ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics Archives

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – A Period of Transition

August 19, 2022June 5, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – A Period of Transition

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

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ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

I.Fill in the blanks :

The Renaissance thinkers believed in life in this World.
The term Reformation refers to two major developments, the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation.
Vasco-da-Gama reached Calicut on the West Coast of India.
The Industrial Revolution began in England in about 1750.
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented a Cotton gin

II.Match the contents of Column A and Column B:

Answer:
Column A Column B

III.State whether the following statements are true or false:

The Renaissance and the Reformation alongwith new voyages ushered in the Modern Age.
True.
The Industrial Revolution began in Germany.
False.
Me Adam devised railway tracks.
False.
The Rise of capitalism and imperialism can be attributed to the industrial Revolution.
True.
The East India Company gradually became rulers from being traders.
True.

IV.Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How did the Renaissance, Reformation and the new geographical discoveries lead to the Modern Age?
Answer:
The Renaissance, Reformation and the new geographical discoveries gradually ushered in the modern age. The Renaissance developed rationalism, humanism, scientific spirit and a spirit of inquiry in people at large. The Reformation led to establishment of Protestant church and Catholic Reformation which rid the churches of many evils and corruption. Religious dogmas and superstitions gave way to a scientific temper and spirit of inquiry among people. The new geographical knowledge led to discovery of new lands which opened new opportunities for trade, travel and further voyages and discoveries.
All these factors gradually ushered in the modern age. These were logically followed by the Industrial Revolution.

Question 2.
Give reasons why did the Industrial Revolution first begin in England?
Answer:
During the later part of the 18th century, England was in the most favourable position for an industrial revolution.

Through her overseas trade, England had accumulated vast profits which could provide the necessary capital.
She had acquired colonies which ensured a regular supply of raw material and markets for finished goods.
England had plenty of natural resources, such as iron and coal existing in vicinity and essential for industries. This provided the basis for new industries.
Due to the enclosure movement, a large army of landless unemployed people was created. Thus, there was abundance of labour force to work in the factories.
England had developed a large shipping industry and had no problem of transportation of raw materials and finished goods abroad.

Question 3.
Discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society, economy and polity.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution had profound effect on society, economy and polity.

The Industrial Revolution resulted in mass production of a variety of goods which had to be exported overseas. This led to acquisition of colonies in Asia and Africa.
Industrialisation resulted in urbanisation. A large part of rural population shifted to cities which became very crowded. This led to problems of housing, rise of slums and problems of health and sanitation.
The Industrial Revolution brought countries and people together.
This led to socio-economic polarisation of people. Two classes of people emerged – the capitalists and workers.This led to hunger for more and more wealth among capitalists, exploitation of workers and shocking social inequalities.

Question 4.
The rise of socialism and communism can be attributed to the reaction against the evils of capitalism
What is the imperialism? Discuss the factors which give rise to imperialism.
Answer:
The practice of establishing a country’s rule and dominance over the economic and political life of people of another country is called imperialism.

The factors which give rise to imperialism were:

Surplus Production: The capitalists asserted influence on their governments to capture colonies so that surplus goods could be sold profitably in colonies of Asia and Africa.
Need for Raw Materials: Growing demand for huge quantities of raw materials to feed the new industries in Europe led to imperialism.
Development of Modern means of Transportation & Communication: Invention of steamships, railways, telephone, telegraph and posts enabled man to conquer space and time. Modern means of transport and communication enabled and facilitated acquisition of colonies.
Pressure of Population: The extra and surplus population in Europe had to be provided basic facilities and new regions to settle down. This led to the establishment of colonies.
Rise of Industrial Capitalism: The surplus capital of industrialists needed to be invested safely. Owners of shipping companies and bankers always looked for new and better opportunities to earn more and more. This obviously led to imperialism.
Ardent Nationalism: Goaded by the spirit of chauvinistic nationalism, the countries of Europe were eager to acquire colonies. Colonies added to the power and prestige of imperialist countries.
Contribution of Christian Missionaries: The zeal to spread Christianity in distant lands of Asia and Africa played a crucial role in the spread of imperialism.
Pretence of ‘Divine task’ to Spread Advance Civilisation: Europeans considered it their divine task to spread the ‘modernised’ European culture in backward areas of Asia and Africa. It was considered a ‘white man’s burden’ to teach civilised customs and manners to the coloured people.

