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Equations Of Motion For Freely Falling Object

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Equations Of Motion For Freely Falling Object 

Since the freely falling bodies fall with uniformly accelerated motion, the three equations of motion derived earlier for bodies under uniform acceleration can be applied to the motion of freely falling bodies. For freely falling bodies, the acceleration due to gravity is ‘g’, so we replace the acceleration ‘a’ of the equations by ‘g’ and since the vertical distance of the freely falling bodies is known as height ‘h’, we replace the distance ‘s’ in our equations by the height ‘h’. This gives us the following modified equations for the motion of freely falling bodies.
Equations-For-Freely-Falling-Object
We shall use these modified equations to solve numerical problems. Before we do that, we should remember the following important points for the motion of freely falling bodies.

  1. When a body is dropped freely from a height, its initial velocity ‘u’ becomes zero
  2. When a body is thrown vertically upwards, its final velocity ‘v’ becomes zero
  3. The time taken by body to rise to the highest point is equal to the time it takes to fall from the same height.
  4. The distance travelled by a freely falling body is directly proportional to the square of time of fall.

What Is Earth’s Gravitational Force

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Earth’s Gravitational Force

  • The force which earth exerts on a body is called ‘force of gravity’. i.e.
    \(F=\frac{GMm}{{{R}^{2}}}\)
    Where M = mass of the earth, R = radius of the earth.
  • Due to this force, a body released from some height on the earth’s surface falls towards the earth with its velocity increasing at a constant rate.

Acceleration due to Gravity:

  • The acceleration produced in a body due to attraction of earth is called the acceleration due to gravity and is denoted by ‘g’.
  • \( g=\frac{GM}{{{R}^{2}}}=9.8\text{ m/}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}} \\ \)
    near the earth surface
  • \( \text{g on moon }\!\!~\!\!\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{ }\approx \frac{{{g}_{e}}}{6}=\frac{9.8}{6}\text{m/}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}} \)
  • A body moving upwards with some initial velocity, experiences a retardation of 9.8 m/s2 & its velocity decreases continuously unless it becomes zero.
  • After this, it again starts falling towards the earth with the same acceleration of 9.8 m/s2.
  • The value of g is minimum at equator and maximum at poles.
  • The value of g does not depend upon the mass of the body falling towards the earth.

Variation In The Value Of Gravitational Acceleration (g)

(A) Variation with altitude or height:

  • When a body moves above the earth’s surface the distance of the body from the centre of earth increases there by decreasing the force of attraction.
  • At the earth’s surface
    \( \text{g}=\frac{\text{GM}}{{{\text{R}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
  • At a height h above the earth’s surface
    \( \text{g}=\frac{\text{GM}}{{{\text{(R + h)}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
    Variation-with-altitude-or-height
  • As we go above the earth’s surface the value of g goes on decreasing.

(B) Variation with depth d:

  • As we go deeper inside the earth, the body gets attracted by the core of the earth which is smaller in mass.
    Variation-with-depth-d
  • As we go inside the earth, the value of g decreases.
  • Force of attraction decreases and thus decreasing the value of g and becoming zero at the centre.

(C) Variation due to rotation of the earth:
Due to the rotation of the earth, the weight of a body is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator.

Difference Between Mass and Weight

 

Mass

Weight

1.

Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in it.Weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted towards the centre of the earth.
W = mg

2.

Mass of a body  remains constant and does not change from place to place.Weight of a body changes from place to place. It depends upon the value of g. Weight of a body on another planet will be different.

3.

Mass is measured by a pan balance.Weight is measured by a spring balance.

4.

Unit of mass is kg.Unit of weight is newton or kg-wt.

5.

Mass of a body cannot be zero.Weight of a body can be zero.

Ex. astronauts experience weightlessness in spaceships.

6.

Mass is a scalar quantity.Weight is a vector quantity.

