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ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – A Period of Transition

August 19, 2022June 5, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – A Period of Transition

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

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ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

I.Fill in the blanks :

The Renaissance thinkers believed in life in this World.
The term Reformation refers to two major developments, the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation.
Vasco-da-Gama reached Calicut on the West Coast of India.
The Industrial Revolution began in England in about 1750.
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented a Cotton gin

II.Match the contents of Column A and Column B:

Answer:
Column A Column B

III.State whether the following statements are true or false:

The Renaissance and the Reformation alongwith new voyages ushered in the Modern Age.
True.
The Industrial Revolution began in Germany.
False.
Me Adam devised railway tracks.
False.
The Rise of capitalism and imperialism can be attributed to the industrial Revolution.
True.
The East India Company gradually became rulers from being traders.
True.

IV.Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How did the Renaissance, Reformation and the new geographical discoveries lead to the Modern Age?
Answer:
The Renaissance, Reformation and the new geographical discoveries gradually ushered in the modern age. The Renaissance developed rationalism, humanism, scientific spirit and a spirit of inquiry in people at large. The Reformation led to establishment of Protestant church and Catholic Reformation which rid the churches of many evils and corruption. Religious dogmas and superstitions gave way to a scientific temper and spirit of inquiry among people. The new geographical knowledge led to discovery of new lands which opened new opportunities for trade, travel and further voyages and discoveries.
All these factors gradually ushered in the modern age. These were logically followed by the Industrial Revolution.

Question 2.
Give reasons why did the Industrial Revolution first begin in England?
Answer:
During the later part of the 18th century, England was in the most favourable position for an industrial revolution.

Through her overseas trade, England had accumulated vast profits which could provide the necessary capital.
She had acquired colonies which ensured a regular supply of raw material and markets for finished goods.
England had plenty of natural resources, such as iron and coal existing in vicinity and essential for industries. This provided the basis for new industries.
Due to the enclosure movement, a large army of landless unemployed people was created. Thus, there was abundance of labour force to work in the factories.
England had developed a large shipping industry and had no problem of transportation of raw materials and finished goods abroad.

Question 3.
Discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society, economy and polity.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution had profound effect on society, economy and polity.

The Industrial Revolution resulted in mass production of a variety of goods which had to be exported overseas. This led to acquisition of colonies in Asia and Africa.
Industrialisation resulted in urbanisation. A large part of rural population shifted to cities which became very crowded. This led to problems of housing, rise of slums and problems of health and sanitation.
The Industrial Revolution brought countries and people together.
This led to socio-economic polarisation of people. Two classes of people emerged – the capitalists and workers.This led to hunger for more and more wealth among capitalists, exploitation of workers and shocking social inequalities.

Question 4.
The rise of socialism and communism can be attributed to the reaction against the evils of capitalism
What is the imperialism? Discuss the factors which give rise to imperialism.
Answer:
The practice of establishing a country’s rule and dominance over the economic and political life of people of another country is called imperialism.

The factors which give rise to imperialism were:

Surplus Production: The capitalists asserted influence on their governments to capture colonies so that surplus goods could be sold profitably in colonies of Asia and Africa.
Need for Raw Materials: Growing demand for huge quantities of raw materials to feed the new industries in Europe led to imperialism.
Development of Modern means of Transportation & Communication: Invention of steamships, railways, telephone, telegraph and posts enabled man to conquer space and time. Modern means of transport and communication enabled and facilitated acquisition of colonies.
Pressure of Population: The extra and surplus population in Europe had to be provided basic facilities and new regions to settle down. This led to the establishment of colonies.
Rise of Industrial Capitalism: The surplus capital of industrialists needed to be invested safely. Owners of shipping companies and bankers always looked for new and better opportunities to earn more and more. This obviously led to imperialism.
Ardent Nationalism: Goaded by the spirit of chauvinistic nationalism, the countries of Europe were eager to acquire colonies. Colonies added to the power and prestige of imperialist countries.
Contribution of Christian Missionaries: The zeal to spread Christianity in distant lands of Asia and Africa played a crucial role in the spread of imperialism.
Pretence of ‘Divine task’ to Spread Advance Civilisation: Europeans considered it their divine task to spread the ‘modernised’ European culture in backward areas of Asia and Africa. It was considered a ‘white man’s burden’ to teach civilised customs and manners to the coloured people.

Question 5.
Describe the general impact of imperialism with special reference to South Asia.
Answer:
Imperialism led to acquisition of colonies and colonial rivalries. It eventually led to the First World War (1914-1918) and the Second World War (1939-1945). Imperialism led to political and economic subjugation of Asian and African countries. They became sources of raw materials and dumping grounds for finished goods for European industries. On the postitive side, imperialism led to development of modern infrastructure in colonies. Imperialism also led to national unity as people fought against the colonial power to free their country, so evident in India and Vietnam. India, Sri Lanka and Burma became colonies of England. China was divided into several ‘spheres of influence’ by European powers

V.Tell me why
Question 1.
Most of the countries in South Asia became colonies of Europe.
Answer:
Countries in South Asia had huge population, were backward and could not face the colonial powers. They had huge raw materials and vast markets for goods produced in European countries.The glory of nationalism and national pride was yet to take roots in South Asia. People were disunited.

Question 2.
New inventions and discoveries led to the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
New inventions and discoveries led to rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. Mass production of goods whetted the appetite for profit of industrialists. Development of modem infrastructure led to establishment of industries. Invention of flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, mule, power loom, cotton gin, blast furnace and overall steam engine led to the Industrial Revolution

Additional Questions

EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks:

The Modem Age in India began with the conquest of India by the British.
India was ruled by the British for nearly 200 years.
The two kinds of source material for the Modem period are primary sources and secondary sources.
The Renaissance ushered in revolutionary changes in Europe and marked the transition from the Medieval Age to the Modern Age.
The four characteristic features of the Renaissance period are advent of new and powerful ideas of Humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and spirit of inquiry.

B.Match the Following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

I. In India the Modern Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-i 5th/mid-l8th/mid-i6th century.
Ans. In India the Modern Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-l8th century.

2. The primary sources for the study of the Modern Period are preserved in archives/banks? factories.
Ans. The primary sources for the study of the Modern Period are preserved in archives.

3. The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, lawyers, teachers etc., formed the upper class? middle class/lower class.
Ans. The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, layers. teachers etc.,formed the middle class.