Question 5.
Describe the general impact of imperialism with special reference to South Asia.
Answer:
Imperialism led to acquisition of colonies and colonial rivalries. It eventually led to the First World War (1914-1918) and the Second World War (1939-1945). Imperialism led to political and economic subjugation of Asian and African countries. They became sources of raw materials and dumping grounds for finished goods for European industries. On the postitive side, imperialism led to development of modern infrastructure in colonies. Imperialism also led to national unity as people fought against the colonial power to free their country, so evident in India and Vietnam. India, Sri Lanka and Burma became colonies of England. China was divided into several ‘spheres of influence’ by European powers

V.Tell me why
Question 1.
Most of the countries in South Asia became colonies of Europe.
Answer:
Countries in South Asia had huge population, were backward and could not face the colonial powers. They had huge raw materials and vast markets for goods produced in European countries.The glory of nationalism and national pride was yet to take roots in South Asia. People were disunited.

Question 2.
New inventions and discoveries led to the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
New inventions and discoveries led to rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. Mass production of goods whetted the appetite for profit of industrialists. Development of modem infrastructure led to establishment of industries. Invention of flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, mule, power loom, cotton gin, blast furnace and overall steam engine led to the Industrial Revolution

Additional Questions

EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks:

The Modem Age in India began with the conquest of India by the British.
India was ruled by the British for nearly 200 years.
The two kinds of source material for the Modem period are primary sources and secondary sources.
The Renaissance ushered in revolutionary changes in Europe and marked the transition from the Medieval Age to the Modern Age.
The four characteristic features of the Renaissance period are advent of new and powerful ideas of Humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and spirit of inquiry.

B.Match the Following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

I. In India the Modern Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-i 5th/mid-l8th/mid-i6th century.
Ans. In India the Modern Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid-l8th century.

2. The primary sources for the study of the Modern Period are preserved in archives/banks? factories.
Ans. The primary sources for the study of the Modern Period are preserved in archives.

3. The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, lawyers, teachers etc., formed the upper class? middle class/lower class.
Ans. The wealthy merchants and the professional class consisting of doctors, layers. teachers etc.,formed the middle class.

4. The invention of the printing press/telegraph/telephone helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.
Ans. The invention of the printing, press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers far and wide.

5. Martin Luther was an Italian/a German/a French Christian monk.
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk.

D.State whether the following are true or false:

The source material of the Modern period is of two kinds— primary and secondary
True
Primary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles
False. Secondary sources of history includes books, reviews, reports and articles.
Renaissance scholars shifted the focus from divine affairs to human affairs.
True.
The voyages of discoveries led to a decline of trade and commerce.
False.
The Reformation was also known as the Protestant Movement.
True

E.Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
The history of most nations can be divided into a number of periods. Name them.
Answer:
History in most countries is classified into three periods—ancient, medieval and modem. Each period has some characteristics— political, economic, religious and social — that sets it apart from other period.

Question 2.
What distinguishes one historical period from another ?
Answer:
Historical periods differ from country to country depending on the stage of development of that region.

Question 3.
In what way is the classification of historical periods useful to us ?
Answer:
The classification of historical periods helps to bring a sense of order and continuity to the bewildering array of historical processes that have taken place over centuries of evolution.

Question 4.
When did the Modern Period begin in
(a) Europe
(b) India?
Answer:
Europe the Modern Age started in 15th century. In India the Modem Period is generally regarded as having begun in the mid- 18th century.

