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The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Beginning of the Modern World

November 10, 2023May 22, 2022 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Beginning of the Modern World

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

A. Fill in the blanks:

The Modern Age in India began with the conquest of India by the British.
India was ruled by the British for nearly 200 years.
The two kinds of source material for the Modem period are primary sources and secondary sources.
The Renaissance ushered in revolutionary changes in Europe and marked the transition from the Medieval Age to the Modern Age.
The four characteristic features of the Renaissance period are advent of new and powerful ideas of Humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and spirit of inquiry.

B. Match the Following:

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions - The Beginning of the Modern World 2
Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. In India the Modern Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-15th/mid-18th/mid-16th century.
Ans. In India the Modem Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-18th century.

2. The primary sources for the study of the Modern Period are preserved in archives/banks/ factories.
Ans. The primary sources for the study of the Modem Period are preserved in archives.

3. The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, lawyers, teachers etc., formed the upper class/ middle class/lower class.
Ans.The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, lawyers, teachers etc., formed the middle class.

4. The invention of the printing press/telegraph/telephone helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.
Ans. The invention of the printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.

5.Martin Luther was an Italian/a German/a French Christian monk.
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk

D. State whether the following are true or false:

The source material of the Modern period is of two kinds— primary and secondary.
True
Primary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles.
False. Secondary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles.
Renaissance scholars shifted the focus from divine affairs to human affairs.
True.
The voyages of discoveries led to a decline of trade and commerce.
False.
The Reformation was also known as the Protestant Movement.
True

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences

Question 1.
The history of most nations can be divided into a number of periods. Name them.
Answer:
History in most countries is classified into three periods—ancient, medieval and modem. Each period has some characteristics— political, economic, religious and social — that sets it apart from other period.

Question 2.
What distinguishes one historical period from another ?
Answer:
Historical periods differ from country to country depending on the stage of development of that region.

Question 3.
In what way is the classification of historical periods useful to us ?
Answer:
The classification of historical periods helps to bring a sense of order and continuity to the bewildering array of historical processes that have taken place over centuries of evolution.

Question 4.
When did the Modern Period begin in (a) Europe (b) India?
Answer:
Europe the Modem Age started in 15th century. In India the Modem Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid- 18th century.

Question 5.
Mention any four characteristic features of the Modern Period?
Answer:
The characteristic features of the Modern Period are: urbanization, technological advancement, democratic institutions, fundamental civil liberties, rationalism and humanism and industrialization.

Question 6.
Mention any two (a) primary and (b) secondary source materials of the Modern Period.
Answer:
(a)
Many of these primary sources have been preserved in archives and museums.
They include:

Original documents like British official records
Literary works like accounts of European residents, visitors and Indian officials, novels, plays, short stories and poems by British and Indian authors of this period
Historical works by contemporary historians
Artistic works like paintings, sketches engravings and drawings
Photographs, audio cassettes, films and videotapes of incidents and interviews of important personalities
Newspapers in both English and in Indian languages
Archaeological remains like monuments and artifacts

(b)
Oral history

Secondary Sources include books, reviews, reports and articles written by historians and scholars who study and research primary source material, interpret evidence and arrive at conclusions.

Question 7.
Why is it important to study developments in Europe to understand the history of modern India ?
Answer:
Since the Modern Age in India began with the advent of the British rule, the roots of the transition from the Medieval Period must be traced to Europe. To understand the impact of British rule on Indian history, it is imperative to understand the changes that were taking place in Europe.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of Renaissance ?
Answer:
A great movement of change and discovery spread across Europe which radically altered the pattern of peoples lives and thinking. This movement, representing a new spirit in every field of life, is referred to as the Renaissance. It is a French word that means ‘rebirth’ or ‘revival’.

Question 9.
What is meant by Reformation ?
Answer:
Reformation was a protest movement against the evil and authoritarian practices of the Catholic Church with a view to reform the Catholic Church.

Question 10.
What do you understand by nation states ?
Answer:
Nation States refers to the rise of strong and independent countries, in 14th century Europe, that had a common territory, with a well-defined boundary, and whose people were bound by common ties of culture, history, language and territory. The people of these nation states were also lived united under one government/ruler.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks led to the beginnings of Renaissance in Europe. With reference to this statement answer the following questions:

Question 1(a).
How did it lead to the revival of classical Greek and Roman learning in Europe ?
Answer:
A large number of Greek scholars fled from Constantinople, (a great center of classical Greek and Roman learning) to Italy with rare manuscripts. These scholars were patronized and encouraged by the rulers, scholars and the rich Italian merchants of Rome, Florence, Milan and Venice. Libraries were set up and universities were established to promote classical and modem learning.

Question 1(b).
What effect did it have on the outlook and attitudes of the people of Europe ?
Answer:
The Renaissance, or the revival of classical Graeco-Roman learning, inspired and encouraged people to question and challenge long established ideas and institutions that had been imposed on them by the church and their kings. They refused to blindly accept the dictates of their milers and the Church. They demanded to know the truth based on logic and reason and rejected everything that did not satisfy the yardstick of reason. This new spirit of rationalism led to the rise of scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry. This scientific temper and the desire to inquire or seek the truth led to new and varied developments in the fields of art, architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, science and technology.

Question 1(c).
What effect did it have on trade ?
Answer:
The Renaissance fostered a spirit of exploration and discovery’ which led to a steady growth of trade and commerce. A new class of rich merchants emerged in society. These merchants accumulated enormous wealth and helped their rulers to build prosperous, strong and stable states. The king’s dependence on feudal lands gradually declined.