4. The invention of the printing press/telegraph/telephone helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.
Ans. The invention of the printing, press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.

5. Martin Luther was an Italian/a German/a French Christian monk.
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk.

D.State whether the following are true or false:

The source material of the Modern period is of two kinds— primary and secondary
True
Primary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles
False. Secondary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles.
Renaissance scholars shifted the focus from divine affairs to human affairs.
True.
The voyages of discoveries led to a decline of trade and commerce.
False.
The Reformation was also known as the Protestant Movement.
True

E.Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
The history of most nations can be divided into a number of periods. Name them.
Answer:
History in most countries is classified into three periods—ancient, medieval and modem. Each period has some characteristics— political, economic, religious and social — that sets it apart from other period.

Question 2.
What distinguishes one historical period from another ?
Answer:
Historical periods differ from country to country depending on the stage of development of that region.

Question 3.
In what way is the classification of historical periods useful to us ?
Answer:
The classification of historical periods helps to bring a sense of order and continuity to the bewildering array of historical processes that have taken place over centuries of evolution.

Question 4.
When did the Modern Period begin in
(a) Europe
(b) India?
Answer:
Europe the Modern Age started in 15th century. In India the Modem Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid- 18th century.

Question 5.
Mention any four characteristic features of the Modern Period?
Answer:
The characteristic features of the Modern Period are: urbanization, technological advancement, democratic institutions, fundamental civil liberties, rationalism and humanism and industrialization.

Question 6.
Mention any two (a) primary and (b) secondary source materials of the Modern Period.
Answer:
(a) Many of these primary sources have been preserved in archives and museums.
They include :

Original documents like British official records
Literary works like accounts of European residents, visitors and Indian officials, novels, plays, short stories and poems by British and Indian authors of this period
Historical works by contemporary historians
Artistic works like paintings, sketches engravings and drawings
Photographs, audio cassettes, films and videotapes of incidents and interviews of important personalities
Newspapers in both English and in Indian languages
Archaeological remains like monuments and artifacts
Oral history

(b) Secondary Sources include books, reviews, reports and articles written by historians and scholars who study and research primary source material, interpret evidence and arrive at conclusions.

Question 7.
Why is it important to study developments in Europe to understand the history of modern India ?
Answer:
Since the Modem Age in India began with the advent of the British rule, the roots of the transition from the Medieval Period must be traced to Europe. To understand the impact of British rule on Indian history, it is imperative to understand the changes that were taking place in Europe.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of Renaissance ?
Answer:
A great movement of change and discovery spread across Europe which radically altered the pattern of peoples lives and thinking.This movement, representing a new spirit in every field of life, is referred to as the Renaissance. It is a French word that means ‘rebirth’ or ‘revival’.

F.Answer the following questions briefly:

1.The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Ttirks led to the beginnings of Renaissance in Europe. With reference to this statement answer the following questions:

(a) How did it lead to the revival of classical Greek and Roman learning in Europe ?
Answer:
A large number of Greek scholars fled from Constantinople, (a great centre of classical Greek and Roman learning) to Italy with rare manuscripts. These scholars were patronized and encouraged by the rulers, scholars and the rich Italian merchants of Rome, Florence, Milan and Venice. Libraries were set up and universities were established to promote classical and modem learning.

(b) What effect did it have on the outlook and attitudes of the people of Europe ?
Answer:
The Renaissance, or the revival of classical Graeco-Roman learning, inspired and encouraged people to question and challenge long established ideas and institutions that had been imposed on them by the church and their- kings. They refused to blindly accept the dictates of their rulers and the Church. They demanded to know the truth based on logic and reason and rejected everything that did not satisfy the yardstick of reason. This new spirit of rationalism led to the rise of scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry. This scientific temper and the desire to inquire or seek the truth led to new and varied developments in the fields of art, architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, science and technology.

(c) What effect did it have on trade ?
Answer:
The Renaissance fostered a spirit of exploration and discovery which led to a steady growth of trade and commerce. A new- class of rich merchants emerged in society. These merchants accumulated enormous wealth and helped their rulers to build prosperous, strong and stable states. The king’s dependence on feudal lands gradually declined.

2.With reference to the causes of the Reformation, how did the following contribute to the movement
(a) Renaissance
(b) Evil practices of the Roman catholic Church
(c) Rise of strong and powerful rulers
Answer:
(a)
The Renaissance had radically altered the pattern of thinking and outlook of the people. It had set in motion the advent of new and powerful ideas of humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and the spirit of Inquiry. These revolutionary ideas unleashed unstoppable forces that completely charged the way people thought and behaved. It was like the awakening of a sleeping giant.People had finally found truthful and rational answers to their questions and discovered the real truth about themselves and their environment. Everything based on blind faith was questioned. The teachings of the Church were rejected and its authority challenged.Even, the invention of the printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers quickly and far and wide,
(b)
With the passage of time the clergy, with some exceptions, began to lead immoral lives of luxury, wealth and comfort. The monasteries owned nearly one-third of the landed property in Europe. Religious duties and services to mankind were largely ignored or forgotten.The Roman Church levied various taxes such as ‘tithe’ and ‘Peter’s Pence’ on all European Christians under their control. High fees were charged for conducting religious services.Bribery and corruption became common. Church offices were sold, bringing many unworthy people into the Church.The Church also started the practice of selling ‘Indulgences’ to those who had committed sins. It was like a certificate of pardon by God for their sins and a ‘passport to heaven’ without having to undergo any penance.
(c)
With the decline of feudalism in Europe strong rulers emerged. They defied the authority of the Pope and refused to let him interfere in their administrative affairs. They resented the papal taxes and the drain of their wealth to Rome in the form of papal taxes.

G Picture study:

This is a portrait of the German monk who opposed certain activities of the Catholic Church.
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - A Period of Transition 7

Identify the person in the picture.
Ans. Martin Luther.
With which great religious movement is his name associated?
Ans. Reformation movement.
Where was he born and in which country did he lead his movement ?
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk and preacher at the University town of Wittenburg.
Mention any four effects of the movement started by him.
Ans.
- The church was split up permanently.
  Civil wars broke out in many countries between the Catholics and the Protestants.
- Religious intolerance, hatred and persecution of Protestants in Catholic countries and
- Catholics in Protestant countries became the order of the day, and led to many wars in Europe.
- Religious persecution of the Protestants in England was a major reason for their migration to and colonization of North America (New England). By the end of the 18th century the colonists would establish the United States of America.