Earth’s Gravitational Force Example Problems With Solutions

Example 1:    Given mass of earth is 6 × 1024 kg and mean radius of earth is 6.4 × 106 m. Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) on the surface of the earth.
Solution:    The formula for the acceleration due to gravity is given by
\( \text{g}=\frac{\text{GM}}{{{\text{R}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
Here, G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2;
M = mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg;
R = radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m
\(g=\frac{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 6\times {{10}^{24}}}{{{(6.4\times {{10}^{6}})}^{2}}}\)
g = 9.8 m/s2

Example 2:    Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity on a planet whose mass is 4 times as that of the earth and radius is 3 times as that of the earth.
Solution:    If M is the mass of the earth and R is the radius of earth, the value of acceleration due to gravity on the earth (ge) is given by
\( {{g}_{e}}=\frac{GM}{{{R}^{2}}}\text{ }…..\text{ (1)} \)
Let us consider a planet such that mass of the planet is equal to 4 times the mass of earth. Mp = 4M
Radius of the planet is equal to 3 times the radius of earth.
Re = 3R
Then, acceleration due to gravity on this planet(gp) is
\( {{g}_{e}}=\frac{G\times (4M)}{{{(3R)}^{2}}}=\frac{4}{9}.\frac{GM}{{{R}^{2}}}\text{ }…..\text{ (2)} \)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get
\( \frac{{{g}_{p}}}{{{g}_{e}}}=\frac{\frac{4}{9}\times \frac{GM}{{{R}^{2}}}}{\frac{GM}{{{R}^{2}}}} \)
\( \frac{{{g}_{p}}}{{{g}_{e}}}=\frac{4}{9} \)
\( {{g}_{p}}=\frac{4}{9}{{g}_{e}} \)
Since ge = 9.8 m/s2
\( {{g}_{p}}=\frac{4}{5}\times 9.8=4.35\text{ m/}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}} \)
Thus, acceleration due to gravity on the given planet is 4.35 m/s2.

Example 3:    Given the mass of the moon = 7.35 × 1022 kg and the radius of the moon = 1740 km. Calculate the acceleration experienced by a particle on the surface of the moon due to the gravitational force of the moon. Find the ratio of this acceleration to that experienced by the same particle on the surface of the earth.
Solution:    If Mm is the mass of the moon and Rm is its radius, then the acceleration experienced by a body on its surface is given by
\( a=\frac{G{{M}_{m}}}{R_{m}^{2}} \)
Here, Mm = 7.3 × 1022 kg;
Rm = 1740 km = 1.74 × 106 m
\( \therefore a=\frac{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 7.3\times {{10}^{22}}}{{{(1.74\times {{10}^{6}})}^{2}}}=1.57\text{ m/}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}} \)
While the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth, is given by
\( {{g}_{e}}=\frac{G{{M}_{e}}}{R_{e}^{2}}=\frac{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 6\times {{10}^{24}}}{{{(6.4\,\times \,{{10}^{6}})}^{2}}}=9.8\text{ }m/{{s}^{2}} \)
Comparing acceleration due to gravity on moon to that on the earth is
\( \frac{a}{g}=\frac{1.57}{9.8}=0.16 \)

Example 4:    At what height above the earth’s surface the value of g will be half of that on the earth’s surface ?
Solution:    We know that the value of g at earth’s surface is
\( g=\frac{GM}{{{R}^{2}}}\text{ }…..\text{ (1)} \)
While the value of g at a height h above the earth’s surface is given by
\( g\acute{\ }=\frac{GM}{{{(R+h)}^{2}}}\text{ }…..\text{ (2)} \)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get
\( \frac{g’}{g}={{\left( \frac{R}{R+h} \right)}^{2}}\text{ or }g\acute{\ }=g{{\left( \frac{R}{R+h} \right)}^{2}} \)
\( \text{Here},\text{ }g\acute{\ }=~\frac{g}{2} \)
\( \therefore \text{ }\frac{g}{2}=g{{\left( \frac{R}{R+h} \right)}^{2}} \)
\( \frac{R+h}{R}=\sqrt{2}R \)
or    R + h = √2 R
or    h = ( √2 – 1)R
or    h = (1.41 – 1) × 6400 = 0.41 × 6400
= 2624 km