Question 2.
With reference to the causes of the Reformation, how did the following contribute to the movement:
(a) Renaissance
(b) Evil practices of the Roman catholic Church
(c) Rise of strong and powerful rulers
Answer:
(a)
The Renaissance had radically altered the pattern of thinking and outlook of the people. It had set in motion the advent of new and powerful ideas of humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and the spirit of Inquiry. These revolutionary ideas unleashed unstoppable forces that completely charged the way people thought and behaved. It was like the awakening of a sleeping giant.
People had finally found truthful and rational answers to their questions and discovered the real truth about themselves and their environment. Everything based on blind faith was questioned. The teachings of the Church were rejected and its authority challenged.
Even, the invention of the printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers quickly and far and wide.

(b)
With the passage of time the clergy, with some exceptions, began to lead immoral lives of luxury, wealth and comfort. The monasteries owned nearly one-third of the landed property in Europe. Religious duties and services to mankind were largely ignored or forgotten.
The Roman Church levied various taxes such as ‘tithe’ and ‘Peter’s Pence’ on all European Christians under their control. High fees were charged for conducting religious services. Bribery and corruption became common. Church offices were sold, bringing many unworthy people into the Church.

The Church also started the practice of selling “indulgences’ to those who had committed sins. It was like a certificate of pardon by God for their sins and a ‘passport to heaven” without having to undergo any penance.

With the decline of feudalism in Europe ,strong rule’s emerged. They defied the authority of the Pope and refused to let him interfere in their administrative affairs. They resented the papa! taxes and the drain of their wealth to Rome m the form of papa! taxes.

(G Picture study):
This is a portrait of the German monk who opposed certain activities of the Catholic Church.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions - The Beginning of the Modern World 4
(a) Identify the person in the picture.
Ans. Marlin Luther.

(b) With which great religious movement is his name associated?
Ans. Reformation movement.

(c) Where was he born and in which country did he lead his movement ?
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk and preacher at the University town of Witten burg.

(d) Mention any four effects of the movement started by him
Ans.

The church was split up permanently.
Civil wars broke out in many countries between the Catholics and the Protestants.
Religious intolerance, hatred and persecution of Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries became the order of the day, and led to many wars in Europe.
Religious persecution of the Protestants in England was a major reason for their migration to and colonization of North America (New England). By the end of the 18th century the colonists would establish the United States of America.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism

November 10, 2023May 22, 2022 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

A. Fill in the blanks:

Surplus capital and stable government are the two basic resources essential for industrial growth.
Colonies were used as suppliers of cheap raw material and ready markers for finished products.
Socialism was a reaction to the evils of capitalism.
Women and small children were employed in large numbers in dangerous coal mines.
Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French and the English established colonies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

B. Match the following:

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions - The industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism 2
Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
The main occupation of the Europeans in the Medieval Age was agriculture/mining/fishing.
Answer:
The main occupation of the Europeans in the Medieval Age was agriculture.

Question 2.
James Watt invented the Steam Engine/Safety Lamp/Power Loom.
Answer:
James Watt invented the Steam Engine.

Question 3.
The first Asian country to become industrialized was…… Japan/India/China.
Answer:
The first Asian country to become industrialized was Japan.

Question 4.
The capitalists/landlords/workers organized themselves as trade unions to fight for their rights.
Answer:
The workers organized themselves as trade unions to fight for their rights.

Question 5.
The victory of the British over the French/Dutch/Spanish in the Carnatic Wars shattered French/Dutch/Spanish dreams of colonizing India.
Answer:
The victory of the British over the French in the Carnatic Wars shattered French dreams of colonizing India.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

Manual labour was replaced by the machines during the Industrial Revolution.
True.
Small-scale production flourished during the Industrial Revolution.
True.
Capitalists were the have-nots.
False.
Correct: Workers were the have-nots.
There was a wide gulf between the capitalists and the workers.
True.
Capitalism is a set of economic theories based on the belief that the government should control the main industries.
False.
Correct: Socialism is a set of economic theories based on the belief that the government should control the main industries.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:
Question 1.
Explain the term ‘domestic system.
Answer:
Domestic system was the system of the production of goods by crafts persons and artisans at home with the help of their family members using simple tools. The merchants supplied raw materials to the artisans and sold the finished products.

Question 2.
Define the term ‘Industrial Revolution’.
Answer:
By the middle of the 18th century a series of remarkable inventions led to an economic revolution in England known as the Industrial Revolution. It transformed the entire economy and society of 18th century England and other countries subsequently.
This great and radical transformation in industry which fundamentally altered all the methods, techniques and organization of production and distribution is known as the Industrial Revolution.

Question 3.
What is meant by colonialism ?
Answer:
Colonialism is a policy by which one nation acquires control over another country, either partly or wholly. The conquered country becomes the colony of the conquering nation, known as the colonial power.

Question 4.
Give one example of each of the following:
(a) a colony
(b) a colonial power.
Answer:
(a) India
(b) Great British

Question 5.
What do you understand by imperialism ?
Answer:
Imperialism implies systematic extraction of raw materials, captive markets, shifting of industrial development, control over financial institutions.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. In the context of the Industrial Revolution answer the following questions:

Question 1(a).
Mention the three important features of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
The main features of the Industrial Revolution were as follows:

The domestic system of production was replaced by the factory system.
Manual labour was replaced by machines.
Small-scale production gave way to large-scale production.

Question 1(b).
Give any four important reasons to explain why the Industrial Revolution started in England.
Answer:
The important reasons that explain why the Industrial Revolution started in England were:

Surplus Capital – Economic growth and an increased overseas trade led to an accumulation of enormous wealth in England. This surplus capital was used in the development of new industries and setting up of new factories.
Stable Government – Political stability in England provided conditions that were favourable for economic growth.
Agricultural Revolution – There was an agricultural revolution that preceded the Industrial Revolution. This was due to consolidation of land holdings through the enclosures and improvement in agricultural methods, such as, alternating between fallow and tillage land, which increased England’s agricultural output.
Availability of Cheap Labour – The mechanization of agriculture led to large scale unemployment of fanners who migrated to towns and cities in search of jobs, and were ready to work in factories at low wages.
The Enclosure Movement had led to the takeover of land by rich landlords and so the takeover of land by rich landlords and so the small landless fanners also migrated to towns and cities in search of emploment in factories. The provided a readily available pool of cheap labour.
Availability of Coal and Iron – Coal and iron — the two essential resources necessary for the growth of industries were available in abundance in northern England. Many industrial towns and cities were located in this region.