Question 5.
Mention any four characteristic features of the Modern Period?
Answer:
The characteristic features of the Modern Period are: urbanization, technological advancement, democratic institutions, fundamental civil liberties, rationalism and humanism and industrialization.

Question 6.
Mention any two (a) primary and (b) secondary source materials of the Modern Period.
Answer:
(a) Many of these primary sources have been preserved in archives and museums.
They include :

Original documents like British official records
Literary works like accounts of European residents, visitors and Indian officials, novels, plays, short stories and poems by British and Indian authors of this period
Historical works by contemporary historians
Artistic works like paintings, sketches engravings and drawings
Photographs, audio cassettes, films and videotapes of incidents and interviews of important personalities
Newspapers in both English and in Indian languages
Archaeological remains like monuments and artifacts
Oral history

(b) Secondary Sources include books, reviews, reports and articles written by historians and scholars who study and research primary source material, interpret evidence and arrive at conclusions.

Question 7.
Why is it important to study developments in Europe to understand the history of modern India ?
Answer:
Since the Modem Age in India began with the advent of the British rule, the roots of the transition from the Medieval Period must be traced to Europe. To understand the impact of British rule on Indian history, it is imperative to understand the changes that were taking place in Europe.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of Renaissance ?
Answer:
A great movement of change and discovery spread across Europe which radically altered the pattern of peoples lives and thinking.This movement, representing a new spirit in every field of life, is referred to as the Renaissance. It is a French word that means ‘rebirth’ or ‘revival’.

F.Answer the following questions briefly:

1.The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Ttirks led to the beginnings of Renaissance in Europe. With reference to this statement answer the following questions:

(a) How did it lead to the revival of classical Greek and Roman learning in Europe ?
Answer:
A large number of Greek scholars fled from Constantinople, (a great centre of classical Greek and Roman learning) to Italy with rare manuscripts. These scholars were patronized and encouraged by the rulers, scholars and the rich Italian merchants of Rome, Florence, Milan and Venice. Libraries were set up and universities were established to promote classical and modem learning.

(b) What effect did it have on the outlook and attitudes of the people of Europe ?
Answer:
The Renaissance, or the revival of classical Graeco-Roman learning, inspired and encouraged people to question and challenge long established ideas and institutions that had been imposed on them by the church and their- kings. They refused to blindly accept the dictates of their rulers and the Church. They demanded to know the truth based on logic and reason and rejected everything that did not satisfy the yardstick of reason. This new spirit of rationalism led to the rise of scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry. This scientific temper and the desire to inquire or seek the truth led to new and varied developments in the fields of art, architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, science and technology.

(c) What effect did it have on trade ?
Answer:
The Renaissance fostered a spirit of exploration and discovery which led to a steady growth of trade and commerce. A new- class of rich merchants emerged in society. These merchants accumulated enormous wealth and helped their rulers to build prosperous, strong and stable states. The king’s dependence on feudal lands gradually declined.

2.With reference to the causes of the Reformation, how did the following contribute to the movement
(a) Renaissance
(b) Evil practices of the Roman catholic Church
(c) Rise of strong and powerful rulers
Answer:
(a)
The Renaissance had radically altered the pattern of thinking and outlook of the people. It had set in motion the advent of new and powerful ideas of humanism, rationalism, scientific spirit and the spirit of Inquiry. These revolutionary ideas unleashed unstoppable forces that completely charged the way people thought and behaved. It was like the awakening of a sleeping giant.People had finally found truthful and rational answers to their questions and discovered the real truth about themselves and their environment. Everything based on blind faith was questioned. The teachings of the Church were rejected and its authority challenged.Even, the invention of the printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance thinkers quickly and far and wide,
(b)
With the passage of time the clergy, with some exceptions, began to lead immoral lives of luxury, wealth and comfort. The monasteries owned nearly one-third of the landed property in Europe. Religious duties and services to mankind were largely ignored or forgotten.The Roman Church levied various taxes such as ‘tithe’ and ‘Peter’s Pence’ on all European Christians under their control. High fees were charged for conducting religious services.Bribery and corruption became common. Church offices were sold, bringing many unworthy people into the Church.The Church also started the practice of selling ‘Indulgences’ to those who had committed sins. It was like a certificate of pardon by God for their sins and a ‘passport to heaven’ without having to undergo any penance.
(c)
With the decline of feudalism in Europe strong rulers emerged. They defied the authority of the Pope and refused to let him interfere in their administrative affairs. They resented the papal taxes and the drain of their wealth to Rome in the form of papal taxes.

