the trail history and civics for class 7 pdf

The Trail History and Civics for Class 7 ICSE Solutions – Babur, Humayun and Sher Shah

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EXERCISE

A. Fill in the blanks :

1. Babur lost both Farghana and Samarkand and became a homeless wanderer. In 1504 CE, he became the ruler of Kabul.
2. Humayun lacked the qualities necessary to consolidate the vast empire he had inherited.
3. Sher Shah based his administration on the principle of a welfare state.
4. Sher Shah went on regular tours of inspection and set up an efficient spy system.
5. Sher Shah established a large standing army and introduced several reforms to make it disciplined, efficient and strong.

B. Match the following :


Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. In 1522 CE, Ibrahim Lodi/Sher Khan Suri/Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India.
Ans. In 1522 CE, Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India

2. With the help of the Shah of Persia/Afghanistan/Sind, Humayun returned to India in the year 1555 CE.
Ans. With the help of the Shah of Persia, Humayun returned to India in the year 1555 CE.

3. Sher Shah divided his empire into 47 sarkars/parganas/ villages.
Ans. Sher Shah divided his empire into 47 sarkars.

4. The rupia introduced by Sher Shah was made of goldV silver/copper.
Ans. The rupia introduced by Sher Shah was made of silver.

5. Sher Shah’s greatest achievement was the construction of new roads/issuing of coins/his revenue system.
Ans. Sher Shah’s greatest achievement was his revenue system.

D. State whether the following are true or false :

1. Babur was a descendant of Timur and Chenghiz Khan.
Ans. True.

2. Babur’s war-weary and homesick soldiers wanted to return to Kabul after the Battle of Panipat.
Ans. True.

3. Babur won the Battle of Khanwa through treachery and cunning.
Ans. False.
Correct : Babur won the Battle of Khanwa with his superior artillery and covering.

4. Sher Shah ruled for 15 years.
Ans. False.
Correct : Sher Shah ruled for 5 years.

5. To prevent the officers from becoming corrupt, Sher Shah introduced the system of periodical transfers.
Ans. True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences :

Question 1.
Why did Daulat Khan Lodi invite Babur to invade India?
Answer:
In 1522 CE, Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India and help him overthrow Ibrahim Lodi, the cruel and unpopular sultan of Delhi.

Question 2.
Between whom was the First Battle of Panipat fought?
Answer:
Babur and Ibrahim Lodi came face-to-face at Panipat in 1526 CE.

Question 3.
What was the significance of the Battle of Panipat (1526 CE)?
Answer:
After the First Battle of Panipat Delhi came under the rule of Babur and he was declared the emperor of Hindustan.

Question 4.
What is the name of Babur’s autobiography?
Answer:
Tuzuk-i-Baburi it is written in flawless Turkish, and considered to be one of the best autobiographies in the world.

Question 5.
Who was Humayun’s most dangerous enemy?
Answer:
Sher Khan was Humayun’s most dangerous enemy.

Question 6.
How did Humayun escape after his deafeat in the Battle of Chausa (1539 CE)?
Answer:
Humayun jumped into the Ganga and floated down the river with the help of a water carrier’s inflated water bag.

Question 7.
How many years did Humayun spend in exile?
Answer:
15 years (1540-55 CE), Humayun wandered about from place to place in search of shelter.

Question 8.
Who helped Humayan to recover Kabul and Kandahar?
Answer:
Shah of Persia helped Humayun and he recovered Kabul and Kandahar from his brother Kamran.

Question 9.
What is the significance of the Battle of Kanauj (1540 CE)?
Answer:
The large but fragile Mughal empire came to an end and was replaced by Afghan rule.

Question 10.
How were the affairs of the villages managed during Sher Shah’s reign?
Answer:
The villages were looked after by the panchayats composed of village elders. Sher Shah himself kept in touch with the villages through village officials like patwaris and muqaddam.

Question 11.
Explain the Chehra system in Sher Shah’s military administration.
Answer:
Sher Shah adopted a system of branding horses (dagh) and maintaining a descriptive roll of the soldiers (chehra) were revived. The army was divided into many units and each unit was placed under a commander.

Question 12.
Mention one reason why Sher Shah built an excellent network of good roads?
Answer:
Sher Shah built an excellent network of good roads, to facilitate the quick movement of officials and troops throughout the empire and to promote trade and commerce and even to make travelling comfortable and easier.

F. Answer the following questions briefly :

Question 1.
Give a brief account of Babur’s early life.
Answer:
Babur lost his father, when he was eleven years old and at that tender age he became the ruler of a small principality in Central Asia called Farghana which he inherited from his father. He was also able to fulfill his dream of conquering Samarkand, when he was just 14 years old. But within a short time he lost both Farghana and Samarkand and became homeless but due to his courage and determination, after some time he became the ruler of Kabul.

Question 2.
Give an account of the causes, events and consequences of the First Battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Babur and Ibrahim Lodi came face-to-face at Panipat in 1526 CE. Ibrahim’s large army was no match for Babur’s small, disciplined and loyal army with its excellent cavalry and fine artillery.
Babur was a born leader and an experienced military general. Within a few hours, Ibrahim’s army was routed. By evening, Ibrahim and 15,000 of his soldiers lay dead on the battlefield. The following day, Babur triumphantly entered Delhi where he was proclaimed the emperor of Hindustan.

Question 3.
How many battles did Babur have to fight after the Battle of Panipat? Mention the significance of his victory in each of these battles.
Answer:
After the Battle of Panipat Babur fought three more battles. The significance of each battle are :

(a) Battle of Khanua : This battle was fought between Babur and Rana Sangha of Mewar at Khanua. Babur won this battle and this victory gave him supreme control over central India and it also removed all the obstacles in the way of Mughal rule.
(b) Battle of Chanderi : This battle was fought between Babur and Medini Rai of Malwa. Babur won the battle and captured Chanderi. After this battle, no other Rajput chief ever dared to challenge Babur’s authority.
(c) Battle of Ghagra : The Afghans had control over Bihar and Bengal and they posed a threat to Babur’s authority. So Babur had a war with them and after crushing them he became the master of Punjab, Delhi and the Ganga plains near Bihar.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of Sher Shah’s early life.
Answer:
Sher Shah was the son of Hasan Khan, ajagirdar of Sasaram in Bihar. His real name was Farid Khan. He was given the name Sher Khan after he single-handedly killed a tiger. He joined the Mughal army when Babur invaded India and learnt the techniques of Mughal warfare.

Question 5.
With reference to Sher Shah’s enlightened rule, explain :

(a) How was the central government organized?
(b) The important features of provincial administration.

Answer:
(a) The supreme head of the central government was Sher Shah himself. He divided the government into several departments. Each department was under the charge of a minister, who was assisted by other officials.
(b) The whole empire was divided into forty seven provinces or sarkars. Each province was further subdivided into districts or parganas. Each paragana was made up of a number of villages. The villages were looked after by the panchayats composed of village elders.
Each Sarkar was placed under an Afghan chief. In every pargana there were several officials who were supervised by Shiqdar and Munsif. The Shiqdar was responsible for law, order and general administration and the Munsif looked after the collection of revenue and civil cases.

