a suitable labelled diagram, describe the structure of a dicot seed.
Answer :
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 6

It is a dicotyledonous and non-endospermic seed. It is produced in a long cylindrical pod (fruit – phali) External characters. The seed is brown or whitish brown in colour. The seed is hard and smooth and kidney shaped i.e.Convex on one side and concave on the other side. Concave side bears whitish scar called hilum. It is the place which is attached to the wall of the pod through a stalk called funicle. At one side of the hilum is a small pore called micropyle water enters through it.

Internal structure — The seed is covered by a hard, tough covering called testa. Inner to the tests is the embryo. Embryo consists of two cotyledons and embryo axis. Embryo axis has plumule and radicle. The plumule is present in between the two cotyledons and its top bears two folded tiny leaves. It forms future shoot and leaves of the growing seed. Radicle is rod shaped and is out of the two cotyledons. It forms the root of the growing seed. When the seed grows the two cotyledons come out of the soil and form cotyledonary leaves and turn green in colour. Cotyledons give food to the growing seedling as it has food. The germination in this seed is epigeal as cotyledons come outside the soil in the growing seed.

Question 5.
Define germination ? Name the two types of germination. Explain with examples.
Answer :
The growth and development of the embryo present in the seed into a seedling (or a young plant capable of independent existence) is called as seed germination.
The embryo in a seed remains inactive or dormant. When the seed is put into the soil and given water and under suitable temperature, the embryo becomes active on absorbing the water and the embryo turns into a seedling.

Types of germination — There are three types of germinations.
(i) Epigeal
(ii)Hypogeal
(iii) Viviparous
(i) Epigeal germination — Epi means above ; geo-ground (earth)
When the cotyledons in growing seed come out of the soil it is epigeal type of germination as in case of castor seed, cucumber, tamarind, bean seed the cotyledons come out of the soil and turn green. These are called cotyledonary leaves. These cany on photosynthesis till new leaves arise.

(ii) Hypogeal germination—Hypo-below, gea soil.
When in a growing seed the cotyledons remain under the ground as in case of gram, pea, groundnut and maize. The plumule firms the aerial shoot to which bears leaves and the radicle gives rise to roots. The growing seedling gets food from the cotyledons. As the seedling grows the cotyledons die in the soil.

(iii) Viviparous germination—This is special type of germination.
This occurs in plants growing along the sea coasts and in salt lakes. The seed start growing while it is still attached to the plant as in mangrove plants. The embryo comes out of the fruit with a long, dart like radicle. It falls directly into soft, slushy, wet mud. The radicle gives root and establishes as a seedling and the plumule give rise to shoot. This is in mangrove plants.

Question 6.
What are the three conditions necessary for the germination of seeds. How would you demonstrate this?
Answer: 
F or successful germination of any viable seed, three external conditions are necessary as:

  1. Water or moisture
  2. Warmth or temperature
  3. Air or oxygen.

We can demonstrate this with “Three seed experiment This is a simple experiment to demonstrate the necessity of these factors for proper germination.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 7
Experiment:
Three seed experiment to demonstrate germination Three mature dried bean seeds are taken and tied on a wooden strip at three different positions (above the figure). This strip is placed in a beaker containing water in such a way that the lower seed is completely submerged in water, the middle seed is partially submerged inside the water and the top seed is kept above water. This set-up is left in a warm place for few days.

It is observed that the middle seed shows germination and gives out radicle and shoot leaves. The top seed shows no growth and the bottom one shows negligible growth. The middle seed gets fully germinated due to the fact that this seed has all the favourable conditions required for germination i.e., air (oxygen), moisture and warmth (favourable temperature), which are necessary for germination.

Question 7.
Give the main difference between hypogeal and epigeal and germination.
Answer :
Epigeal germination—Epi means above; geo-means ground (soil). When the cotyledons in a growing seed come out of the soil it is epigeal type of germination as in case of castor seed, bean seeds, pulses, tamarind cucumber.
The cotyledons come out of the soil and turn green these are cotyledonary leaves and carry on the function of photosynthesis till new leaves arise in the growing seedling. Hypogeal germination — Hypo-below, geo-soil it is that type of germination in which in the growing seed the cotyledons remain under the soil as in case of pea, gram, ground-nut, maize. The plumule forms the aerial shoot which later bears leaves and die radicle gives rise to root. The tiny seedling gets food from the cotyledons till it establishes itself in the soil by its roots and starts getting water and minerals and as well the new leaves arise on the ascending axis and they start making food by the process of food making.

Differences—

Epigeal germination

  1. In this type of germination the cotyledons come out of the soil.
  2. The cotyledons turn green as they come out of the soil and serve as cotyledonary cotyledons
    leaves and carry on photo¬synthesis to make food for the growing seedling.
  3. The cotyledons become pale and fall off when the ascending axis bear leaves

Hypogeal germination

  1. In this type of germination the cotyledons remain under the soil.
  2. The cotyledons remain under the ground and the seedling gets food from the till it establishes in the soil.
  3. The cotyledons get rotten up in the soil when the seedling matures.

Question 8.
State the location of the following in a flower:
Answer :

  1. Sepals: These are the outermost part of the flower. These are leaf like and green in colour. This is the outer covering of the flower and form outer whorl in a flower. The Calyx (sepals) enclose the inner parts of the flower when it is a bud. It is protective in function.
  2. Petals: Petals form the second whorl inner to the sepals. These are usually coloured, gaudy, or white in colour and scented and give sweet smell. The value of a flower is due to the attractive colour of the petals. These attract the insects for pollination.
  3. Anther—It is present at the end of a stamen. Anther has poller sacs in which pollen grains are formed. Pollen grains contain the male gametes.
  4. Stigma—It is the terminal knob-like part, it may be divided into two or more lobes and assume a feathery appearance. The stigma is covered with hair or with glandular papillae. It serves as the landing place grains for pollen during pollination.

Question 9.
 Given below is the diagram of a typical flower. Label the parts marked by guidelines.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 8
Answer:
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Flower 9

 

Question 10.
Give the difference in the function between the following parts:
(a) Ovary and ovule
(b) Petal and sepal
(c) Filament and style
(d) Pollen and ovule
Answer :
(a) Ovary and ovule —

  1. Ovary is the female reproductive part of a flower and ovules are located inside the ovary.
  2. Ovary after fertilization turns into a fruit whereas ovules turn into seeds of fruit.

(b) petal and sepal—Petals are colourful and attractive and helps to attract insects for pollination whereas the main function of sepals is to provide protection to the growing bud.

(c) filament and style—The filament is a stalk like structure that attaches and support the flower and support the anther which is the structure that produces pollens whereas the style transfers the male gametes of the pollen grains into the ovary.

(d) pollen and ovule — The function of pollen is to deliver male gametes (sperm) from stamen of a plant to an ovule whereas ovule, when fertilized, well developed into a seed. It is a female reproductive cell.