G Picture study:

This is a portrait of the German monk who opposed certain activities of the Catholic Church.
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - A Period of Transition 7

Identify the person in the picture.
Ans. Martin Luther.
With which great religious movement is his name associated?
Ans. Reformation movement.
Where was he born and in which country did he lead his movement ?
Ans. Martin Luther was a German Christian monk and preacher at the University town of Wittenburg.
Mention any four effects of the movement started by him.
Ans.
- The church was split up permanently.
  Civil wars broke out in many countries between the Catholics and the Protestants.
- Religious intolerance, hatred and persecution of Protestants in Catholic countries and
- Catholics in Protestant countries became the order of the day, and led to many wars in Europe.
- Religious persecution of the Protestants in England was a major reason for their migration to and colonization of North America (New England). By the end of the 18th century the colonists would establish the United States of America.

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The Judiciary

January 25, 2023June 4, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The Judiciary

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

I. Fill in the blanks:

The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India.
The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 30 other judges.
The judges of the High Court retire at the age of 62 years.
The courts at the district level and below it are known as the subordinate courts.
The Chief Justice of India is J.S. Khehar.

II. Match the contents of Column A with those of Column B:

Answer:

III. Tick mark (✓) the correct statements and cross mark (X) the wrong ones:

The judges of the Supreme Court retire at the age of 60.
X
The President of India is free to remove the judges of the Supreme Court.
X
The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed by the President of India.
✓
The highest criminal court in the district is the munsif court.
X

IV. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why is the Judiciary important?
Answer:
Judiciary is important because criminals and law breakers need to be punished. It is important to explain the meaning of laws, to interpret them and to apply them when and where needed. Legal disputes need to be settled. Without judiciary legal disputes cannot be settled.

Question 2.
What is the composition of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
The Supreme Court Consists of the Chief Justice and not more than thirty other judges. The number of judges in the Supreme Court is fixed by parliament from time to time.

Question 3.
Who appoints the judges? What are the qualifications of a Supreme Court judge?
Answer:
The Chief justice and the other judges are appointed by the President of India. In order to be judge of the Supreme Court, a person must meet the following requirements:

He must be a citizen of India.
He should either be a distinguished jurist.
OR
He should have been a high court judge for at least five years.
OR
He should have been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

Question 4.
Describe the powers and functions of the High Court of India. What type of cases come before the High Courts in India?
Answer:
A High Court of India has to perform many functions and duties of judicial and non-judicial nature.

Original Jurisdictions : Cases relating to Fundamental Rights, divorce, wills and laws relating to marriage can be brought directly to a High Court.
Appellate Jurisdiction : Appeals in civil and criminal cases are made to the High Court against the decision of the subordinate courts.

The High Court supervises the functions of all subordinate courts in the state. It can also transfer a case from a subordinate court to itself or to another subordinate court if necessary. It can also examine their records.

Question 5.
What are the functions of a district judge?
Answer:
The courts at district level and below it are known as the subordinate courts. The administration of justice is conducted by two types of courts civil courts and criminal courts.

The civil courts are the one which decide cases pertaining to money, contracts, marriage, etc. A District Judge is the head of judiciary in a district. His decisions are final. When the District Judge deals with criminal cases, he is known as the Sessions Judge.