Question 6.
Sher Shah introduced several measures to make the army disciplined, efficient and strong. Explain?
Answer:
Sher Shah introduced many reforms to make his army efficient, disciplined and strong. He used to take personal interest in the appointment and training of soldiers. The salaries of the soldiers and the officers were fixed according to their skill and ability. The army was divided into many units and each unit was placed under a commander. The cavalry and infantry were highly trained, disciplined and were equipped with artillery.

Question 7.
Discuss the important measures taken by Sher Shah to boost the growth of trade and commerce.
Answer:
The growth of trade and commerce increased after the construction of roads and sarais. Sher Shah even abolished all duties, except two to boost it further more. He even instructed his officials to treat the merchants well and look after their interests. Proper safety was provided to traders and the village headmen was responsible for it in their respective regions. New weights and measures were introduced. Coins of gold, silver and copper of uniform standard were introduced.

Question 8.
What steps did Sher Shah take to maintain law and order in his kingdom?
Answer:
Sher Shah strongly believed injustice and he treated all the people equally. In his kingdom the criminal law was harsh and punishments were severe. The village headmen and the local chieftains were made responsible for any crime that took place in their area. They were severely punished if they failed to track down a robber or a murderer.

Question 9.
Sher Shah’s greatest achievement was his land revenue system. In this context explain :

(a) Land assessments
(b) Taxation policy and its impact

Answer:

(a) Land assessments : Sher Shah made proper arrangements that the land should be carefully surveyed and measured every year and the average produce to be calculated on the basis of its fertility.
(b) Taxation policy and its impact : One – third of the produce was paid as tax in cash or kind. The land was divided into three types – good, bad and medium on the basis of fertility and taxes were levied on this basis.

Question 10.
Sher Shah is one of the most striking personalities in medieval India. In this context, briefly state the important achievements of his 5-years reign.
Answer:
During his reign Sher Shah established a vast, powerful and prosperous empire. Some of his achievements are listed below :

1. In his empire there was a powerful central government and a sound administrative system.
2. He created a huge standing army that was disciplined, well organized and strong.
3. His revenue system was efficient progressive and humane and he also showed concern for the welfare of the peasants.
4. During his reign good roads and rest houses were constructed for travellers and merchants.
5. New weights and measures were introduced by him.
6. He also followed a policy of religious tolerance and appointed many Hindus to high posts of trust.

G Picture study :
This is a picture of the tomb of the successor of Babur Picture Given Below

Question 1.
Name the Mughal emperor who is buried in this tomb.
Answer:
Humayun.

Question 2.
Where is this monument located?
Answer:
Nizamuddin Delhi

Question 3.
In which book could you find a detailed account of his life? Who wrote it?
Answer:
Humayunnama. Gulbadan wrote it.

Question 4.
Why did he spend 15 years in exile?
Answer:
After defeat from Sher Khan . Humayun wandered about 15 years from place to place in search of shelter. His brother refused to help him. In 1542 CE, in a small town in Amarkot in Sind, a son, Akbar was born to Humayun and his wife, Hamida Banu.

Question 5.
How did he reconquer his lost empire?
Answer:
With military help from the Shah of Persia, Humayun returned and recovered Kabul and Kandahar from his brother Kamran. Kamran was blinded and sent to Mecca. By 1554 CE, Humayun had consolidated his position in Afghanistan. Sher Shah had died in 1545 CE. His successors were weak and incompetent. Taking advantage of the situation, Humayun returned to India and recaptured Delhi and Agra in 1555 CE. Humayun died shortly afterwards in an accidental fall down the stairs of his library.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Describe the political conditions in India on the eve of Babur’s invasion.
Answer:
On the eve of Babur’s invasion India was divided into many small kingdoms ruled by independent kings. The Delhi Sultanate was reduced in size and power. The political seen was disunity among each other.

Question 2.
What information do we get from Babur’s memoirs about :

(a) Babur
(b) Babur’s countrymen
(c) Hindustan

Answer:

(a) Babur : This autobiography gives detail description of Babur. It shows him as a keen observer and provides a picture of his personality. It tells his achievements, adventures, habits and hobbies.
(b) Babur’s countrymen : In this book Babur had given full description of personality, habits, adventures, customs, appearances, manners and occupations of his countrymen.
(c) Hindustan : Babur had given description of boundaries, population, resources, revenues etc. of Hindustan in this book which is quite accurate account. He had also beautifully described about fruits, flowers, birds and animals found here.

Question 3.
Humayun was surrounded by dangerous enemies on all sides. Name any three.
Answer:
The three enemies by which Humayun was surrounded are :

(a) Afghan Chiefs : Many Afghan chiefs were rebellious and the most dangerous in them was Sher Shah, who had an eye on the throne of Delhi.
(b) Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and Malwa : He was also a powerful ruler and he wanted to become the emperor of Delhi.
(c) Brother Kamran : Babur’s brother Kamran was openly hostile and he constantly plotted against him.

Question 4.
When and how did Humayun lose his empire? When did he return and recapture his lost kingdom?
Answer:
Humayun lost his empire after a defeat in the Battle of Kanauj in AD 1540. He was so badly defeated in this war that he went into Exile. With the military help from the Shah of Persia in AD 1554. Humayun was able to capture his kingdom.

Question 5.
Humayun lost his empire because of inherent flaws in his character. Explain.
Answer:
Humayun was a pleasure loving ruler and he lacked political wisdom, military foresight and was not able to take quick and wise decisions. He could not understand the jealousy of his brothers and was not able to take a firm decision on them. He was a capable soldier but a poor general. These all characteristics led to the downfall of Mughal empire.

Question 6.
Give reasons to show Babur was a religious tolerant ruler?
Answer:
Babur was an orthodox Sunni Muslim but he was not a fanatic. He did not allow the Ulemas to influence his decisions and he followed a policy of religious tolerance towards people of other faiths.

Question 7.
When did Humayun ascend the throne and describe the length of boundaries of the kingdom?
Answer:
Humayun ascended the throne in AD 1530. He succeeded a vast empire which extended from Kabul in the west to Bihar in the east and from the Himalayas in the north to Gwalior in the South.

Question 8.
What is Humayunnama?
Answer:
Humayunnama is a book written by Humayun’s sister Gulbadan. It gives a detailed account of Humayun’s life.

Question 9.
Mention three important objectives of Sher Shah’s wise and enlightened rule.
Answer:
Important objectives of Sher Shah’s rule :

1. The most important objective was to drive out the Mughals from India and re-establish the Afghan rule in which he was successful.
2. He wanted to built an excellent network of communication and for this he built roads to facilitate the quick movement of officials and troops and to promote trade.
3. He wanted to improve the Revenue system and for this he brought many reforms like reducing the taxes, providing loans if the crops are damaged and improving the conditions of the peasants.