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The Judiciary

January 25, 2023June 4, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The Judiciary

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

I. Fill in the blanks:

The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India.
The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 30 other judges.
The judges of the High Court retire at the age of 62 years.
The courts at the district level and below it are known as the subordinate courts.
The Chief Justice of India is J.S. Khehar.

II. Match the contents of Column A with those of Column B:

Answer:

III. Tick mark (✓) the correct statements and cross mark (X) the wrong ones:

The judges of the Supreme Court retire at the age of 60.
X
The President of India is free to remove the judges of the Supreme Court.
X
The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed by the President of India.
✓
The highest criminal court in the district is the munsif court.
X

IV. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why is the Judiciary important?
Answer:
Judiciary is important because criminals and law breakers need to be punished. It is important to explain the meaning of laws, to interpret them and to apply them when and where needed. Legal disputes need to be settled. Without judiciary legal disputes cannot be settled.

Question 2.
What is the composition of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
The Supreme Court Consists of the Chief Justice and not more than thirty other judges. The number of judges in the Supreme Court is fixed by parliament from time to time.

Question 3.
Who appoints the judges? What are the qualifications of a Supreme Court judge?
Answer:
The Chief justice and the other judges are appointed by the President of India. In order to be judge of the Supreme Court, a person must meet the following requirements:

He must be a citizen of India.
He should either be a distinguished jurist.
OR
He should have been a high court judge for at least five years.
OR
He should have been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

Question 4.
Describe the powers and functions of the High Court of India. What type of cases come before the High Courts in India?
Answer:
A High Court of India has to perform many functions and duties of judicial and non-judicial nature.

Original Jurisdictions : Cases relating to Fundamental Rights, divorce, wills and laws relating to marriage can be brought directly to a High Court.
Appellate Jurisdiction : Appeals in civil and criminal cases are made to the High Court against the decision of the subordinate courts.

The High Court supervises the functions of all subordinate courts in the state. It can also transfer a case from a subordinate court to itself or to another subordinate court if necessary. It can also examine their records.

Question 5.
What are the functions of a district judge?
Answer:
The courts at district level and below it are known as the subordinate courts. The administration of justice is conducted by two types of courts civil courts and criminal courts.

The civil courts are the one which decide cases pertaining to money, contracts, marriage, etc. A District Judge is the head of judiciary in a district. His decisions are final. When the District Judge deals with criminal cases, he is known as the Sessions Judge.

Question 6.
Distinguish between civil and criminal cases.
Answer:
Civil cases are those which concern property disputes, contracts, marriage, divorce, etc. Criminal case are those where a crime has been committed e.g., murder, theft, etc.

Question 7.
Explain various types of writs. When are they issued?
Answer:
Supreme Court and High Courts protect Fundamental Rights from being eroded.
They issue the following writs to the offending party:

Habeous Corpus: It can get the body of any person released if it has been illegally captured.
Prohibition: This is an order from a superior court to an inferior court to stop proceedings in a case which might be contemplating to do in excess of its jurisdiction.
Certiorari: The writ is issued by a superior court to a judicial or quasi-judicial authorities in order to quash its order or decision. The difference between Prohibition and Certiorari is that while the former is issued when certain proceedings are still going on, the latter is issued only when the order has already been passed.
Mandamus: It literally means ‘we command’. This writ is thus a sort of command from a superior court to a subordinate court or an administrative authority in case they refuse to exercise their jurisdiction and fail to perform their duty.
Quo Warranto: Such a type of writ is issued by a court to a public servant to enquire into the legality of his holding a public office and to oust him if his claim is not well-founded. Then this writ prevents an unlawful claimant from holding a superior public office.

Additional Questions

EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks:

In India there is a single unified system of courts for the Indian Union and the states.
The Supreme Court of India is located in New Delhi.
To qualify for the post of a judge in the Supreme Court, a person must either be an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years or a judge of a High Court for five years’ standing.
The High Court controls and supervises the functioning of subordinate courts.
The records of the High Court serve as references for lower courts in future cases.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

Disputes between the union government and the state government fall under the Original/Advisory/Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Ans. Disputes between the union government and the state government fail under the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
The District Court/Nyaya Panchayats/Supreme Court has the power of judicial review.
Ans. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review.
The High Court is the highest court of justice in a village/ district/state
Ans. The High Court is the highest court of justice in-a state.
Judges of the High Court can serve till they are 60/62/65 years old.
Ans. Judges of the High Court can serve till they are 62 years old.
The Nyaya Panchayats/Lok Adalats/District Courts were set up to provide quicker and cheaper judicial services.
Ans. The Loh Adalats were set up to provide quicker and cheaper judicial services.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the Prime Minister of India.
False.
No cases can be brought directly to the Supreme Court for the first time.
False.
A High Court is not a court of record.
False.
A Nyaya Panchayat can impose a fine upto ? 10,000.
False.
The process of obtaining justice through law courts is a long-drawn-out and expensive process in our country.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
On what grounds can Supreme Court judges be removed from office?
Answer:
Supreme Court judges can only be removed on grounds of proven misbehaviour or incapacity, through impeachment.

Question 2.
Mention any two kinds of disputes that can be brought directly before the Supreme Court.
Answer:
Following cases can be directly brought before the Supreme Court:

If there are disputes between the Union Government and a State Government or more than one State Government.
Cases concerning the violation of the Constitution by the Government or an individual.

Question 3.
What is the Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
The Supreme Court can advise the President, on request, on legal and constitutional issues. The President may or may not accept the advice.

Question 4.
Why are the records of the cases and judgement of the Supreme Court important?
Answer:
These records serve as references in future cases.

Question 5.
Who appoints the Chief Justice of the High Courts?
Answer:
The President appoints the Chief Justice of the High Court and the other judges in consultation with the Governor of the state and the Chief Justice of India.

Question 6.
What are writs ?
Answer:
A writ is a form of written command, or legal document giving order or direction to a person to act or not to act in a particular way. Some of the writs are the writs of Habeus Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto, etc.

Question 7.
What is a Nyaya Panchayat?
Answer:
Nyaya Panchayat is a small law court at the village level which try petty civil and criminal cases such as trespassing, personal disputes, minor thefts etc.

Question 8.
Why have Lok Adalats been set up?
Answer:
In order to provide quicker and cheaper judicial services, Lok Adalats have been set up.