Question 1(c).
Briefly discuss the spread of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution that began in England was not a single event but a continuing process which went through different phases and spread to different countries at different times.

Mechanized industries were introduced in France, Germany, USA and Japan. Germany made rapid progress after its unification (1870) and became one of the leading industrial nations in Europe. Britain gradually lost its lead by the end of the 19th century.

The USA also surged ahead of Britain and made major progress in the iron and steel industry. It soon became one of the leading industrial nations of the world. Industrialization in Russia was If very slow but picked up after the Russian Revolution (1917).Japan was the first Asian country to become industrialized.

2.In the context of the economic impact of the Industrial Revolution, answer the following questions:

Question 2(a).
What effect did the Industrial Revolution have on the domestic system of production ?
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution led to the destruction of the domestic system of production. Workers went to work in factories and machine-made goods were manufactured on a large scale. The work was divided between people according to their ability and capability.

Question 2(b).
How did it create a wide gap between the rich and the poor?
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the capitalists—a few rich people who owned the means of production (capital). The vast majority of workers were employed by the capitalists in their factories and worked ‘ under them for wages. The workers were exploited by the capitalists and lived in poverty and misery. There was a wide gulf between the rich capitalists and the poor workers. The capitalists were thus the haves, while the workers were the have-nots.

Question 2(c).
What effects did it have on trade and commerce ?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution led to large scale productions which led to the expansion of trade and commerce. Surplus goods were sold to other countries. Increasing profits made the industrialized nations rich and prosperous. Trade also expanded because steamships were being used, which were superior to the earlier ships.
As production increased further, these nations began to look for new markets for the sale of finished products. This in turn led to competition among the European nations to acquire colonies in distant lands. These colonies would be used not only as ready markets for manufactured goods but also as constant suppliers of raw material for the industries.

Question 3.
With reference to the following points explain the social effects of the Industrial Revolution:
(a) Social inequality (b)Harsh living conditions of workers (c) Exploitation of workers.
Answer:
(a)
Social inequality — The economic disparity between the rich capitalists and the poor workers led to gross social inequalities. There was a wide gulf between the social status of the capitalists and the workers.
(b)
Harsh living conditions of workers — The Industrial Revolution led to the migration of people from the villages to the industrial towns in search of jobs. Cities grew rapidly and without any proper planning. As the population grew, the cities became overcrowded and people were forced to live in crowded homes in squalid surroundings and without proper sanitation facilities. A large number of slums sprang up. Black smoke filled the air and in the absence of basic amenities, the health of the workers broke down. Disease and epidemics took a heavy toll of human lives.
(c)
Exploitation of workers — Workers had no job security and they could be dismissed at any time. They worked on very low wages and under extremely harsh conditions. The capitalists exploited the workers by forcing them to work for almost sixteen hours a day, without a break. They were not allowed to go on strike.Women and small children were employed in large numbers in deep and dangerous coal mines. They worked from dawn to dusk on extremely low wages. No compensation was paid to workers for injury or death due to accident in mines and factories. The extremely stressful working and living conditions led to a decline of moral values among the workers. Life became a struggle for survival, community bonds broke down and people tried to forget their miseries by drinking and gambling.

Question 4.
With reference to the Industrial Revolution explain the following:
(a) The basic features of socialism
(b) The growth of trade unions
(c) The rise of imperialism
Answer:
(a)
Socialism was a reaction to the evils of capitalism. Socialism is a system under which there is no private ownership of capital. People in a socialist set-up would not be divided into rich and poor classes. The means of production (capital) is owned by society as a whole and everybody would work and share equally the profits, i.e., the fruits of their labour. Thus, exploitation would be wiped out and a classless society based on economic and social equality would be established.
(b)
The ruthless exploitation of the workers by the capitalists led to protests by the workers. The united and organized themselves into Trade unions to fight for their rights and better working conditions. The trade unions faced strong resistance from the employers. In many countries, the clash between the trade unions and the capitalists led to bloodshed.
The struggle of the trade unions was long and arduous. The vast majority of workers did not have the right to vote.
The determination and efforts of the trade unions eventually bore fruit. The government passed several factory laws to improve the conditions of the workers and grant them certain rights.
(c)
The Industrial Revolution led to a scramble for overseas possessions. This led to a wave of colonial expansion in the 19th century. There was a movement to acquire more colonies and expand empires. Imperialism implies systematic extraction of raw materials, captive markets, shifting of industrial development, control over financial institutions.

G Picture Study:

This is a picture of a machine invented during the Industrial Revolution

(a) Identify the machine in the picture.
Ans. Steam Engine.

(b) Who invented it ?
Ans. James watt.

(d) Mention any four impacts of the Industrial Revolution ?
Answer:
The Impacts of the Industrial revolution were:

Increase in Agriculture production — The Industrial revolution saw improvements in the agricultural processes. The grain yields in England rose by 50%. The Improved yield was the result of several factors such as improved techniques and better quality seeds.
Growth in population — Between 1800 to 1851, the population of britian grew by almost hundred percent. However, the population of new Industrial cities grew even more.
Emergence of Factory System — The Industrial Revolution led to the destruction of the domestic system of production. Workers went to work in factories and machine-made goods were manufactured on a large scale. The work was divided between people according to their ability and capability.
Large scale production — The emergence of the factory system and the use of machines greatly increased the productivity of good. The use of machines and increased production led to the decrease in the production cost as well as standardisation of the quality of the materials produced

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Age of Revolution

November 10, 2023May 22, 2022 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The Age of Revolution

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

A. Fill in the blanks:

The American War of Independence was the first Organized political revolution in the history of the world.
The discovery of the American continent was followed by the establishment of Permanent European settlements in the 16th century.
The colonists argued that the British Parliament had no right to tax the colonists because they had no representatives in the parliament
George Washington was chosen as the commander of the American troops in the war against the British.
In 1776, the representatives of the colonists met at Philadelphia and adopted a Declaration of Independence.
In about 200 years, the United States of America transformed itself into the most powerful country of the world.
The Constitution of the United States has served as a model and an inspiration to several countries;
French society was divided into three main classes, namely the first, the second and the Third Estate
The revolutionary writings of political philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu greatly influenced the middle-class intellectuals in France.
The French administration was Corrupt and inefficient.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. By the mid-18th century 11/13/19 British colonies had been established on the east coast of North America.
Ans. By the mid-18th century 13 British colonies had been established on the east coast of North America.