Question 10.
Describe briefly the main features of Sher Shah’s communication system?
Answer:
Sher Shah built an excellent network of roads to improve the communication system. He built four major roads among which the Grand Trunk road was the longest and the most important. It connected Sonargaon in the east to Peshawar in the north-west. Shady trees were planted on both sides of the roads and rest houses and wells were built for travellers and merchants.

Question 11.
On which principle administration of Sher Shah was based?
Answer:
Sher Shah was a brilliant organizer, both in military and civil affairs. He based his administration on the principle of a welfare state and introduced many reforms.

Question 12.
Describe the features of ‘The Grand Trunk Road’ build by Sher Shah during his reign?
Answer:
The Grand Trunk Road, built by Sher Shah was the longest and the most important of the four roads that he built. It connected Sonargaon in the east to Peshwar in the north west. Shady trees were planted on both sides of the road and rest houses and wells were built at regular intervals for travellers and merchants,

Question 13.
What was the duty of Shiqdar and Munsif?
Answer:
The Shiqdar was responsible for law, order and general administration and the Munsif looked after the collection of revenue and civil cases.

Question 14.
What did Sher Shah do to stop the officials from / becoming corrupt or powerful?
Answer:
To stop the officials from becoming corrupt or powerful, Sher Shah introduced the practice of transferring them periodically and he even looked into every detail of administration himself.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 7 ICSE Solutions – Rise of the Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms

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EXERCISE

1. Vijayanagar was established by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka Rai.
2. The Vijayanagar kingdom which was ruled by sixteen kings, was very powerful for 230 years and became the centre of Hindu civilization and culture.
3. The Raichur Doab became a battleground for the prolonged struggle between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms.
4. Each province in the Vijayanagar kingdom was placed under a Governor who was responsible for the administration of that province.
5. The two main sources of revenue for the Vijayanagar kingdom were taxes on land and trade.
6. The Bahmani kingdom was established by Alauddin Hassan. It lasted for about 200 years and was ruled by eighteen kings.

B. Match the following :

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer :

1. The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom was Harihara/Bukka Raya I/Krishnadeva Raya.
Ans. The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom was Krishnadeva Raya.

2. The Vijayanagar kingdom was divided into six/nine/ eight provinces.
Ans. The Vijayanagar kingdom was divided into six provinces.

3. The province/village/district was at the bottom rung of the administrative ladder in the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Ans. The village was at the bottom rung of the administrative ladder in the Vijayanagar kingdom.

4. The Bahmani kingdom reached the height of its glory under the leadership of Mahmud Gawan/Alauddin Bahman Shah/Adil Shah
Ans. The Bahmani kingdom reached the height of its glory under the leadership of Mahmud Gawan.

5. The Bahmani rulers patronized Hinduism/Buddhism/ Islam.
Ans. The Bahmani rulers patronized Islam.

D. State whether the following are true or false :

1. The founders of the Vijayanagar kingdom brought the whole of South India, from the Tungabhadra to Cape Comorin, under their control.
Ans. True.

2. The Vijayanagar kingdom had established trade relations with the Dutch.
Ans. False.
Correct : The Vijayanagar kingdom had established trade relations with the Portuguese.

3. Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the Deccan in the 15th and 16th centuries CE.
Ans. True.

4. Mahmud Gawan slept on a mat and ate in earthen vessels.
Ans. True

5. The Bahmani rulers used Persian and Arabic as court languages.
Ans. True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/sentences :

Question 1.
How did the collapse of the Sultanate impact North India?
Answer:
North India was rocked by political turmoil and instability.

Question 2.
What was Krishnadeva Raya’s contribution to literature and art?
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya was a great patron of art and literature, He was himself a Sanskrit scholar and a good Telegu poet. He maintained a magnificent court and encouraged poets and learned men.

Question 3.
What is the significance of the Battle of Talikota?
Answer:
In the battle of Talikota the five kingdoms of Bijapur, Ahmadanagar, Berar, Golconda and Bidar formed an alliance against Vijayanagar kingdom and gave it a crushing defeat. Due to this battle the Hindu empire in the South was totally finished.

P.Q. What major change was introduced in the village administration of the Vijayanagar kingdom?
Answer:
The village administration was at the bottom of the administrative ladder. The old feudal system was revived and hereditary officers governed the village

Question 4.
What measures did the Vijayanagar rulers take to develop agriculture?
Answer:
During the regin of Vijayanagar rulers forests were cleared to bring more land under cultivation. Many canals, irrigation tanks and dams were built to improve and develop agriculture.

Question 5.
Why were there no major social or cultural changes in the Vijayanagar kingdom?
Answer:
The Vijayanagar rulers followed ancient Vedic customs : therefore there was no major social or cultural changes during that time. The Society was quite conservative and was governed by religious norms. The caste system was rigid and Brahmanas were considered superior and these religious supremos did not allow to have much social or cultural changes.

Question 6.
Give one example to show that the Vijayanagar kings were tolerant and liberal.
Answer:
The Vijayanagar rulers were staunch Hindus but they were tolerant and liberal in their outlook. They employed Muslims in their army and administration. There was no discrimination between Christians, Jews, Muslims and Hindus.

Question 7.
Name any one foreign traveller whose observations are an important literary source of information about the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Answer:
Two important sources of information about the Vijayanagar empire had been received from travellers like Domingo Paes from Portugal and Abdur Razzaq from Persia.

Question 8.
What was the extent of the Bahmani kingdom?
Answer:
Bahmani kingdom stretched from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal and it also included the whole of northern Deccan with the river Krishna as its southern boundary.

Question 9.
Give one example to show that Mahmud Gawan was a patron of learning.
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan was a learned man and a patron of learning. He built a madarasa in the capital city of Bidar and donated his private collection of 3,000 books. He gave scholarships to poor and deserving students.

F. Answer the following questions briefly :

Question 1.
What did Krishnadeva Raya do to make the make the Vijayanagar kingdom powerful and prosperous?
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya took various steps to make the Vijayanagar empire rich and prosperous like:

1. He encouraged foreign trade with the Portuguese.
2. He collected good revenue from them by imposing custom duties and other taxes.
3. He took active steps to promote agriculture.
4. Importance was given for increasing irrigation facilities by building dams and canals.

Question 2.
Mention two important features of each of the following in the Vijayanagar kingdom :

(a) central government
(b) provincial government.

Answer:
(a) Central government :

1. The king was the head of the administration and he was considered an absolute ruler and his will was law.
2. A council of ministers chosen by him assisted him in administering the empire.

(b) Provincial government :

1. The whole empire was divided into six provinces and each province was placed under the charge of a governor.
2. The provinces were further divided into districts and each district consisted of a number of villages.

Question 3.
Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the 15th and 16th centuries CE. Explain.
Answer:
Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the 15th and 16th centuries CE. The development of agriculture and the promotion of trade and commerce enriched the treasury. The two main sources of revenue were taxes on land and trade.
The land tax varied from one third to one sixth of the produce, depending on the quality of the land, which was assessed before the tax was levied. Forests were cleared and more land was brought under cultivation. Irrigation tanks, canals and dams were built.
Flourishing trade enriched the kingdom. The market overflowed with foreign imports such as Arabian horses, Chinese silks and Sri Lankan elephants. The main items of export were cotton cloth, sandalwood, rice, sugar and spices.