Question 9.
Why are Lok Adalats becoming popular?
Answer:
Lok Adalats are becoming popular because they provide affordable and speedy justice.

Question 10.
What is the objective of the Legal Aid Scheme?
Answer:
The objective of the Legal Aid Scheme, is to provide free legal aid and legal services to the poorer and weaker sections of the society.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in the country. In this context, explain:

(a) Its original Jurisdiction
(b) Its Appellate Jurisdiction.
(c) Why it is called the guardian of the Constitution.
Answer:
(a) Original Jurisdiction: Certain cases are brought before the Supreme Court directly, for the first time. This happens in cases involving:

Disputes between the union government and one or more state governments.
Disputes between two or more states governments.
Violation of the Constitution by the government or an individual.
Violation of the Fundamental Rights of an individual.

(b) Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court hears appeals against judgements of High Courts. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal and has power to review and change decisions of the High Court.
(c) The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution. It safeguards the Constitution in two ways:

It can cancel a law or an executive order if it is found to violate the Constitution.
It can issue write (orders or directions) for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.

Question 2.
With reference to the powers of the High Court, discuss its:
(a) Original Jurisdiction
(b) Appellate Jurisdiction.
(c) Review and Revisory Jurisdiction
Answer:
(a) Original Jurisdiction: A High Court can hear the cases brought for the first time or we can say original cases if they are concerned with disputes regarding Fundamental rights and election petitions.(b) Appellate Jurisdiction: A High Court has Appellate Jurisdiction where it can hear appeals against judgements passed in Subordinate Courts. The High Court can review and change decisions taken in the Subordinate Courts.
(c) The High Court can review and change decisions taken in the subordinate courts. It can also transfer a case from one court to another. A High Court also controls and supervises the functioning of subordinate courts.

Question 3.
In the context of the judicial system in India, answer the following questions:
(a)
What are the main features of a Nyaya Panchayat?
Answer:
Nyaya Panchayat try petty civil and criminal cases of the village level. They can impose fines upto 100 Rs. only and appeals can be made against decisions taken in the Nyaya Panchayat, to higher courts.

(b)
Why are Lok Adalats are becoming popular in India?
Answer:
Lok Adalats are becoming popular because they provide affordable and speedy justice.

(c)
Mention the sections of society which receive free legal services under the Legal Aid Scheme.
Answer:
Sections of society who receive free legal services under the Legal Aid Scheme are:

People belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other backward classes.
- People who are mentally ill or disabled.
- Women and children.

G Picture study:

This is a picture of the apex Indian court.

Identify it.
Ans. It is Supreme Court of India.
What is the composition of this court?
Ans. It has one Chief Justice and a number of other Judges. At Present, the number of Judges including the Chief Justice cannot exceed twenty-five.
Who appoints the judges?
Ans. The Judge of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers and the Chief Justice of India.
Explain its role as the guardian of the Constitution.
Ans. The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.
It safeguards the Constitution in two ways:

It can cancel a law or an executive order if it is found to violate the Constitution.
It can issue write (orders or directions) for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Beginning of the Modern World

November 10, 2023May 22, 2022 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Beginning of the Modern World

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

A. Fill in the blanks:

The Modern Age in India began with the conquest of India by the British.
India was ruled by the British for nearly 200 years.
The two kinds of source material for the Modem period are primary sources and secondary sources.
The Renaissance ushered in revolutionary changes in Europe and marked the transition from the Medieval Age to the Modern Age.
The four characteristic features of the Renaissance period are advent of new and powerful ideas of Humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and spirit of inquiry.

B. Match the Following:

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions - The Beginning of the Modern World 2
Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. In India the Modern Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-15th/mid-18th/mid-16th century.
Ans. In India the Modem Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-18th century.

2. The primary sources for the study of the Modern Period are preserved in archives/banks/ factories.
Ans. The primary sources for the study of the Modem Period are preserved in archives.

3. The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, lawyers, teachers etc., formed the upper class/ middle class/lower class.
Ans.The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, lawyers, teachers etc., formed the middle class.

4. The invention of the printing press/telegraph/telephone helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.
Ans. The invention of the printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.

5.Martin Luther was an Italian/a German/a French Christian monk.
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk

D. State whether the following are true or false:

The source material of the Modern period is of two kinds— primary and secondary.
True
Primary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles.
False. Secondary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles.
Renaissance scholars shifted the focus from divine affairs to human affairs.
True.
The voyages of discoveries led to a decline of trade and commerce.
False.
The Reformation was also known as the Protestant Movement.
True

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences

Question 2.
What distinguishes one historical period from another ?
Answer:
Historical periods differ from country to country depending on the stage of development of that region.

Question 4.
When did the Modern Period begin in (a) Europe (b) India?
Answer:
Europe the Modem Age started in 15th century. In India the Modem Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid- 18th century.

Question 6.
Mention any two (a) primary and (b) secondary source materials of the Modern Period.
Answer:
(a)
Many of these primary sources have been preserved in archives and museums.
They include:

Original documents like British official records
Literary works like accounts of European residents, visitors and Indian officials, novels, plays, short stories and poems by British and Indian authors of this period
Historical works by contemporary historians
Artistic works like paintings, sketches engravings and drawings
Photographs, audio cassettes, films and videotapes of incidents and interviews of important personalities
Newspapers in both English and in Indian languages
Archaeological remains like monuments and artifacts

(b)
Oral history

Secondary Sources include books, reviews, reports and articles written by historians and scholars who study and research primary source material, interpret evidence and arrive at conclusions.

Question 7.
Why is it important to study developments in Europe to understand the history of modern India ?
Answer:
Since the Modern Age in India began with the advent of the British rule, the roots of the transition from the Medieval Period must be traced to Europe. To understand the impact of British rule on Indian history, it is imperative to understand the changes that were taking place in Europe.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of Renaissance ?
Answer:
A great movement of change and discovery spread across Europe which radically altered the pattern of peoples lives and thinking. This movement, representing a new spirit in every field of life, is referred to as the Renaissance. It is a French word that means ‘rebirth’ or ‘revival’.

Question 9.
What is meant by Reformation ?
Answer:
Reformation was a protest movement against the evil and authoritarian practices of the Catholic Church with a view to reform the Catholic Church.