2. 4 July/14 July/17 June is celebrated as American Independence Day.
Ans. 4 July is celebrated as American Independence Day.

3. The Second Estate consisted of the clergy/peasants/nobles.
Ans. The Second Estate consisted of the nobles.

4. Marie Antoinette was the queen of England/France/Austria.
Ans. Marie Antoinette was the queen of England

5. 14 July/4 July/20 June is celebrated as a national holiday in France.
Ans. 14 July is celebrated as a national holiday in France.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

By the middle of the 18th century eleven British colonies had been established along the east coast of North America.
False.
Correct: By the middle of the 18th century 13 British colonies had been established along the east coast of North America.
The American colonists were rigid and conservative.
False.
Correct: The American colonists were simple and liberal.
The American revolutionaries were greatly impressed by the ideas of European philosophers.
True.
George Washington was the first elected President of the United States of America.
True.
The French Revolution laid the foundation of a democratic government.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Which particular incident sparked off the American War of independence? What is the importance of this event?
Answer:
The American War of Independence, was sparked off by an incident known as the Boston Tea Party.In 1773, a group of colonists, disguised as Red Indians, raided .British ships in Boston harbour and threw 340 crates of tea into the sea. This incident was a protest against the new taxes including a tax on tea, imposed on the colonies .The importance of this act was that it was an act of open defiance of the colonists against British authority.

Question 2.
Name any two European philosophers whose ideas inspired and influenced the American revolutionaries.
Answer:
The American revolutionaries were greatly influenced by the ideas of European philosophers Locke, Voltaire and Rousseau who inspired them to fight for liberty.

Question 3.
What is the significance of the 4th of July in American history?
Answer:
The 4th July is celebrated as the American Independence Day.

Question 4.
Mention two characteristic features of the French monarchy.
Answer:
The French king was an autocrat. He enjoyed absolute powers and his will was law. There was no check on his powers by any parliament. He ruled by Divine Right and was answerable to God and not to the people.

Question 5.
In what way did the American Revolution influence the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The Constitution of the United States of America has served as a model and an inspiration to several countries including India. The framers of the Indian Constitution adopted various features like the federal form of government, the incorporation of Fundamental Rights like the American Bill of Rights and the system of checks and balances.

Question 6.
Why is the French Revolution of 1789 considered a turning point in human history?
Answer:
The French Revolution of 1789 was a milestone and a major turning point in human history. It revolutionized the social, economic and political fabric, not only of France but of all Europe and subsequently of almost the entire world.

Question 7.
Mention the role of the political philosophers in the overthrow of the French monarchy.
Answer:
The revolutionary writings and ideals of great political philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu created an intellectual ferment in France. The middle class was greatly inspired by the revolutionary ideas.Through their writings, the philosophers exposed the evils of French society and government and inspired the people to revolt and fight for their rights.

Question 8.
What effect did the American Revolution have on the French people?
Answer:
The French generals and soldiers, who had fought in the American Revolution, returned to France with revolutionary ideas and inspired the people to fight against their unjust, despotic government. The American Revolution enthused the French people and encouraged them to rebel.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. The American War of Independence was the first organized political revolution in the history of the world. In this context answer the following questions:
(a) How was an American colony governed? Why were the colonists resentful?
(b) How did the American colonists differ from the British?
(c) Why did the American colonists refuse to pay taxes imposed by the British Parliament in London? Give an account of the Boston Tea Party incident.
Answer:
(a)
Each American colony had its own Assembly elected by the people of the colony but the governor of the colony was appointed by the British government. The Governor was not responsible to the Assembly. He governed the colony in the interest of England, the mother country, and not the colonists. This caused great resentment among the American settlers who worked very hard but could not enjoy the fruits of their labour.
(b)
Socially and culturally, the American colonists were different from the British. The colonist were simple and liberal, unlike the British puritans who were rigid and conservative. The American colonists had a distinct identity i.e an American identity that aspired for freedom to grow and develop as a separate independent nation.
(c)
The American colonists refused to pay taxes as they argued that the British Parliament had no right to tax the colonists since they had no representatives in the Parliament.In 1773, a group of colonists, disguised as Red Indians, raided British ships in Boston harbour and threw 340 crates of tea into the sea. This incident was a protest against the new taxes including a tax on tea, imposed on the colonies. . The importance of this act was that it was an act of open defiance of the colonists against British authority.

Question 2.
The British monarch, King George III, refused to withdraw the unjust and oppressive Acts imposed on the colonists and declared war on them. In this context discuss:
(a) The revolutionary principles and ideas in the Declaration of Independence in 1776
(b) The terms and long-term impact of the Treaty of Paris
(c) The important features of the newly established United States of America
Answer:
(a)
The Declaration of Independence, 1776 clearly stated that the American colonists had the right to free themselves from the oppressive and explorative British government and form their own government. This declaration proclaimed that all men are born equal and are endowed with certain rights such as the right to life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
(b)
According to the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 between the British government and the colonists, British government recognized the independence of the thirteen colonies which came to be known as the United States of America.
(c)
Features of the newly established United States of America are as:

A written constitution was framed and a federal, democratic, republican government was set up.
The new government guaranteed to all its citizens the rights to freedom of speech, press, religion and justice under the law.
The country would be ruled by an elected President who would govern according to the laws written down in the Constitution.