Question 4.
Describe :

(a) the importance of trade in Vijayanagar
(b) the position of women in society.

Answer:

(a) Krishnadeva Raja encouraged foreign trade with the Portuguese who had established trade centres on the Malabar Coast. He earned a rich revenue by imposing custom duties and other taxes on them. He took active steps to promote agriculture. Irrigation facilities were developed by building dams and canals.
(b) Women in general were respected, but they did not enjoy much freedom. Child marriage and sati were common practices. Some upper-class women, however, occupied high positions in society and participated in social, literary and even political life.

Question 5.
Briefly discuss the conflict between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms over the Raichur Doab.
Answer:
The Raichur Doab was a fertile area, that touched the southern boundary of Bahmani kingdom and northern boundary of Vijayanagar empire. This area become a battleground for both the kingdoms as each one wanted to rule over it because it was a rich source of revenue. It constantly passed on from one hand to another till finally the issue was finished after the defeat of Vijayanagar in the Battle of Talikota.

Question 6.
Give an account of the achievements of Mahmud Gawan.
Answer:
As a competent and successful general Mahmud Gawan enlarged the boundaries of the kingdom and recaptured the important port of Goa from the Vijayanagar kingdom.
He was also a capable administrator. He promoted and encouraged agriculture a great deal. As a result the kingdom become economically prosperous.
Mahmud Gawan was a learned man and a patron of learning. He built a madarasa in the capital city of Bidar and donated his private collection of 3,000 books. He gave scholarships to poor and deserving students.

Question 7.
What was the actual position of the Bahmani kings in the administrative set-up?
Answer:
The Bahmani king in theory were powerful but in practice authority was depended on the strength of his army. Weak Sultans were controlled by the Ulemas and powerful nobles.

Question 8.
What did the Bahmani rulers do to patronize Islam?
Answer:
To patronize Islam the Bahmani rulers built many beautiful mosques in the capital cities of Gulbarga and Bidar. Madarasas and libraries were also set-up to promote Islamic studies and Persian and Arabic were used as court language.

Question 9.
Why were the sultans of the Deccan easily overpowered by the Mughal emperor of the north?
Answer:
The Sultans of the Deccan were in constant war among each other because of their mutual rivalries and due to this they also lost much of their wealth and become prey of the Mughal emperor of the North.

G Picture study :
This is a picture of the ruins of the capital city of a powerful kingdom in the Deccan which was founded by two brothers.

Question 1.
Identify the city and name the kingdom.
Answer:
Hampi, Vijaynagar kingdom.

Question 2.
Who was the greatest ruier of this kingdom?
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya.

Question 3.
Mention any five achievements of this ruier.
Answer:

1. Krishnadeva encouraged foreign trade with the Portuguese who had established trade centres on the Malabar Coast.
2. He earned rich revenue by imposing custom duties and other taxes.
3. He took active steps to promote agriculture. Irrigation facilities were develpoed by building dams and canals
4. Krishnadeva Raya was a great patron of art and literature.
5. He maintainted a magnificent court and encouraged poets and learned men.

Question 4.
Describe briefly the capital city of this kingdom.
Answer:
Hampi, the capital of Vijayanagar, was a splendid city. It was surrounded by sevan walls and its total circumference was 96 kilometres (60 miles.) The streets were paved and well laid out. The city was studded with gardens, lakes, mansions and temples. Fresh sweet-scented flowers were sold in abundance. Everyone wore jewellery. Diamonds, rubies, pearls and emeralds were openly sold in crowded bazaars.

Question 5.
What is the most outstanding feature of the Gol Gumbaz?
Answer:
Gol Gumbaz has an enormous whispering dome. In this dome the whisper returns back nine times to the person who carries it out.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 7 ICSE Solutions – Life under the Delhi Sultanate

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EXERCISE

A. Fill in the blanks :

1. The rule of the Delhi Sultans lasted for over three centuries.
2. Society during the Sultanate period was divided into four major groups.
3. The Turks introduced Arabic and Persian architectural styles.
4. New musical instruments such as the tabla, sitar and sarangi were developed during the Sultanate period.
5. The establishment of the Turkish rule in India led to the replacement of Sanskrit by Persian as the official language in many regions.

B. Match the following :


Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer :

1. Under the Delhi Sultanate, the aristocrats/the priests/ the peasants were the most powerful class in society.
Ans. Under the Delhi Sultanate, the aristocrats were the most powerful class in society.

2. The brahmanas/the ulema/the merchants were the chief advisors to the sultans.
Ans. The ulema were the chief advisors to the sultans.

3. The life of the peasants/the nobles/the priests was one of drudgery and poverty.
Ans. The life of the peasants was one of drudgery and poverty.

4. The caste system was followed strictly/sometimes followed/ignored by Hindus.
Ans. The caste system was followed strictly by Hindus.

5. Amir Khusrau is believed to have invented the harmonium/sitar/veena.
Ans. Amir Khusrau is believed to have invented the sitar.

D. State whether the following are true or false :

1. The ruling class in the Delhi Sultanate enjoyed a lavish lifestyle.
Ans. True.

2. The Delhi sultans always allowed the ulema to influence their policies.
Ans. False.
Correct : The Delhi sultans sometime does not allow the ulema to influence their policies.

3. The purdah system was strictly observed by- Muslim women.
Ans. True.

4. The Rajput style of miniature painting continued in the Sultanate period.
Ans. True.

5. New types of food, such as bread and wine, became a part of Indian cuisine during the Sultanate period.
Ans. True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/sentences :

Question 1.
Why was the aristocracy the most powerful social group during the Sultanate period?
Answer:
Aristocracy was the most powerful social group because they had wealth and power.

Question 2.
During whose reign did the life and conditions of the peasants improve?
Answer:
During Firoze Shah’s reign peasants condition improved and they enjoyed many benefits.

Question 3.
What was the chief source of revenue for the government?
Answer:
The tax paid by the peasants was the chief source of revenue for the government.

Question 4.
Why did some Hindus convert to Islam?
Answer:
“Many Hindus, especially those belonging to the lower classes, were attracted to the Islamic principles of equality and converted to Islam. Some did the same to escape the jaziya tax, which was imposed only on non-Muslims.

Question 5.
How do we know that women during the Sultanate period were oppressed?
Answer:
Sati, child marriage and the purdah system became widely prevalent. The purdah system was strictly observed by Muslim women.

Question 6.
What is the characteristic feature of Sultanate architecture?
Answer:
The characteristic feature of Sultanate architecture is the extensive use of bricks, arches, domes, beams and balconies.

Question 7.
Which two styles of music influenced the development of Hindustani music?
Answer:
Hindustani music was the outcome of the fusion of the Perso- Arabic and Indian classical music styles.

Question 8.
By whom were qawwalis popularized?
Answer:
Qawwali is the Persian style of chorus singing which was popularized by Sufi saints.