Question 10.
What do you understand by nation states ?
Answer:
Nation States refers to the rise of strong and independent countries, in 14th century Europe, that had a common territory, with a well-defined boundary, and whose people were bound by common ties of culture, history, language and territory. The people of these nation states were also lived united under one government/ruler.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks led to the beginnings of Renaissance in Europe. With reference to this statement answer the following questions:

Question 1(a).
How did it lead to the revival of classical Greek and Roman learning in Europe ?
Answer:
A large number of Greek scholars fled from Constantinople, (a great center of classical Greek and Roman learning) to Italy with rare manuscripts. These scholars were patronized and encouraged by the rulers, scholars and the rich Italian merchants of Rome, Florence, Milan and Venice. Libraries were set up and universities were established to promote classical and modem learning.

Question 1(b).
What effect did it have on the outlook and attitudes of the people of Europe ?
Answer:
The Renaissance, or the revival of classical Graeco-Roman learning, inspired and encouraged people to question and challenge long established ideas and institutions that had been imposed on them by the church and their kings. They refused to blindly accept the dictates of their milers and the Church. They demanded to know the truth based on logic and reason and rejected everything that did not satisfy the yardstick of reason. This new spirit of rationalism led to the rise of scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry. This scientific temper and the desire to inquire or seek the truth led to new and varied developments in the fields of art, architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, science and technology.

Question 1(c).
What effect did it have on trade ?
Answer:
The Renaissance fostered a spirit of exploration and discovery’ which led to a steady growth of trade and commerce. A new class of rich merchants emerged in society. These merchants accumulated enormous wealth and helped their rulers to build prosperous, strong and stable states. The king’s dependence on feudal lands gradually declined.

Question 2.
With reference to the causes of the Reformation, how did the following contribute to the movement:
(a) Renaissance
(b) Evil practices of the Roman catholic Church
(c) Rise of strong and powerful rulers
Answer:
(a)
The Renaissance had radically altered the pattern of thinking and outlook of the people. It had set in motion the advent of new and powerful ideas of humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and the spirit of Inquiry. These revolutionary ideas unleashed unstoppable forces that completely charged the way people thought and behaved. It was like the awakening of a sleeping giant.
People had finally found truthful and rational answers to their questions and discovered the real truth about themselves and their environment. Everything based on blind faith was questioned. The teachings of the Church were rejected and its authority challenged.
Even, the invention of the printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers quickly and far and wide.

(b)
With the passage of time the clergy, with some exceptions, began to lead immoral lives of luxury, wealth and comfort. The monasteries owned nearly one-third of the landed property in Europe. Religious duties and services to mankind were largely ignored or forgotten.
The Roman Church levied various taxes such as ‘tithe’ and ‘Peter’s Pence’ on all European Christians under their control. High fees were charged for conducting religious services. Bribery and corruption became common. Church offices were sold, bringing many unworthy people into the Church.

The Church also started the practice of selling “indulgences’ to those who had committed sins. It was like a certificate of pardon by God for their sins and a ‘passport to heaven” without having to undergo any penance.

With the decline of feudalism in Europe ,strong rule’s emerged. They defied the authority of the Pope and refused to let him interfere in their administrative affairs. They resented the papa! taxes and the drain of their wealth to Rome m the form of papa! taxes.

(G Picture study):
This is a portrait of the German monk who opposed certain activities of the Catholic Church.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions - The Beginning of the Modern World 4
(a) Identify the person in the picture.
Ans. Marlin Luther.

(b) With which great religious movement is his name associated?
Ans. Reformation movement.

(c) Where was he born and in which country did he lead his movement ?
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk and preacher at the University town of Witten burg.

(d) Mention any four effects of the movement started by him
Ans.

The church was split up permanently.
Civil wars broke out in many countries between the Catholics and the Protestants.
Religious intolerance, hatred and persecution of Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries became the order of the day, and led to many wars in Europe.
Religious persecution of the Protestants in England was a major reason for their migration to and colonization of North America (New England). By the end of the 18th century the colonists would establish the United States of America.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism

November 10, 2023May 22, 2022 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

A. Fill in the blanks:

Surplus capital and stable government are the two basic resources essential for industrial growth.
Colonies were used as suppliers of cheap raw material and ready markers for finished products.
Socialism was a reaction to the evils of capitalism.
Women and small children were employed in large numbers in dangerous coal mines.
Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French and the English established colonies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

B. Match the following:

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions - The industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism 2
Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
The main occupation of the Europeans in the Medieval Age was agriculture/mining/fishing.
Answer:
The main occupation of the Europeans in the Medieval Age was agriculture.

Question 2.
James Watt invented the Steam Engine/Safety Lamp/Power Loom.
Answer:
James Watt invented the Steam Engine.

Question 3.
The first Asian country to become industrialized was…… Japan/India/China.
Answer:
The first Asian country to become industrialized was Japan.

Question 4.
The capitalists/landlords/workers organized themselves as trade unions to fight for their rights.
Answer:
The workers organized themselves as trade unions to fight for their rights.

Question 5.
The victory of the British over the French/Dutch/Spanish in the Carnatic Wars shattered French/Dutch/Spanish dreams of colonizing India.
Answer:
The victory of the British over the French in the Carnatic Wars shattered French dreams of colonizing India.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

Manual labour was replaced by the machines during the Industrial Revolution.
True.
Small-scale production flourished during the Industrial Revolution.
True.
Capitalists were the have-nots.
False.
Correct: Workers were the have-nots.
There was a wide gulf between the capitalists and the workers.
True.
Capitalism is a set of economic theories based on the belief that the government should control the main industries.
False.
Correct: Socialism is a set of economic theories based on the belief that the government should control the main industries.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:
Question 1.
Explain the term ‘domestic system.
Answer:
Domestic system was the system of the production of goods by crafts persons and artisans at home with the help of their family members using simple tools. The merchants supplied raw materials to the artisans and sold the finished products.

Question 2.
Define the term ‘Industrial Revolution’.
Answer:
By the middle of the 18th century a series of remarkable inventions led to an economic revolution in England known as the Industrial Revolution. It transformed the entire economy and society of 18th century England and other countries subsequently.
This great and radical transformation in industry which fundamentally altered all the methods, techniques and organization of production and distribution is known as the Industrial Revolution.

Question 3.
What is meant by colonialism ?
Answer:
Colonialism is a policy by which one nation acquires control over another country, either partly or wholly. The conquered country becomes the colony of the conquering nation, known as the colonial power.