Question 3.
The French Revolution of 1789 was a milestone and a major turning point in human history. In this context discuss the following causes:
(a) An unjust, unequal social order of the Ancient Regime
(b) The growing power of the middle class
(c) An inefficient, corrupt administration
Answer:
(a)
An unequal, unjust social order: French society was essentially feudal in nature. It was divided into three main classes, called Estates:

The First Estate consisted of the clergy (church officials).
The Second Estate consisted of the nobles and their families.
The Third Estate was composed of 95 per cent of the population. It included the peasants, artisans, workers and the middle class (consisting of merchants, manufacturers and professionals such as lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.)

The First and Second Estates enjoyed numerous privileges. They owned practically all the land in France but did not have to pay any taxes. They were very wealthy and led comfortable and luxurious lives.
The Third Estate, on the other hand, shouldered the entire burden of taxation but was not entitled to any of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobles. Taxes were imposed on everything, including basic necessities like salt. Life was very hard, especially for the poor peasants who had to pay additional taxes to their feudal lords.
(b)
Middle class had acquired great wealth and become economically powerful in the 18th century. However, they were denied of social equality and political rights. This caused great resentment among them. They used their economic power to overthrow the Ancient Regime.
(c)
The administration was corrupt and inefficient. The officials were selfish and unconcerned about the welfare of the people.
King Louis XVI was pleasure-loving and extravagant. He was completely ignorant of and indifferent to the sufferings of the common people and was greatly influenced by his beautiful and ambitious wife, Marie Antoinette. Together they squandered money on festivities and pleasures and emptied the royal treasury.

Question 4.
With reference to the French Revolution, discuss the following:
(a) The Tennis Court Oath
(b) The storming of the Bastille
(c) The adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and its fundamental principles
Answer:
(a)
On 20, June 1789, the members of the Third Estate met at a tennis court and took an oath not to separate until a new constitution was drawn up for France. This is known as the Tennis Court Oath.
(b)
The storming of the Bastille symbolized the victory of the people of France and the fall of monarchy. It marked the beginning of the revolution. 14 July is celebrated as a national holiday in France.
(c)
The newly formed National Assembly, consisting of the representatives of the Third Estate, took over the control of the affairs of France. It adopted the famous Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen-a landmark in the history of human progress. By 1791, a new Constitution was drawn up for France.

Question 5.
With reference to the consequences of the French Revolution, answer the following:
(a) Mention any four revolutionary changes that took place in France after the Revolution of 1789.
(b) What effect did the French Revolution have on the rest of Europe?
(c) What impact did the French revolutionary principles have on political developments in India in the middle of the 19th century?
Answer:
(a)
Revolutionary changes that took place in France after the Revolution of 1789 are:

This Revolution marked the end of absolute monarchy and paved the way for the establishment of a republic.
The revolution laid the foundation of a democratic government.
Feudalism and serfdom were abolished and the power of the Church was brought under the control of the government.
Liberty. Equality. Fraternity become the guiding principle of the French republic.

(b)
The revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution spread to all European countries. The slogans of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity become the guiding principles all over the world. Oppressed people in Europe rose in revolt against their tyrannical, hereditary rulers and established new social and political system. It inspired the spirit of nationalism among people.
(c)
The Revolutionary principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity had an impact on India as well. Indian nationalists imbibed these principles and developed a democratic and nationalist outlook. A National movement for freedom was launched, culminating in India’s independence from British rule in 1947.

G Picture Study.

This picture depicts a very important event in world history wherein a great mob is shown attacking a state prison.

1. Name the event.
Ans. On 14 July 1789, a great mob attacked Bastille the state prison for political prisoners and a much hated symbol of the Ancient Regime. The prisoners were released and they joined the revolutionaries.

2. In which country did it take place and when?
Ans. The country was France and it take place on 14 July 1789.

3. What is the significance of this event?
Ans. The Prisoners were released and joined the revolutionaries. It also symbolized the Victory of people of France and the fall of monarchy.

4. Give a brief account of the developments that followed this event.
Ans. This incident marked the beginning of the revolutions. The newly formed National Assembly consisting of the representatives of the Third Estate, took over the Control of the affairs of France. It adopted the famous Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens- a landmark in the history of human progress. By 1791, a new constitution was drawn up for France.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Into how many classes was French society divided? What did each class consist of?
Answer:
The French society was divided into three main classes, called Estates.

The First Estate consisting of the clergy.
The Second Estate consisting of the nobles and their
The Third Estate was composed of 95 percent of the It included the peasants, artisans, workers and the middle class.

Question 2.
Briefly discuss the inequalities and injustices in French society.
Answer:
The First and Second Estates enjoyed numerous privileges. They owned practically all the land in France but did not have to pay and taxes. They were very wealthy and led comfortable and luxurious lives.

The Third Estate, on the other hand, shouldered the entire burden of taxation but was not entitled to any of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobles. Taxes were imposed on everything including basic necessities like salt Life was very hard, especially for the poor peasants.

Question 3.
Examine the drawbacks of the French monarch and the French administration which angered the French intellectuals and eventually led to the Revolution of 1789.
Answer:
The administration was corrupt and inefficient The officials were selfish and unconcerned about the welfare of the people.

King Louis XIV was pleasure-loving and extravagant. He was completely ignorant of and indifferent to die sufferings of the common people.

The economic bankruptcy was further aggravated by French involvement in useless wars against England. These all circumstances led to Revolution of 1789.

Question 4.
Why is 14 July celebrated as a national holiday in France?
Answer:
In 14 July 1789 a great mob attacked Bastille, die state prison for political prisoners were released and they joined the revolutionaries. So this incident was symbolized the victory of the people of France and the fall of monarchy. So 14 July is celebrated as a national holiday in Frances.