Question 9.
Which style of painting was patronized by the Lodi sultans?
Answer:
Persian style of miniature paintings was patronized by the later Lodi sultans and used to illustrate books.

Question 10.
How did the Turkish rulers gradually become Indianized?
Answer:
When Turkish rulers married Indian Muslims, they assimilated many of their local cultural traits and gradually became Indianized.

F. Answer the following questions briefly :

Question 1.
What effect did several centuries of interaction between traditional Indian culture and Islamic culture have on the Indian society?
Answer:
The interaction between traditional Indian culture and Islamic culture had a deep impact on Indian society. This fusion resulted in a new pattern called Indo-Islamic culture.

Question 2.
Describe the main features of society during the Sultanate period with reference to (a) the aristocracy and (b) the peasants.
Answer:

(a) Aristocracy : This was the ruling class. It consisted of the Sultan, the nobles, the Hindu rajas and princes and landlords. This was the most powerful social group because they had wealth and power.
(b) Peasants : The peasants during that time were very poor and they had to lead a very hard life. They had to do all kind of small jobs and had to pay heavy taxes to government.

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctive features of Sultanate architecture.
Answer:
The characteristic feature of Sultanate architecture is the extensive use of bricks, arches, domes, beams and balconies. The Turkish monuments were plain. There was liberal use of floral and geometric designs. The use of red sandstone added colour to their buildings. Verses from the Koran were engraved on the walls of some buildings. Some of the important monuments of the Sultanate period are the Qutb Minar complex, the Alai Darwaza, the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Kotla, the Tughlaqabad for and the tombs of the Lodi kings.

Question 4.
Music and dance during the Sultanate period was the outcome of the fusion of Indo-Islamic culture. Explain.
Answer:
Indian or Hindustani music was the outcome of the fusion of the Perso-Arabic and Indian classical music styles. New musical instruments such as the tabla, sitar and sarangi were developed during this time.
The famous Persian poet, Amir Khusrau, is believed to have inveted the sitar by combining the South Indian veena with the Persian tanpura. The South Indian drum was probably altered to create the table.
The Persian style of chorus singing, known as qawwali, was popularized by the Sufi saints, a group of Muslim mystics, who became popular during this period. They sang devotional songs at their religious meetings.
Kathak, a new dance form that also developed during this time, combines Hindu themes with Persian customes.

Question 5.
Explain how new customs and practices changed the traditional lifestyle of the Indians.
Answer:
New customs and practices changed the traditional lifestyle of the Indians. Hindus and Muslims wore pyjama-kurtas, kaftans and salwar-kameez and continue doing so to this day. New types of foods such as biryani, bread and wine became a part of Indian cuisine.

G. Picture study :
This is a picture of a musical instrument used in Hindustani classical music. The name is derived from the Persian words—‘sell’ (meaning ‘three’) and ‘tar’ (meaning ‘strings’).

Question 1.
Identify the muscial instrument.
Answer:
Sitar.

Question 2.
During which period in medieval Indian history’ was this instrument invented?
Answer:
During Delhi Sultanate.

Question 3.
By whom and how was it invented?
Answer:
Amir Khusrau.

Question 4.
Name two other musical instruments that were developed during this period.
Answer:
Tabla, Sarangi.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Into how many groups was society divided during the Sultanate period? Discuss the functions of each group.
Answer:
The society during the Sultanate was divided into four groups, namely

(a) Aristocracy
(b) Priests
(c) Town Dwellers
(d) Peasants

Functions of each group are :

(a) Aristocracy : This was the ruling class. It consisted of the Sultan, the nobles, the Hindu rajas and princes and landlords. This was the most powerful social group because they had wealth and power.
(b) Priests : This group included the ulemas, maulvis, qazis and brahmanas. The Ulemas were the chief advisors of the Sultans. The brahmanas were generally honoured in the Hindu society. They both played an active role in the administration.
(c) Town Dwellers : It consists of officials, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, slaves and domestic servants. Among these the merchants were quite prosperous.
(d) Peasants : The peasants during that time were very poor and they had to lead a very hard life. They had to do all kind of small jobs and had to pay heavy taxes to government

Question 2.
The Persian and Arabic styles blended harmoniously with the classical Hindu style to make a distinctive Indo-Islamic style. Discuss.
Answer:
The turks brought with them Arabic and Persian architectural styles. They liked the classical style of Hindu architecture also, when these two styles were blended by them, a distinctive Indo-Islamic style came out.
The Turkish monuments were plain whereas Hindu styles include use of floral and geometric designs. When both were combined, it gave a unique touch. Some of the important monuments of that time are Qutb Minar, Alai Darwaza, Firoz Shah Kotla etc.

Question 3.
Discuss the development during the Sultanate period in the following fields :

(a) Music
(b) Dance
(c) Painting
(d) Medicine
(e) Dress

Answer:

(a) Music : During this time fusion of Perso-Arabic and Indian classical music styles were done and outcome of it was Hindustani Music. New musical instruments like the tabla, sitar and sarangi were also developed during this time. The Persian style of chorus qawwali was also popularized during this time.
(b) Dance : Kathak a dance form, originated during the Delhi Sultanate period. It combines Hindu themes with Persian costumes.
(c) Painting : The Turkish rulers were not much interested in Painting but the Rajput style of miniature painting continued in the Sultanate period.
(d) Medicine : A Turkish style of medicine known as Yunani became famous during that time.
(e) Dress : Due to new customs and practices the traditional life style of the Indians changed. Hindu and Muslims started wearing pyjama-kurtas. kaftans and Salwar- kameez.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 7 ICSE Solutions – Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate : The Khilji and the Tughiaq Dynasties

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EXERCISE

A. Fill in the blanks :

1. The founder of the Khilji dynasty was Jalaluddin – Khilji.
2. Alauddin was a brilliant general and a shrewd administrator.
3. Alauddin was the first Turkish ruler to build an empire in India
4. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was an efficient administrator and a capable military commander.
5. Muhammad bin Tughlaq realized the importance of a strong and powerful army to strengthen and secure the position of the ruler. He needed additional revenue to increase military resources.
6. Firoze Shah’s economic reforms improved agricultural production and made the peasants prosperous and happy.
7. Alauddin built a strong defence system to protect his empire from Mongol raids.
8. Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa, and Gwalior and brought the whole of North India upto the river Narmada under his control.
9. The Caliph of Baghdad recognized Iltutmish as the sovereign of India. He was succeeded by his daughter Razia.

B. Match the following :

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer :

1. Alauddin conquered Chittor, the capital of Mewar/Malwa/Warangal.
Ans. Alauddin conquered Chittor, the capital of Mewar.

2. Alauddin was the first Turkish ruler to send an expedition to Gujarat/Rajasthan/tlie Deccan.
Ans. Alauddin was the first Turkish ruler to send an expedition to the Deccan.

3. Most historians have traced the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s schemes to his character/education/ intelligence.
Ans. Most historians have traced the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s schemes to his character.