Question 4.
Give one example of each of the following:
(a) a colony
(b) a colonial power.
Answer:
(a) India
(b) Great British

Question 5.
What do you understand by imperialism ?
Answer:
Imperialism implies systematic extraction of raw materials, captive markets, shifting of industrial development, control over financial institutions.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. In the context of the Industrial Revolution answer the following questions:

Question 1(a).
Mention the three important features of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
The main features of the Industrial Revolution were as follows:

The domestic system of production was replaced by the factory system.
Manual labour was replaced by machines.
Small-scale production gave way to large-scale production.

Question 1(b).
Give any four important reasons to explain why the Industrial Revolution started in England.
Answer:
The important reasons that explain why the Industrial Revolution started in England were:

Surplus Capital – Economic growth and an increased overseas trade led to an accumulation of enormous wealth in England. This surplus capital was used in the development of new industries and setting up of new factories.
Stable Government – Political stability in England provided conditions that were favourable for economic growth.
Agricultural Revolution – There was an agricultural revolution that preceded the Industrial Revolution. This was due to consolidation of land holdings through the enclosures and improvement in agricultural methods, such as, alternating between fallow and tillage land, which increased England’s agricultural output.
Availability of Cheap Labour – The mechanization of agriculture led to large scale unemployment of fanners who migrated to towns and cities in search of jobs, and were ready to work in factories at low wages.
The Enclosure Movement had led to the takeover of land by rich landlords and so the takeover of land by rich landlords and so the small landless fanners also migrated to towns and cities in search of emploment in factories. The provided a readily available pool of cheap labour.
Availability of Coal and Iron – Coal and iron — the two essential resources necessary for the growth of industries were available in abundance in northern England. Many industrial towns and cities were located in this region.

Question 1(c).
Briefly discuss the spread of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution that began in England was not a single event but a continuing process which went through different phases and spread to different countries at different times.

Mechanized industries were introduced in France, Germany, USA and Japan. Germany made rapid progress after its unification (1870) and became one of the leading industrial nations in Europe. Britain gradually lost its lead by the end of the 19th century.

The USA also surged ahead of Britain and made major progress in the iron and steel industry. It soon became one of the leading industrial nations of the world. Industrialization in Russia was If very slow but picked up after the Russian Revolution (1917).Japan was the first Asian country to become industrialized.

2.In the context of the economic impact of the Industrial Revolution, answer the following questions:

Question 2(a).
What effect did the Industrial Revolution have on the domestic system of production ?
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution led to the destruction of the domestic system of production. Workers went to work in factories and machine-made goods were manufactured on a large scale. The work was divided between people according to their ability and capability.

Question 2(b).
How did it create a wide gap between the rich and the poor?
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the capitalists—a few rich people who owned the means of production (capital). The vast majority of workers were employed by the capitalists in their factories and worked ‘ under them for wages. The workers were exploited by the capitalists and lived in poverty and misery. There was a wide gulf between the rich capitalists and the poor workers. The capitalists were thus the haves, while the workers were the have-nots.

Question 2(c).
What effects did it have on trade and commerce ?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution led to large scale productions which led to the expansion of trade and commerce. Surplus goods were sold to other countries. Increasing profits made the industrialized nations rich and prosperous. Trade also expanded because steamships were being used, which were superior to the earlier ships.
As production increased further, these nations began to look for new markets for the sale of finished products. This in turn led to competition among the European nations to acquire colonies in distant lands. These colonies would be used not only as ready markets for manufactured goods but also as constant suppliers of raw material for the industries.

Question 3.
With reference to the following points explain the social effects of the Industrial Revolution:
(a) Social inequality (b)Harsh living conditions of workers (c) Exploitation of workers.
Answer:
(a)
Social inequality — The economic disparity between the rich capitalists and the poor workers led to gross social inequalities. There was a wide gulf between the social status of the capitalists and the workers.
(b)
Harsh living conditions of workers — The Industrial Revolution led to the migration of people from the villages to the industrial towns in search of jobs. Cities grew rapidly and without any proper planning. As the population grew, the cities became overcrowded and people were forced to live in crowded homes in squalid surroundings and without proper sanitation facilities. A large number of slums sprang up. Black smoke filled the air and in the absence of basic amenities, the health of the workers broke down. Disease and epidemics took a heavy toll of human lives.
(c)
Exploitation of workers — Workers had no job security and they could be dismissed at any time. They worked on very low wages and under extremely harsh conditions. The capitalists exploited the workers by forcing them to work for almost sixteen hours a day, without a break. They were not allowed to go on strike.Women and small children were employed in large numbers in deep and dangerous coal mines. They worked from dawn to dusk on extremely low wages. No compensation was paid to workers for injury or death due to accident in mines and factories. The extremely stressful working and living conditions led to a decline of moral values among the workers. Life became a struggle for survival, community bonds broke down and people tried to forget their miseries by drinking and gambling.

Question 4.
With reference to the Industrial Revolution explain the following:
(a) The basic features of socialism
(b) The growth of trade unions
(c) The rise of imperialism
Answer:
(a)
Socialism was a reaction to the evils of capitalism. Socialism is a system under which there is no private ownership of capital. People in a socialist set-up would not be divided into rich and poor classes. The means of production (capital) is owned by society as a whole and everybody would work and share equally the profits, i.e., the fruits of their labour. Thus, exploitation would be wiped out and a classless society based on economic and social equality would be established.
(b)
The ruthless exploitation of the workers by the capitalists led to protests by the workers. The united and organized themselves into Trade unions to fight for their rights and better working conditions. The trade unions faced strong resistance from the employers. In many countries, the clash between the trade unions and the capitalists led to bloodshed.
The struggle of the trade unions was long and arduous. The vast majority of workers did not have the right to vote.
The determination and efforts of the trade unions eventually bore fruit. The government passed several factory laws to improve the conditions of the workers and grant them certain rights.
(c)
The Industrial Revolution led to a scramble for overseas possessions. This led to a wave of colonial expansion in the 19th century. There was a movement to acquire more colonies and expand empires. Imperialism implies systematic extraction of raw materials, captive markets, shifting of industrial development, control over financial institutions.

G Picture Study:

This is a picture of a machine invented during the Industrial Revolution

(a) Identify the machine in the picture.
Ans. Steam Engine.

(b) Who invented it ?
Ans. James watt.