Question 5.
What important principles did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen establish?
Answer:
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was established on the following principles.

All men are born free and have equal rights. Everyone is equal in the eyes of law.
Every citizen is entitled to freedom of speech and expression, religion and a fair trial.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – Specialized Agencies of the UN

March 28, 2022June 28, 2018 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – Specialized Agencies of the UN

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Exercise

A. Fill in the blanks:

The UNESCO was established in 1945 with headquarters at Paris.
UNICEF provides assistance for running child care centres.
When the UN was formed the ILO became its first specialized agency.
The headquarters of FAO are in Rome.
The WHO believes that good health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. The functions of UNESCO/UNICEF/ILO are based on the belief that the best way to prevent war is to educate people’s mind in the pursuit of peace.
Ans. The functions of UNESCO are based on the belief that the best way to prevent war is to educate people’s mind in the pursuit of peace.

2. The FAO/WHO/ILO was founded in 1945 and helps countries to raise their levels of nutrition.
Ans. The FAO was founded in 1945 and helps countries to raise their levels of nutrition.

3. The ILO/WHO/UNESCO was set up at the end of the First World War.
Ans. The ILO was set up at the end of the First World War.

4. The objectives of WHO/ILO/FAO is to improve the standard of health all over the world.
Ans. The objectives of WHO is to improve the standard of health all over the world.

5. The WHO has succeeded in eradicating smallpox/measles/ typhoid from the world.
Ans. The WHO has succeeded in eradicating smallpox from the world.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

UNESCO encourages the spread of universal education.
True
UNICEF helps in solving financial crises and provides loans to nations.
False.
Correct: UNICEF helps in solving the problem of exploitation of children and child labour.
The ILO sets guidelines for improving the living and working conditions of workers everywhere.
True.
The headquarters of ILO are in Rome.
False.
Correct: The headquarters of ILO are in Geneva.
The largest specialized agency of the UN is WHO.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/sentences:

Question 1.
Why were the specialized agencies of the UN established?
Answer:
The objectives of the specialized agencies of UN is to solve economic, social, cultural and problem through international cooperation. A number of specialized agencies have been established to achieve these goals.

Question 2.
Name one specialized agency of the UN.
Answer:
WHO (The World Health Organization).

Question 3.
What does the acronym UNESCO stand for?
Answer:
UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Question 4.
What does the acronym UNICEF stand for at present?
Answer:
The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.

Question 5.
Why is it necessary to ensure that workers are content and i happy?
Answer:
A country can progress and prosper if the workers are content and happy.

Question 6.
What important programmer did the FAO launch to eliminate hunger?
Answer:
To eliminate hunger through its most important programmer called ‘Food for AH’.

Question 7.
What does the FAO do in the event of an emergency food situation in any country?
Answer:
Special FAO programmes also help countries to prepare for an provide relief in the event of emergency food shortages

Question 8.
Why is World Health Day observed on 7 th April every year?
Answer:
Its main purpose is to improve the standard of health all over the world. World Health Day is observed on 7 April every year to mark the founding of the WHO.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
A number of specialized agencies of the UN have been set up in the interest of human affairs. In this context answer the following questions:
(a) Mention the functions and activities of the UNESCO.
(b) Why was UNICEF originally established? What are its long-term goals at present?
(c) Mention any four endeavours of UNICEF to achieve its goals.
Answer:
(a)
UNESCO implements its activities through the five programmer areas of Education, Natural Science, Social and Human Sciences Culture Communication and Information.
Main functions of UNESCO:

It provides international leadership in creating learning societies with educational opportunities for all, it supports research in comparative Education and provides experts and foster partnerships & strengthen national educational leadership and capacity of the countries to offer quality education for all.
It encourages free flow of ideas by images and words by promoting freedom of expression press freedom and access to information, through the International Programmer for the Development of communication and the communication and Information Programmer.
It promotes events such as International literacy Day International year for the culture of Peace.
It also promotes founding and funding of projects such as FRESH (Focusing Resources on Effective School Health) International Council of Science etc.

(b)
UNICEF was known as United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund when it was established in 1946 originally to provide emergency aid to children and their mothers in countries devastated by the Second World War. The goal of UNICEF is the realization for every child, of the opportunity to enjoy the basic rights and privileges. It tries to solve the problem of exploitation of children and child labour. UNICEF provides assistance to nations for running childcare centers.. It provides assistance to young mothers and also provides medicines to newborn babies and mothers. UNICEF continues to work for the welfare of children (in backward countries) in the fields of education, health and sanitation, nutrition, water, environment, women, welfare, social justice, etc.
(c)
Endeavours of UNICEF to achieve its goals are:

Its tries to solve the problem of exploitation of children and child labour.
It provides assistance to nations for running childcare centers.
It provides assistance to young mothers and also provides medicines to newborn babies and mothers.
UNICEF continues to work for the welfare of children (in developing countries) in the fields of education, health and sanitation, nutrition, water, environment, women’s welfare, social justice, etc.

Question 2.
With reference to the ILO and the FAO discuss:
(a) The aims and activities of the ILO
(b) The aims of the FAO
(c) The activities of the FAO
Answer:
(a)
The ILO was set up in 1919 at the end of the First World War, with its headquarters at Geneva, Switzerland. Later, when the UN was formed it became its first specialized agency. The ILO seeks to promote peace and prosperity in the world by ensuring social and economic justice to workers all over the world. A country can progress and prosper if the workers are content and happy. It sets guidelines for improving the living and working conditions of workers everywhere.

(b) Main aims of FAO:

To raise the standard of living of the people.
To raise the levels of nutrition.
To eliminate hunger through its most important programmer called ‘Food for All’
To increase agricultural production and distribution of food and promote rural development.

(c)

FAO promotes investment in agriculture, better soil and water management, improved yields of crops and livestock.
It also provides technical assistance in the fields of nutrition, agricultural engineering, development of communications and prevention of food losses.
Special FAO programmes also help countries to prepare for an provide relief in the event of emergency food shortage.