4. Firoze Shah laid out about 1,200 gardens and orchards/ lakes/roads around Delhi.
Ans. Firoze Shah laid out about 1,200 gardens and orchards around Delhi.

5. The final blow to the Delhi Sultanate was dealt by the invasion of Babur/Timur/Khizr Khan.
Ans. The final blow to the Delhi Sultanate was dealt by the invasion of Timur.

D. State whether the following are true or false :

1. Alauddin dreamt of conquering the whole world.
Ans. True.

2. Under Alauddin, spies were kept in every unit of the army.
Ans. True.

3. Alauddin’s death was followed by great political turmoil.
Ans. True.

4. Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a diligent ruler who undertook projects that were brilliantly conceived and executed.
Ans. False.
Correct : Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a diligent ruler who undertook projects that were brilliantly conceived and poorly executed.

5. Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s of increasing the taxes in the Ganga -Yamuna Doab region led to the development of agriculture in that region.
Ans. False.
Correct : The policy of increasing the taxes in the | Ganga-Yamuna Doab region led to the severe set back of agriculture in that region.

6. Muhammad bin Tughlaq stayed in Daulatabad for 5 years.
Ans. False.
Correct : Muhammad bin Tughlaq stayed in | Daulatabad for 2 years.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/sentences :

Question 1.
Under what circumstances did Alauddin ascend the throne of Delhi?
Answer:
Alauddin captured the throne of Delhi by killing his uncle Jalaluddin Khilji. As the situation at that time was very worse because Jalaluddin was very mild and pious person which led to lawlessness and revolts. Alauddin took advantage of the situation and ascended the throne

Question 2.
How did Alauddin Khilji win over the rebellious nobles after capturing the throne?
Answer:
Alauddin Khilji won over the nobles to his side by bribing them with rich gifts.

Question 3.
Name the capital of Mewar.
Answer:
Chittor the capital of Mewar.

Question 4.
What did the Rajput women in the royal palace do when Alauddin Khilji captured Chittor?
Answer:
The women performed jauhar and burnt themselves to death.

Question 5.
Who led Alauddin’s Deccan campaigns?
Answer:
The Deccan expeditions were led by Malik Kafur.

Question 6.
Why do modern historians reject the account of a mass exodus from Delhi to Daulatabad?
Answer:
Modem historians, however, do not accept the account of a mass exodus. According to them, Delhi was never depopulated because there is evidence to prove that construction work was carried out in Delhi during the period of transfer.

Question 7.
Mention any one economic reform introduced in the Doab region by Firoze Shah Tughlaq.
Answer:
Land taxes were reduced in the Doab. All loans given during the famine were cancelled. Many taxes were abolished.

Question 8.
Give one example to show that Firoze Shah was concerned about the welfare of his poor subjects.
Answer:
Free hospitals were set up for the poor.

F. Answer the following questions briefly :

Question 1.
With reference to the following conquests, briefly explain how Alauddin extended the boundaries of the Delhi Sultanate :

(a) Conquest of Gujarat
(b) Conquest of the Rajput states.

Answer:

(a) Conquest of Gujarat : Alauddin extended the boundaries of the Delhi Sultanate by sending an expedition to Gujarat which was conquered and annexed.
(b) Conquest of the Rajput states : Alauddin first captured the fort of Ranthambore and then attacked Chittor, the capital of Mewar. The Rajputs fought bravely but lost the battle. This was followed by the capture of the important cities of Mandu, Ujjain, Dhar and Chanderi in Malwa. By 1305 CE, Alauddin become the master of the whole of North India.

Question 2.
Give an account of Alauddin Khilji’s

(a) Deccan conquest
(b) Deccan policy.

Answer:

(a) Deccan conquest : Alauddin was the first Muslim ruler to send an expedition to the Deccan. This expedition was led by Malik Kafur, who defeated the rulers of Devagiri Warangal and Dwarasamudra and attacked and plundered Madurai in the far South. Thus Alauddin become the first Turkish ruler to extend his influence south of the Vindhyas.
(b) Deccan policy : Alauddin did not annex the Deccan after conquering it because he realized that it would not be easy to control these provinces from Delhi. Moreover his main objective in conquering it was to acquire as much wealth as possible from the South to pay for the maintenance of his huge army.
Alauddin forced the rulers of Deccan to acknowledge his supremacy and pay heavy annual charges as a mark of submission to his over-lordship.

Question 3.
How did Alauddin protect the Delhi Sultanate from repeated Mongol invasions?
Answer:
Alauddin took following steps to protect his empire from the Mongols invasions :

(a) The forts along the route of Mongols-attacks were repaired and the frontier provinces were placed under the best generals.
(b) The army was reorganized and strengthened.
(c) Mongol leaders were captured and trampled under the feet of elephants.
(d) The Mongols who after embracing Islam settled down in Delhi during Jalaluddin’s reign were mercilessly killed.

Question 4.
Why is Muhammad bin Tughlaq regarded as one of the most accomplished and learned scholars of his times?
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq is regarded as one of the most accomplished and learned scholars of his times due to his intellectual curiosity and thrust for getting more knowledge. He was gifted with an extraordinary memory. He was a master in logic, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and physical sciences. He was a lover of Persian literature and poetry, calligraphy, fine arts and music. He loved the company of learned men.

Question 5.
Discuss the causes and results of the taxation scheme of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in the Doab.
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq realized the importance of a strong and powerful army to strengthen and secure the position of the ruler. To increase military resources, he needed additional revenue. The Ganga-Yamuna Doab (the area between) the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers) was a fertile region. The land tax in this area was increased. Unfortunately, the rains failed and a severe famine broke out. People refused to pay the enhanced taxes. But the tax collectors showed no mercy and continued to collect the taxes with such rigour that the peasants were ruined. To escape the tyranny of the tax collectors, the peasants abandoned their lands and fled to the jungles.

Question 6.
Why was the capital transferred from Delhi to Daulatabad? Explain the consequences of this project.
Answer:
The transfer of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad) in the Deccan. Two major reasons prompted the sultan to take the decision.

1. Central location : With the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate into the Deccan, Devagiri was centrally located and nearly equidistant from Delhi and other important places.
2. Mongol invasions : Repeated Mongol attacks posed a great threat to Delhi. Daulatabad was at a safe distance from the invaders.
   Consequences : In the absence of the sultan, Delhi was now exposed to renewed attacks by the Mongols. Realizing his folly, Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital back to Delhi after 2 years. The people were ordered to return. The suffering and mental agony caused great resentment. The experiment was a dismal failure. It had drained the treasury and reduced the grand and prosperous capital of Delhi to a mere shadow of its former self. Daulatabad, a monument of misdirected energy, became a deserted city.

Question 7.
What arrangements did Muhammad bin Tughlaq make to achieve his ambition of a world empire? Why did his scheme fail?
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq dreamt of establishing a world empire. For this he decided to conquer Khurasan, Persia and Iraq. He mobilized a huge army for it and equipped it and paid one full year’s salary in advance. But later he realized that it was not easy to send such a large army across the snowy Himalayan passes. So this scheme failed and it even drained the wealth of the Royal treasury.