Example 5:    Given mass of the planet Mars is 6 × 1023 kg and radius is 4.3 × 106 m. Calculate the weight of a man whose weight on earth is 600 N. (Given g on earth = 10 m/s2)
Solution:    Weight of the man on earth, W = mg
or 600 = m × 10 or m = 60 kg
So the mass of the man is 60 kg which will remain the same everywhere.
Now acceleration due to gravity on Mars,
\( {{g}_{m}}=\frac{G{{M}_{m}}}{R_{m}^{2}} \)
Here, Mm = 6 × 1023 kg; Rm = 4.3 × 106m
\( \therefore \text{ }{{g}_{m}}=\frac{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 6\times {{10}^{23}}}{{{(4.3\times {{10}^{6}})}^{2}}} \)
gm = 2.17 m/s2
Now, weight of the man on Mars will be
Wm = m × gm = 60 × 2.17 = 130.2 N

 

What Is Newton’s Law Of Universal Gravitation

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Newton’s Law Of Universal Gravitation

Any two particles in the universe attract each other. This force is called the force of gravitation.
This concept was given by Newton.
According to newton, “Any two bodies in universe attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”

Mathematical expression:
Lat A and B be two particle of mass m1 and m2 respectively. Let the distance AB = r.
Newton’s-Law-Of-Universal-Gravitation
By the law of gravitational, the particle A attracts the particle B with a force F such that
F ∝ m1m2            (for a given pair of particles)
\( \text{F}\propto \frac{\text{1}}{{{\text{r}}^{\text{2}}}}\text{           }\left( \text{for a given separation between the particles} \right) \)
\( \text{So        F}\propto \frac{{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}}{{{\text{r}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
\( \text{or         F}=\text{G}\frac{{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}}{{{\text{r}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
Here G is a constant known as the universal constant of gravitation. G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2
G is independent of the masses of the bodies and the distance between them.
Newton’s law of gravitation is applicable for everybody in the universe.
Note: The force between any two bodies in the universe is called the force of gravitation while the force with which earth attracts a body is called the force of gravity.

Some Scientific Phenomenon Based on Gravitational Force:

  • The gravitational force between the sun and the earth keeps the earth moving around the sun.
  • The gravitational force b/w the earth and the moon keeps the moon moving around the earth.
    Existence of our solar system is due to gravitational force.
  • Gravitation force of the sun and the moon on the earth’s water surface is responsible for the tides in sea.
  • Atmosphere above the earth is held due to gravitational force of the earth.
  • Gravitational force between the sun and planet keeps the planet moving around the sun.
  • Gravitational force is responsible for providing the centripetal force required by the planets.
  • The attractive force of the earth is responsible for providing the centripetal force required by moon.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion and Law of Gravitation:

  • Newton’s third law of motion is applicable to gravitation also.
    Example: If the earth exerts a force of attraction on a body, the body also exerts an equal and opposite force of attraction on the earth.
  • As a = F/m
    mass of the body is larger, acceleration produced will be smaller and vice versa.

Newton’s Law Of Gravitation Example Problems With Solutions

Example 1:    Calculate the force between two masses of 100 kg and 1000 kg separated by a distance of 10 m (G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2).
Solution:    According to Newton’s law of gravitation, force of attraction between two bodies is
\(F=\text{G}\frac{{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}}{{{\text{r}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
Here, m1 = 100 kg; m2 = 1000 kg;
r = 10 m; G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2
\(\therefore F=\frac{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 100\times 1000}{{{(10)}^{2}}}\)
= 6.67 × 10-8 N

Example 2:    Given mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg, radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m. Calculate the force of attraction experienced by a man of mass 50 kg.
Solution:    Force of gravitation is given by the expression,
\(F=\text{G}\frac{{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}}{{{\text{r}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
Here, mass of earth, m1 = 6 × 1024 kg;
mass of man, m2 = 50 kg
Distance between them is to be taken equal to the radius of earth.
∴   r = 6.4 × 106 m
Substituting these values, we get
\(\text{F}=\frac{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 6\times {{10}^{24}}\times 50}{{{(6.4\times {{10}^{6}})}^{2}}}\)
F = 488.5 N