(d) Mention any four impacts of the Industrial Revolution ?
Answer:
The Impacts of the Industrial revolution were:

Increase in Agriculture production — The Industrial revolution saw improvements in the agricultural processes. The grain yields in England rose by 50%. The Improved yield was the result of several factors such as improved techniques and better quality seeds.
Growth in population — Between 1800 to 1851, the population of britian grew by almost hundred percent. However, the population of new Industrial cities grew even more.
Emergence of Factory System — The Industrial Revolution led to the destruction of the domestic system of production. Workers went to work in factories and machine-made goods were manufactured on a large scale. The work was divided between people according to their ability and capability.
Large scale production — The emergence of the factory system and the use of machines greatly increased the productivity of good. The use of machines and increased production led to the decrease in the production cost as well as standardisation of the quality of the materials produced

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Age of Revolution

November 10, 2023May 22, 2022 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Age of Revolution

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

A. Fill in the blanks:

The American War of Independence was the first Organized political revolution in the history of the world.
The discovery of the American continent was followed by the establishment of Permanent European settlements in the 16th century.
The colonists argued that the British Parliament had no right to tax the colonists because they had no representatives in the parliament
George Washington was chosen as the commander of the American troops in the war against the British.
In 1776, the representatives of the colonists met at Philadelphia and adopted a Declaration of Independence.
In about 200 years, the United States of America transformed itself into the most powerful country of the world.
The Constitution of the United States has served as a model and an inspiration to several countries;
French society was divided into three main classes, namely the first, the second and the Third Estate
The revolutionary writings of political philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu greatly influenced the middle-class intellectuals in France.
The French administration was Corrupt and inefficient.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. By the mid-18th century 11/13/19 British colonies had been established on the east coast of North America.
Ans. By the mid-18th century 13 British colonies had been established on the east coast of North America.

2. 4 July/14 July/17 June is celebrated as American Independence Day.
Ans. 4 July is celebrated as American Independence Day.

3. The Second Estate consisted of the clergy/peasants/nobles.
Ans. The Second Estate consisted of the nobles.

4. Marie Antoinette was the queen of England/France/Austria.
Ans. Marie Antoinette was the queen of England

5. 14 July/4 July/20 June is celebrated as a national holiday in France.
Ans. 14 July is celebrated as a national holiday in France.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

By the middle of the 18th century eleven British colonies had been established along the east coast of North America.
False.
Correct: By the middle of the 18th century 13 British colonies had been established along the east coast of North America.
The American colonists were rigid and conservative.
False.
Correct: The American colonists were simple and liberal.
The American revolutionaries were greatly impressed by the ideas of European philosophers.
True.
George Washington was the first elected President of the United States of America.
True.
The French Revolution laid the foundation of a democratic government.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Which particular incident sparked off the American War of independence? What is the importance of this event?
Answer:
The American War of Independence, was sparked off by an incident known as the Boston Tea Party.In 1773, a group of colonists, disguised as Red Indians, raided .British ships in Boston harbour and threw 340 crates of tea into the sea. This incident was a protest against the new taxes including a tax on tea, imposed on the colonies .The importance of this act was that it was an act of open defiance of the colonists against British authority.

Question 2.
Name any two European philosophers whose ideas inspired and influenced the American revolutionaries.
Answer:
The American revolutionaries were greatly influenced by the ideas of European philosophers Locke, Voltaire and Rousseau who inspired them to fight for liberty.

Question 3.
What is the significance of the 4th of July in American history?
Answer:
The 4th July is celebrated as the American Independence Day.

Question 4.
Mention two characteristic features of the French monarchy.
Answer:
The French king was an autocrat. He enjoyed absolute powers and his will was law. There was no check on his powers by any parliament. He ruled by Divine Right and was answerable to God and not to the people.

Question 5.
In what way did the American Revolution influence the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The Constitution of the United States of America has served as a model and an inspiration to several countries including India. The framers of the Indian Constitution adopted various features like the federal form of government, the incorporation of Fundamental Rights like the American Bill of Rights and the system of checks and balances.

Question 6.
Why is the French Revolution of 1789 considered a turning point in human history?
Answer:
The French Revolution of 1789 was a milestone and a major turning point in human history. It revolutionized the social, economic and political fabric, not only of France but of all Europe and subsequently of almost the entire world.

Question 7.
Mention the role of the political philosophers in the overthrow of the French monarchy.
Answer:
The revolutionary writings and ideals of great political philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu created an intellectual ferment in France. The middle class was greatly inspired by the revolutionary ideas.Through their writings, the philosophers exposed the evils of French society and government and inspired the people to revolt and fight for their rights.

Question 8.
What effect did the American Revolution have on the French people?
Answer:
The French generals and soldiers, who had fought in the American Revolution, returned to France with revolutionary ideas and inspired the people to fight against their unjust, despotic government. The American Revolution enthused the French people and encouraged them to rebel.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. The American War of Independence was the first organized political revolution in the history of the world. In this context answer the following questions:
(a) How was an American colony governed? Why were the colonists resentful?
(b) How did the American colonists differ from the British?
(c) Why did the American colonists refuse to pay taxes imposed by the British Parliament in London? Give an account of the Boston Tea Party incident.
Answer:
(a)
Each American colony had its own Assembly elected by the people of the colony but the governor of the colony was appointed by the British government. The Governor was not responsible to the Assembly. He governed the colony in the interest of England, the mother country, and not the colonists. This caused great resentment among the American settlers who worked very hard but could not enjoy the fruits of their labour.
(b)
Socially and culturally, the American colonists were different from the British. The colonist were simple and liberal, unlike the British puritans who were rigid and conservative. The American colonists had a distinct identity i.e an American identity that aspired for freedom to grow and develop as a separate independent nation.
(c)
The American colonists refused to pay taxes as they argued that the British Parliament had no right to tax the colonists since they had no representatives in the Parliament.In 1773, a group of colonists, disguised as Red Indians, raided British ships in Boston harbour and threw 340 crates of tea into the sea. This incident was a protest against the new taxes including a tax on tea, imposed on the colonies. . The importance of this act was that it was an act of open defiance of the colonists against British authority.

Question 2.
The British monarch, King George III, refused to withdraw the unjust and oppressive Acts imposed on the colonists and declared war on them. In this context discuss:
(a) The revolutionary principles and ideas in the Declaration of Independence in 1776
(b) The terms and long-term impact of the Treaty of Paris
(c) The important features of the newly established United States of America
Answer:
(a)
The Declaration of Independence, 1776 clearly stated that the American colonists had the right to free themselves from the oppressive and explorative British government and form their own government. This declaration proclaimed that all men are born equal and are endowed with certain rights such as the right to life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
(b)
According to the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 between the British government and the colonists, British government recognized the independence of the thirteen colonies which came to be known as the United States of America.
(c)
Features of the newly established United States of America are as:

A written constitution was framed and a federal, democratic, republican government was set up.
The new government guaranteed to all its citizens the rights to freedom of speech, press, religion and justice under the law.
The country would be ruled by an elected President who would govern according to the laws written down in the Constitution.