Question 8.
What was the condition of the Delhi Sultanate at the end of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign?
Answer:
The condition of the Delhi Sultanate was in a state of decay and disintegration after twenty five year of reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Question 9.
To what would you attribute the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s schemes – personal character or prevailing conditions? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Both personal character and prevailing conditions were responsible for the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. In personal side he lacked practical sense and was not able to predict things whereas on other side, conditions prevailing were also not favourable. People were backward and did not respond to new ideas and radical reforms.

Question 10.
What evidence do we have to prove that Alauddin was a patron of art and learning?
Answer:
Alauddin was a patron of art and learning which can be seen clear from the large and beautiful monuments built during his reign. There were many learned scholars and poet in his court. Amir Khusrau, the famous Persian poet was one of them.
The Alai Darwaza is one of the most beautiful architecture of that time. He also built many beautiful palaces and mosques. The Siri Fort and the Palace of Thousand Pillars are good examples of it.

G Picture study :
This is a picture of the most beautiful specimen of Khilji architecture, which was added as an entrance to the Qutb complex in Delhi.

Question 1.
Identify the monument.
Answer:
Alai Darwaja.

Question 2.
During whose reign was it built?
Answer:
Alauddin Khilji.

Question 3.
With reference to the reign of this ruler, mention two important features of each of the following :

(a) Reorganization of the army
(b) Revenue reforms
(c) Market control policy

Answer:
(a) Alauddin was the first Sultan of Delhi to lay the foundation of a permanent standing army. The size of the standing army was greatly enlarged. Alauddin introduced the system of branding horses and maintaining a descriptive roll of the soldiers. Spies were kept in every unit of the army.
(b) Alauddin introduced certain revenue reforms. The land was measured and the share of the state was fixed. Special revenue officials were appointed to collect the taxes.
(c) Alauddin set up three markets at Delhi – one for food grains, the second for cloth and the third for horses, slaves and cattle. Each market was under the control of an officer called Shahna.

1. The prices of all commodities were fixed and prices of essential items were kept low.
2. Market officers were appointed to keep a strict watch on the prices, weights and the activities of the traders.
3. Anyone caught hoarding goods or cheating customers in price or weight was severely punished
4. State warehouses were set up and stocked with food grains.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
How did Alauddin Khilji win over, the nodes of Jalaluddin to his side?
Answer:
Alauddin Khilji won over the nobles of Jalaluddin to his side by bribing them with rich gifts and higher posts.

Question 2.
Who was the first Turkish ruler to extend his influence in South of the Vindhyas?
Answer:
Alauddin was the first Turkish ruler to extend his influence in South of the Vindhyas.

Question 3.
What is Price control policy?
Answer:
Price control is the practice where the king or government controls the price of goods so that the shopkeepers cannot increase their price.

Question 4.
What revenue reforms were introduced by Alauddin to meet heavy Army expenditure?
Answer:
Alauddin needed a large amount of money to meet the heavy Army expenses and for this he introduced certain revenue reforms like:

(a) He told the officers to measure the land and fix the share of the state.
(b) He appointed special revenue officials to collect the taxes.
(c) He increased the revenue from one-third to half.

Question 5.
Who was Amir Khusrau?
Answer:
Amir Khusrau was a famous Persian poet in the court of Alauddin Khilji.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 7 ICSE Solutions – The Turkish Invasion and the Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate

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EXERCISE

A. Fill in the blanks :

1. Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India seventeen times in the course of twenty five years.
2. Mahmud’s raids exposed the weakness of the northern states and paved the way for the conquest of India.
3. Qutbuddin Aibak took control of Muhammad Ghori’s Indian possessions and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate.
4. Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa, and Gwalior and brought the whole of North India upto the river Narmada under his control.
5. The Caliph of Baghdad recognized Iltutmish as the sovereign of India. He was succeeded by his daughter Razia.

B. Match the following :


Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer :

1. Mahmud of Ghazni was a powerful/weak/inefficient ruler.
Ans. Mahmud of Ghazni was a powerful ruler.

2. Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in territorial expansion in South Asia/Central Asia/West Asia.
Ans. Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in territorial expansion in Central Asia.

3. Firdausi was a great mathematician/historian/poet.
Ans. Firdausi was a great poet.

4. Nasiruddin Mahmud was a weak and inexperienced ruler and the affairs of the state were managed by Balban/Iltutmish/Razia Sultan on his behalf.
Ans. Nasiruddin Mahmud was a weak and inexperienced ruler and the affairs of the state were managed by Balban on his behalf.

5. Iltutmish/Qutbuddin Aibak/Balban never smiled or allowed others to laugh or joke in his court.
Ans. Balban never smiled or allowed others to laugh or joke in his court.

D. State whether the following are true or false :

1. The kingdoms of Ghazni and Ghor were established by the Abbasids.
Ans. False. Correct: The kingdoms of Ghazni and Ghor were established by the Turks.

2. During Mahmud’s time, North India was divided and there was no unity.
Ans. True.

3. Iltutmish failed to crush the power of the governor of Bengal.
Ans. False.
Iltutmish crush the power of the governor of Bengal.

4. Razia Sultan was brave, intelligent and just.
Ans. False.
Correct : Razia Sultan was brave, intelligent and just woman.

5. Balban made the monarchy weak and dependent on the nobles.
Ans. False.
Correct : Balban made the monarchy absolute and all-powerful.

6. Sultan Mahmud annexed Punjab to create a gateway to India for future invasions.
Ans. True.

7. Mahmud of Ghazni was the founder of the Turkish rule in India.
Ans. False.
Correct : Muhammad Ghori was the founder of the Turkish rule in India.

8. Muhammad Ghori was as great a military leader as Mahmud of Ghazni.
Ans. False.
Muhammad Ghori was not as great a military leader as Mahmud of Ghazni.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences :

Question 1.
What happened to the Abbasid Caliphate by the 9th century CE?
Answer:
By the end of the 9th century CE. The once mighty Abbasid empire disintegrated into a number of independent states ruled by the Turks who had earlier served in the armies of the Caliphs.

Question 2.
Name the author of the great epic Shahnama.
Answer:
The Persian poet Firdausi, author of the great epic Shahnama.

Question 3.
What is the significance of the defeat of Prithviraj in the Second Battle of Tarain?
Answer:
The defeat of Prithviraj marked the end of Rajput rule in North India. The kingdom of Delhi passed into the hands of Muhammad Ghori. The throne of Delhi was occupied by Muslim rulers from then till 1858.

Question 4.
Who did Muhammad Ghori appoint as his viceroy?
Answer:
Muhammad Ghori appointed Qutbuddin Aibak as his viceroy before returning to Ghor.

Question 5.
For how many years did the sultans of Delhi rule the country?
Answer:
300 years.

Question 6.
Mention one important reason for the decline of Buddhism in India after the Turkish invasion.
Answer:
Buddhist monasteries and libraries were wantonly destroyed by the Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji. This invasion dealth a death blow to Buddhism in India.