Example 3:    Compare the gravitational forces exerted by the sun and the moon on earth. Which exerts a greater force on earth ?
(Given: mass of sun, Ms = 4 × 1031 kg; mass of moon, Mm = 6.3 × 1022 kg; distance between sun and earth, rse = 1.3 × 1012 m and the distance between moon and earth, rme = 4.5 × 108m)
Solution:    If mass of sun is Ms and mass of earth is Me and distance between the sun and earth is rse, then force exerted by the sun on earth is
\( {{F}_{s}}=\frac{G{{M}_{s}}{{M}_{e}}}{{{({{r}_{se}})}^{2}}}\text{ }….\text{(1)} \)
Similarly, if mass of moon is Mm, mass of earth is Me, the distance between moon and earth is rme, then force exerted by moon on the earth is
\( {{F}_{m}}=\frac{G{{M}_{m}}{{M}_{e}}}{{{({{r}_{me}})}^{2}}}\text{ }….\text{(2)} \)
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get
\( \frac{{{F}_{s}}}{{{F}_{m}}}=\frac{G{{M}_{s}}{{M}_{e}}}{{{({{r}_{se}})}^{2}}}\times \frac{r_{me}^{2}}{G{{M}_{m}}{{M}_{e}}} \)
\( =\frac{{{M}_{s}}}{{{M}_{m}}}\times \frac{{{({{r}_{me}})}^{2}}}{{{({{r}_{se}})}^{2}}} \)
\( =\frac{4\times {{10}^{31}}}{6.3\times {{10}^{22}}}\times {{\left( \frac{4.5\times {{10}^{8}}}{1.3\times {{10}^{12}}} \right)}^{2}} \)
=  76.07
∴ The force exerted by the sun on earth is about 76 times the force exerted by the moon on earth.

Example 4:    If mass and radius of earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg and 6.4 × 106 m respectively, calculate the force exerted by earth on a body of mass 1 kg. Also, calculate
(i) acceleration produced in the body of mass 1 kg, and
(ii) acceleration produced in the earth
Solution:    From Newton’s law of gravitation, we know that the force of attraction between two bodies is given by
\(F=\text{G}\frac{{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}}{{{\text{r}}^{\text{2}}}} \)
Here, m1 = mass of earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg;
m2 = mass of body = 1 kg
r = distance between the two bodies
= radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m
G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2
\( \therefore F=\frac{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 6.0\times \,{{10}^{24}}\times 1}{{{(6.4\times {{10}^{6}})}^{2}}} \)
= 9.8 N
This shows that earth exerts a force of 9.8 N on a body of mass of 1 kg. The body will exert an equal force of attraction of 9.8 N on earth.
(i) Acceleration produced in the body of mass 1kg
Force = mass × acceleration
∴ Acceleration,
\( a=\frac{F}{m}=\frac{9.8}{1}=9.8\text{ }m/{{s}^{2}} \)
Thus, the acceleration produced in a body of mass 1 kg due to attraction of earth is 9.8 m/s2 , which is quite large. Thus, when a body is released, it falls towards the earth with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 , which can be easily observed.
(ii) Acceleration produced in the earth
Similarly, acceleration of earth is given by
\( =\frac{\text{Force}\,}{\text{Mass}\,\text{of}\,\text{earth}}=\frac{9.8}{6.0\times {{10}^{24}}} \)
= 1.63 × 10-24 m/s2
This shows that the acceleration produced in the earth by a body of mass 1 kg is 1.63 × 10-24 m/s2 which is very small and cannot be observed.

What Are The Different Forms Of Energy

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Different Forms Of Energy

The change of one form of energy into another form of energy is known as transformation of energy.

  1. Heat energy: Burning of fuels like diesel or petrol in vehicles provides heat energy to do work.
  2. Electrical energy: Electric motors are used in home, industry and even for driving electric trains.
  3. Light energy: When light energy falls on light-meter used in photography, it causes its pointer to move across a scale.
  4. Sound energy: Sound energy causes a thin plate of microphone diaphragm to vibrate.
  5. Chemical energy : Chemical energy is the source of energy in our food and it provides us energy to move the various objects.
  6. Nuclear Energy: The energy in the nucleus of an atom is used to produce heat energy which in turn is used to generate electrical power.