Question 3.
With reference to the WHO discuss the following:
(a) The establishment of the WHO
(b) The activities of the WHO
(c) The projects supported by the WHO
Answer:
(a)
The WHO was established in 1948. Its headquarters are in Geneva. The World Health Organization is the largest specialized agency of the UN. It is guided by the belief that good health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being.
(b)
The activities of the WHO are as follows:

It carries out worldwide campaigns to combat diseases like AIDS, cholera, malaria, plague, polio, etc.
It encourages medical research, provides information on diseases, organizes health services and spreads health awareness.

(c)
The WHO supports projects related to:

Education concerning health problems.
Proper food supply and nutrition.
Safe water and sanitation.
Maternal and child health, including family planning,
Immunization against major infectious diseases.
Prevention and control of local diseases.
Proper treatment of common diseases and injuries.
Provision of essential drugs.

G Picture Study:
This is the logo of the headquarters of a specialized agency of the UN which was established in 1948.

1. Name the agency.
Ans: WHO.

2. What is the main purpose of this agency?
Ans: To improve the standard of health all over the world.

3.What does it do to achieves its objectives?
Ans. It carries out worldwide campaigns to combat diseases like AIDS, cholera, malaria, plague, polio, etc. It encourages medical research, provides information on diseases, organizes health services and spreads health awareness.

4. Mention one important achievement of this agency.
Ans: WHO has succeeded in eradicating smallpox from the world.

5. Name any two other specialized agencies of the UN. State one important objective of each agency.
Answer:
The two specialized agencies of the UN are as below:

UNICEF (THE UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND)
It provides assistance to nations for running child care centers and emphasizes giving nutritional food to children.
WHO (The World Health Organization)It provides education concerning health problems and proper food supply, safe water, sanitation and maternal and child health,, including family planning. It also provides immunization against major infectious diseases.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Name the specialized agencies of What is the purpose?
Answer:
World Health Organization (WHO) is largest specialized agency of the UN. WHO is the directing and coordinating authority of health within the United Nations System. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda setting norms and standards, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.

Its Main Purposes:

Providing leadership on matters critical health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed
Shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge.
Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation
Articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options
Providing technical support and building sustainable institutional capacity
Monitoring the health situations and assessing health trends.

Question 2.
What is the purpose of WHO? To what extent has it been successful in its mission?
Answer:
Its Main Purposes:

Providing leadership on matters critical health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed
Shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge.
Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation
Articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options
Providing technical support and building sustainable institutional capacity
Monitoring the health situations and assessing health trends. The WHO has helped in the improvement of public health. It has helped in fighting and eradicating several diseases like smallpox, malaria, tuberculosis etc. It has helped to set up childcare centers and also trained a large facilitates students to go for higher education in medicine by providing scholarships.

Question 3.
What do the following acronyms stand for? State one important function of each agency.
(1) UNESCO
(2) UNICEF
(3) ILO
(4) FAO
Answer:

UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization .
Function: It encourages international cooperation between artists, scientist and scholars in all fields.
UNICEF: The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
Function: To solve the problem of exploitation of children and child labour.
ILO: The International Labour Oraganization
Function: It seeks to promote peace and security in the world by ensuring social and economic justice all over the world.
FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization
Function: To eliminate hunger through its most important programmer called ‘Food For All’

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The United Nations

March 28, 2022June 28, 2018 by Raju

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions – The United Nations

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 8 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivics Focus on HistoryCivics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

The League of Nations was formed in 1920 after the end of the First World War.
Each member state of the UN can send up to Five representatives to the General Assembly.
The Security council is often referred to as the ‘Enforcement Wing’ of the UN.
The five permament members of the Security Council are USA, UK, France, People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation.
The objective of the ECOSOC is to free the world from want.
The WHO is a specialized agency of the UN.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. 24 October/22 March/21 June is celebrated as United Nations Day.
Ans. 24 October is celebrated as United Nations Day.

2. The olive branches on the UN flag symbolize peace/wealth/ truth.
Ans. The olive branches on the UN flag symbolize peace.

3. The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3/4/5-year term.
Ans. The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a 5-year term.

4. The International Court of Justice is located in New York City in USA/The Hague in Netherlands/Paris in France.
Ans. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague in Netherlands.

5.The Secretariat/General Assembly/International Court of Justice is the chief administrative organ of the UN.
Ans. The Secretariat is the chief administrative organ of the UN.

D.State whether the following are true or false:

All the members of the UN are members of the General Assembly.
True.
French is one of the official languages of the UN.
True.
The Trusteeship Council is the most important organ of the UN.
False
Correct: The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN.
UNESCO and UNICEF are specialized agencies of the UN.
True.
Most of the world’s problems have disappeared with the end of the Cold War.
False.
Correct: Most of the world’s problems have disappeared with the end of the Cold War. This, however, did not happen.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Mention one important organ of the UN.
Answer:
The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN.

Question 2.
Who are the members of the General Assembly?
Answer:
All the members of the UN are members of the General Assembly.

Question 3.
What is a negative vote by one of the permanent members of the Security Council known as?
Answer:
Veto is the negative vote by any one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council which leads to the cancellation of the resolution.

Question 4.
Why was the Trusteeship Council established?
Answer:
When the UN was first formed, a large number of countries were not free. Many were affected by the war. The Trusteeship Council was established to look after the territories that were under foreign rule and to help them attain self-government.

Question 5.
Why did the UN impose economic sanctions against the South African government?
Answer:
By imposing economic sanctions against the South African government, it played a significant role in challenging the apartheid policy and liberating the South African people from apartheid.