Question 3.
The French Revolution of 1789 was a milestone and a major turning point in human history. In this context discuss the following causes:
(a) An unjust, unequal social order of the Ancient Regime
(b) The growing power of the middle class
(c) An inefficient, corrupt administration
Answer:
(a)
An unequal, unjust social order: French society was essentially feudal in nature. It was divided into three main classes, called Estates:

The First Estate consisted of the clergy (church officials).
The Second Estate consisted of the nobles and their families.
The Third Estate was composed of 95 per cent of the population. It included the peasants, artisans, workers and the middle class (consisting of merchants, manufacturers and professionals such as lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.)

The First and Second Estates enjoyed numerous privileges. They owned practically all the land in France but did not have to pay any taxes. They were very wealthy and led comfortable and luxurious lives.
The Third Estate, on the other hand, shouldered the entire burden of taxation but was not entitled to any of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobles. Taxes were imposed on everything, including basic necessities like salt. Life was very hard, especially for the poor peasants who had to pay additional taxes to their feudal lords.
(b)
Middle class had acquired great wealth and become economically powerful in the 18th century. However, they were denied of social equality and political rights. This caused great resentment among them. They used their economic power to overthrow the Ancient Regime.
(c)
The administration was corrupt and inefficient. The officials were selfish and unconcerned about the welfare of the people.
King Louis XVI was pleasure-loving and extravagant. He was completely ignorant of and indifferent to the sufferings of the common people and was greatly influenced by his beautiful and ambitious wife, Marie Antoinette. Together they squandered money on festivities and pleasures and emptied the royal treasury.

Question 4.
With reference to the French Revolution, discuss the following:
(a) The Tennis Court Oath
(b) The storming of the Bastille
(c) The adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and its fundamental principles
Answer:
(a)
On 20, June 1789, the members of the Third Estate met at a tennis court and took an oath not to separate until a new constitution was drawn up for France. This is known as the Tennis Court Oath.
(b)
The storming of the Bastille symbolized the victory of the people of France and the fall of monarchy. It marked the beginning of the revolution. 14 July is celebrated as a national holiday in France.
(c)
The newly formed National Assembly, consisting of the representatives of the Third Estate, took over the control of the affairs of France. It adopted the famous Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen-a landmark in the history of human progress. By 1791, a new Constitution was drawn up for France.

Question 5.
With reference to the consequences of the French Revolution, answer the following:
(a) Mention any four revolutionary changes that took place in France after the Revolution of 1789.
(b) What effect did the French Revolution have on the rest of Europe?
(c) What impact did the French revolutionary principles have on political developments in India in the middle of the 19th century?
Answer:
(a)
Revolutionary changes that took place in France after the Revolution of 1789 are:

This Revolution marked the end of absolute monarchy and paved the way for the establishment of a republic.
The revolution laid the foundation of a democratic government.
Feudalism and serfdom were abolished and the power of the Church was brought under the control of the government.
Liberty. Equality. Fraternity become the guiding principle of the French republic.

(b)
The revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution spread to all European countries. The slogans of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity become the guiding principles all over the world. Oppressed people in Europe rose in revolt against their tyrannical, hereditary rulers and established new social and political system. It inspired the spirit of nationalism among people.
(c)
The Revolutionary principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity had an impact on India as well. Indian nationalists imbibed these principles and developed a democratic and nationalist outlook. A National movement for freedom was launched, culminating in India’s independence from British rule in 1947.

G Picture Study.

This picture depicts a very important event in world history wherein a great mob is shown attacking a state prison.

1. Name the event.
Ans. On 14 July 1789, a great mob attacked Bastille the state prison for political prisoners and a much hated symbol of the Ancient Regime. The prisoners were released and they joined the revolutionaries.

2. In which country did it take place and when?
Ans. The country was France and it take place on 14 July 1789.

3. What is the significance of this event?
Ans. The Prisoners were released and joined the revolutionaries. It also symbolized the Victory of people of France and the fall of monarchy.

4. Give a brief account of the developments that followed this event.
Ans. This incident marked the beginning of the revolutions. The newly formed National Assembly consisting of the representatives of the Third Estate, took over the Control of the affairs of France. It adopted the famous Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens- a landmark in the history of human progress. By 1791, a new constitution was drawn up for France.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Into how many classes was French society divided? What did each class consist of?
Answer:
The French society was divided into three main classes, called Estates.

The First Estate consisting of the clergy.
The Second Estate consisting of the nobles and their
The Third Estate was composed of 95 percent of the It included the peasants, artisans, workers and the middle class.

Question 2.
Briefly discuss the inequalities and injustices in French society.
Answer:
The First and Second Estates enjoyed numerous privileges. They owned practically all the land in France but did not have to pay and taxes. They were very wealthy and led comfortable and luxurious lives.

The Third Estate, on the other hand, shouldered the entire burden of taxation but was not entitled to any of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobles. Taxes were imposed on everything including basic necessities like salt Life was very hard, especially for the poor peasants.

Question 3.
Examine the drawbacks of the French monarch and the French administration which angered the French intellectuals and eventually led to the Revolution of 1789.
Answer:
The administration was corrupt and inefficient The officials were selfish and unconcerned about the welfare of the people.

King Louis XIV was pleasure-loving and extravagant. He was completely ignorant of and indifferent to die sufferings of the common people.

The economic bankruptcy was further aggravated by French involvement in useless wars against England. These all circumstances led to Revolution of 1789.

Question 4.
Why is 14 July celebrated as a national holiday in France?
Answer:
In 14 July 1789 a great mob attacked Bastille, die state prison for political prisoners were released and they joined the revolutionaries. So this incident was symbolized the victory of the people of France and the fall of monarchy. So 14 July is celebrated as a national holiday in Frances.

Question 5.
What important principles did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen establish?
Answer:
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was established on the following principles.

All men are born free and have equal rights. Everyone is equal in the eyes of law.
Every citizen is entitled to freedom of speech and expression, religion and a fair trial.