Device Used

Energy Tranformation
Form

To

Steam Engine

HeatMechanical
Electric FanElectrical

Mechanical

Electric LampElectrical

Light And Heat

Electric HeaterElectrical

Heat

Microphone

Sound

Electrical

Solar CellSolar Heat

Electrical

Photo-Cell

LightElectrical
Car EngineChemical

Heat, Mechanical

Electric Cell/BatteriesChemical

Electrical

Law of conservation of energy

Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another. Appearing amount of energy in one form is always equal to the disappearing amount of energy in some other form. The total energy  thus remains constant.

A swinging simple pendulum is an example of conservation of energy:

conservation-of-energy-Example
This is because a swinging simple pendulum is a body whose energy can either be potential or kinetic, or a mixture of potential and kinetic, but its total energy at any instant of time remains the same.

  • When the pendulum bob is at position B, it has only potential energy (but no kinetic energy).
  • As the bob starts moving down from position B to position A, its potential energy goes on decreasing but its kinetic energy goes on increasing.
  • When the bob reaches the centre position A, it has only kinetic energy (but no potential energy).
  • As the bob goes from position A towards position C, its kinetic energy goes on decreasing but its potential energy goes on increasing.
  • On reaching the extreme position C, the bob stops for a very small instant of time. So at position C, the bob has only potential energy (but no kinetic energy).

What Is The Force Of Friction

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Force of Friction

If the switch off the engine of car it will stop after moving a certain distance. It means that some retarding force is acting on the car which stops it. The force opposing the motion of the car is called “force of friction”.

  • The frictional force is tangential to the surface in contact and always in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the object.
    frictional-force-1 frictional-force-2
  • Frictional force is a force opposing the relative motion between two surfaces which are in contact with each other.

Advantages and Disadvantages of friction

Some of the advantages and disadvantages of friction are as follows:
Advantages: It is because of friction that we can walk, drive, open doors, turn taps, and write. Screws and nails do not slip off because of the friction between the wood and the metal surface of the screw A knot remains in place because of the friction of the rope with which you tie it. Bed sheets remain on the bed because of friction. You can sit on a chair without sliding off because of friction.

Disadvantages: Friction causes the moving parts in machinery and automobiles to heat up. This results in wastage of energy and fuel. Friction also causes wear and tear of the moving parts. Depending on our requirements, we may need to reduce or increase the friction between surfaces.

  • Wear and Tear: In machine parts like gears, brakes when they come in contact with each other continuously, they wear out gradually, which should be replaced time to time.
  • Friction reduces efficiency of the machine.
  • Friction in machine produces heat and undesirable noise which damages the machine. To avoid excessive heating, water is circulated in machines generally.

Applications of frictional forces

  • We would not be able to walk if there had been no friction between the soles of our shoes and the ground.
  • If there had been no friction, the wheels of a car will slip instead of rotating and stop moving. For that we have to increase the friction by making the tyres corrugated to get better grip of tyres on the road. Also, the friction is increased.
  • When brakes are applied, the vehicle stops due to the force of friction between the brake lining and the drum.
  • In the absence of friction, we cannot write on a blackboard with a chalk stick because the chalk stick will slide off the board without leaving any mark on the board.

Force Of Friction With Example Problems

Example 1:    Three blocks are tied together with strings as shown. They are lying on a horizontal frictionless table. These are pulled to the right with T3 = 12N force. If m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 2kg, and m3 = 3 kg, calculate the tension T1.
frictional-force-3
Solution:    
frictional-force-4
m3a = T3 – T2
⇒ 3a = 12 – T2           …(1)
frictional-force-5
m2a = T2 – T1
⇒ 2a = T2 – T1         …(2)
from (1) & (2)
5a = 12 – T1              …(3)
m1a = T1 ⇒ a = T1         …(4)
from (3) & (4)
5T1 = 12 – T1 ⇒T1 = 2N