Question 6.
What is the relevance of the UN in today’s world?
Answer:
The need of the hour is to reform and strengthen the UN and to make it strong and effective, capable of healing the wounds of our times and restoring sanity, balance and harmony to our strife-tom world.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
The magnitude and scale of destruction during the Second World War created a great revulsion for war and a passionate yearning for peace. In this context
(a) The signing of the Atlantic Charter
(b) The basic rights or the four freedoms guaranteed by the charter
(c) The San Francisco Conference and establishment of the United Nations
Answer:
(a)
Winston Churchill, the prime minister of Great Britain, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the United States of America, met aboard a battleship off Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean. They signed a document called the Atlantic Charter on 14 August 1941.
(b)
It was agreed that when the war ended, humans must be guaranteed the basic rights or the four freedoms. The basic rights included:

freedom from want
freedom of speech
freedom of religious belief
freedom from fear

(c)
In June 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco to sign the Atlantic Charter. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 member states. On 24 October 1945, the United Nations was established to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights. 24 October is celebrated as United Nations Day.

Question 2.
With reference to the United Nations discuss:
(a) The UN flag
(b) Any four objectives of the UN outlined in the Preamble of the UN Charter
(c) The obligations of all nations that follow from these objectives
Answer:
(a)
The UN flag depicts two bent olive branches which are open at the top with a world map between them. The white olive branches and the world map are on a light blue background. The branches symbolize peace.
(b)
The objectives of the UN have been outlined in the Preamble of the UN charter. They are:

To maintain international peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equality.
To achieve international cooperation in solving, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world.
To act as a common platform for harmonizing the activities of various nations for the attainment of the objectives of the UN.
To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which has twice brought suffering to humans.

(c)
This implies that:

All nations, big or small, are equal.
They must all obey the Charter.
All disputes must be settled peacefully.
No force should be used.

Question 3.
With reference to the General Assembly and Security Council of the UN, answer the following questions:
(a) Mention any four functions of the General Assembly.
(b)Explain the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council. What happens when the Security Council cannot take any action because of the veto?
(c) State three important functions of the Security Council.
Answer:
(a) Important functions of the General Assembly:

To discuss international problems and make recommendations for their solution.
To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
To consider and approve the UN budget.
To elect non-permanent members of the security council members of the economic and social council (ECOSOC) and the trusteeship council.
To supervise the work of the other organs of the UN.including the use of armed forces’ during a crises (Uniting for Peace Resolution)
To make recommendations for ‘collective measures.

(b) A negative vote by any one of the permanent members would lead to a cancellation of the resolution. This right to prevent action from being taken is known as the right to veto.When no action can be taken by the Security Council because of the veto, the General Assembly can deal with the crisis. It can take whatever action may seem appropriate to restore and maintain world peace.

(c) Functions of the Security Council:

To investigate international disputes and recommend ways of settling such disputes peacefully.
To call on member states to apply economic sanctions against the aggressor.
To take military action against the aggressor, if necessary.

Question 4.
With reference to the organs of the UN, discuss:

(a) Any three functions of the Economic and Social Coucil (ECOSOC)
(b) The composition and functions of the Internatinal Court of Justice
(c) Any four significant achievements of the UN
Answer:
(a) Functions of the ECOSOC:

To promote economic growth and social progress
To create a spirit of respect for human rights .
To solve problems related to health, illiteracy, drugs, employment, status of women etc.
To supervise the work of various specialized agencies such as World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), International Labour Organization (ILO) Food and Agricultural organization (FAO), etc.

(b) The International Court of Justice (ICJ) consists of 15 judges from different countries, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Each judge has a 9-year term. Two judges cannot be from the same country.
Functions of International Court of Justice:

To settle disputes brought to it by member nations.
To give legal advice to the other organs of the UN, on request.

(c) Achievement of the UN

Although it has not been able to prevent war, in many cases, it has taken effective action to restore peace, e.g., the Korean War, the Suez Canal crisis, the Gulf War, etc.
Many countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Morocco, have achieved their independence with support from the UN.
By imposing economic sanctions against the South African government, it played a significant role in challenging the aparthied policy and liberating the South African people from aparthied rule.
It has worked consistently for the protection and preservation of human rights around the world.
It has worked actively to end the nuclear arms race and encouraged the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
It has achieved great success in the fields of labour, health, welfare of children and education by fighting poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, hunger and disease through its specialized agencies.

G picture Study:

This buliding is the headquarters of an international organization which was established in October 1945 to maintain international peace and security.

Question 1.
Name the organization.
Answer:
United Nation (UN)

Question 2.
Where are the headquarters of this organization located?
Answer:
New York City

Question 3.
Mention four important objectives of this organization.
Answer:
The objectives of the UN have been outlined in the Preamble of the UN charter. They are:

To maintain international peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equality.
To achieve international cooperation in solving, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world.
To act as a common platform for harmonizing’ the activities of various nations for the attainment of the objectives of the UN.
To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which has twice brought suffering to humans.

Question 4.
Name three major organs of this organization.
Answer:
Organs of the UN:

The General Assembly
The Security Council
The Economic and Social Council

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What is meant by the term ‘veto’?
Answer:
A negative vote by any one of the permanent members would lead to a cancellation of the Resolution. This right to prevent action being taken is known as the right to veto. This means that any resolution becomes ineffective even if one of the permanent members votes against it. This means that all decisions have to be taken with the consent of all the permanent members.

Question 2.
The Cold War has ended. What is the relevance of the UN in today’s world?
Answer:
There were deep rooted ideological, economic and political differences between the United States ans Soviet Union before the Second World War. These differences were intensified as a result of their mutual suspicions immediately after the Second World War. After 1953 , The Cold War was waning. There were two reasons which could explain the easing of the tension. The first reason was that since 1953, both the United States and Soviet Union possessed by hydrogen bombs. Both sides realized that the use of these destructive weapons in war would destroy each other. Thus they were determined to improve their relations in order to avoid direct military clash. The Second reason was that since 1954, the bonds between The ‘Super Power’ and their satellites began to slacken. As their satellites did not fully support their leaders, it made political sense for the two super power to improve their relations.