Question 7.
Name the founder of the Turkish kingdom in India.
Answer:
Muhammad Ghori was founder of the Turkish kingdom in India

Question 8.
Why was Qutbuddin known as ‘lakhbaksh’?
Answer:
Lakhbaksh means ‘giver of lakhs’. Qutbuddin Aibak was given this name because of his generosity.

Question 9.
How did Iltutmish save India from the threat of a Mongol invasion?
Answer:
Once Mongol chief, Chenghiz Khan reached the borders of India in search of the Shah of Persia who fled towards India to get shelter but Iltutmish politely refused the Mongol chief to provide refuge and in this way he saved the threat of Mongol invasion.

Question 10.
Why did Iltutmish nominate his daughter Razia as his successor?
Answer:
Iltutmish nominated his daughter Razia as his successor because his sons were inexperienced, weak and worthless ruler and they spent all their time in fun and pleasure loving things whereas Razia was a brave, intelligent and just woman. She possessed all the qualities of a great monarch.

Question 11.
Give any one example to show that Mahmud was a patron of learning.
Answer:
He was a patron of art and learning and enjoyed the company of learned scholars and poets. The Persian poet Firdausi, author of the great epic Shahnama, and the great Persian historian and mathematician A1 Beruni, were among the eminent scholars patronized by Mahmud.

Question 12.
Name the famous Rajput ruler of Delhi and Ajmer.
Answer:
Prithviraj Chauhan, the Rajput ruler of Delhi and Ajmer.

Question 13.
Mention one important reason for the victory of Muhammad Ghori in the Second Battle of Tarain.
Answer:
Prithviraj organized a confederacy of Rajput chiefs to meet the challenge. Unfortunately, the most powerful Rajput ruler, Raja Jaichandra of Kanauj, refused to help him.

F. Answer the following questions briefly :

Question 1.
How did Sultan Mahmud transform his capital, Ghazni? How do we know he was a patron of art and learning?
Answer:
Sultan Mahmud transform Ghazni into a magnificent capital city. Ghazni was adorned with splendid mosques, libraries and a museum.
His court glittered with sparkling pearls, mbis and diamonds. This shows that he was a patron of art and learning.

Question 2.
Discuss the (a) causes and (b) results of the First and Second Battles of Tarain.
Answer:
Muhammad Ghori wanted to envieled his kingdom with India’s wealth. He decided to conquer India.

(a) First Battles of Tarain : In 1191 CE, Ghori attacked Prithviraj Chauhan, the Rajput ruler of Delhi and Ajmer. Prithviraj inflicted a crushing defeat on Ghori in the First

Question 3.
Give any five reasons to prove that Iltutmish was a shrewd, clever and capable ruler.
Answer:

1. The Turkish nobles who had challenged his claim to the throne were suppressed.
2. The revolt of the Khilji governor of Bengal was crushed.
3. The power of his external rivals, the rulers of Ghazni and Multan, was destroyed.
4. A new danger presented itself when the Mongol chief, Chenghiz Khan, reached the borders of India in pursuit of the Shah of Persia (Iran). The Shah had fled towards India in search of Shelter. Iltutmish politely refused to give him refuge and by doing so he saved India from the threat of the Mongol invasion.
5. After having got rid of his enemies, Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa and Gwalior. He brought the whole of North India up to the river Narmada under his control. The Caliph of Baghdad recognized him as the sovereign of India.

Question 4.
Discuss the important developments that took place during the reign of Razia Sultan.
Answer:
The provincial governors rose in revolt against her. Razia tried to crush the revolt but was defeated and imprisoned. She won over the leader of the rebels, Altunia, by marrying him. Their attempt to recover the throne of Delhi ended in failure and both were killed in 1240 CE.

G Picture study :
This is the picture of a Turkish invader who was involved in the Battles of Tarain.

Question 1.
Identify the person in the picture.
Answer:
Muhammad Ghori

Question 2.
Why did he invade India?
Answer:
At the end of the 12th century CE, a new kingdom based in Ghor arose in north – western Afghanistan (near Ghazni). The founder was Ghiyasuddin Ghori. His famous brother. Muizuddin Muhammad, is commonly referred to as Muhammad Ghori decided to conquer India and enrich his kingdom with India’s wealth. He first brought the frontier areas of Multan. Sind and Punjab under his control.

Question 3.
The Battles of Tarain laid the foundations of Turkish rule in North India. Do you agree? Why?
Answer:
Yes. Two years after the Second Battle of Tarain. Muhammad attacked Kanauj and killed Jaichandra. Ghori annexed the Indian territories to his empire and appointed Qutbuddin Aibak as his viceroy before returning to Ghor.

Question 4.
Explain the causes of the success of the Turkish invaders against the Rajputs.
Answer:
Prithviraj organized a confederacy of Rajput chiefs to meet the challenge. Unfortunately, the most powerful Rajput ruler, Raja Jaichandra of Kanauj, refused to help him. The two armies clashed in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE. This time, Muhammad Ghori routed the Rajput army.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What did Mahmud do with the vast treasures he had looted from India?
Answer:
Mahmud used the treasures which he drained away from India by transforming Ghazni into a magnificent capital city.
Many mosques, libraries and museum were built in Ghazni. The court of Ghazni was decorated with sparkling pearls, rubies and diamonds.

Question 2.
What is the significance of Muhammad Ghori’s victory’ in the Second Battle of Tarain?
Answer:
The second battle of Tarain marked the end of the Rajput rule in North India and the kingdom of Delhi passed into the hands of Muhammad Ghori, which remained with the Muslim rulers till 1858. This battle helped Ghori to annex more Northern Indian territories and expand his empire.

Question 3.
What effect did Muhammad Ghori’s invasion of India have on Buddhism in India?
Answer:
Due to Muhammad Ghori’s invasion of India many Buddhist monasteries and libraries were badly destroyed by the invaders. These invasions gave a death blow to Buddhism in India.

Question 4.
Why is Muhammad Ghori’s conquest of North India considered to be a turning point in Indian History?
Answer:
Muhammad Ghori’s conquest of North India is considered to be a turning point in Indian History because within ten years of the Second Battle of Tarain, the powerful Rajputs kingdoms collapsed and India came into the hands of those who ruled over it for the next 300 years, that is the Sultans of Delhi.

Question 5.
Which was the most ambitious and profitable expedition of Mahmud Ghazni?
Answer:
The attack on the Somnath temple in Kathiawar was Mahmud’s most ambitious and profitable expedition.

Question 6.
Throw some light on art and learning during Mahmud Ghazin’s period?
Answer:
Mahmud Ghazni was a patron of art and learning and enjoyed , the company of learned scholars and poets. The Persian poet Firdausi who wrote ‘Shahnama’ and the great Persian historian and mathematician A1 Beruni were among the eminent scholars patronized by Mahmud.

Question 7.
Describe the First Battle of Tarain?
Answer:
The First Battle of Tarain was fought in AD 1191 between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan the Rajput ruler.