Question 6.
Distinguish between civil and criminal cases.
Answer:
Civil cases are those which concern property disputes, contracts, marriage, divorce, etc. Criminal case are those where a crime has been committed e.g., murder, theft, etc.

Question 7.
Explain various types of writs. When are they issued?
Answer:
Supreme Court and High Courts protect Fundamental Rights from being eroded.
They issue the following writs to the offending party:

Habeous Corpus: It can get the body of any person released if it has been illegally captured.
Prohibition: This is an order from a superior court to an inferior court to stop proceedings in a case which might be contemplating to do in excess of its jurisdiction.
Certiorari: The writ is issued by a superior court to a judicial or quasi-judicial authorities in order to quash its order or decision. The difference between Prohibition and Certiorari is that while the former is issued when certain proceedings are still going on, the latter is issued only when the order has already been passed.
Mandamus: It literally means ‘we command’. This writ is thus a sort of command from a superior court to a subordinate court or an administrative authority in case they refuse to exercise their jurisdiction and fail to perform their duty.
Quo Warranto: Such a type of writ is issued by a court to a public servant to enquire into the legality of his holding a public office and to oust him if his claim is not well-founded. Then this writ prevents an unlawful claimant from holding a superior public office.

Additional Questions

EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks:

In India there is a single unified system of courts for the Indian Union and the states.
The Supreme Court of India is located in New Delhi.
To qualify for the post of a judge in the Supreme Court, a person must either be an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years or a judge of a High Court for five years’ standing.
The High Court controls and supervises the functioning of subordinate courts.
The records of the High Court serve as references for lower courts in future cases.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

Disputes between the union government and the state government fall under the Original/Advisory/Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Ans. Disputes between the union government and the state government fail under the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
The District Court/Nyaya Panchayats/Supreme Court has the power of judicial review.
Ans. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review.
The High Court is the highest court of justice in a village/ district/state
Ans. The High Court is the highest court of justice in-a state.
Judges of the High Court can serve till they are 60/62/65 years old.
Ans. Judges of the High Court can serve till they are 62 years old.
The Nyaya Panchayats/Lok Adalats/District Courts were set up to provide quicker and cheaper judicial services.
Ans. The Loh Adalats were set up to provide quicker and cheaper judicial services.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the Prime Minister of India.
False.
No cases can be brought directly to the Supreme Court for the first time.
False.
A High Court is not a court of record.
False.
A Nyaya Panchayat can impose a fine upto ? 10,000.
False.
The process of obtaining justice through law courts is a long-drawn-out and expensive process in our country.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
On what grounds can Supreme Court judges be removed from office?
Answer:
Supreme Court judges can only be removed on grounds of proven misbehaviour or incapacity, through impeachment.

Question 2.
Mention any two kinds of disputes that can be brought directly before the Supreme Court.
Answer:
Following cases can be directly brought before the Supreme Court:

If there are disputes between the Union Government and a State Government or more than one State Government.
Cases concerning the violation of the Constitution by the Government or an individual.

Question 3.
What is the Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
The Supreme Court can advise the President, on request, on legal and constitutional issues. The President may or may not accept the advice.

Question 4.
Why are the records of the cases and judgement of the Supreme Court important?
Answer:
These records serve as references in future cases.

Question 5.
Who appoints the Chief Justice of the High Courts?
Answer:
The President appoints the Chief Justice of the High Court and the other judges in consultation with the Governor of the state and the Chief Justice of India.

Question 6.
What are writs ?
Answer:
A writ is a form of written command, or legal document giving order or direction to a person to act or not to act in a particular way. Some of the writs are the writs of Habeus Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto, etc.

Question 7.
What is a Nyaya Panchayat?
Answer:
Nyaya Panchayat is a small law court at the village level which try petty civil and criminal cases such as trespassing, personal disputes, minor thefts etc.

Question 8.
Why have Lok Adalats been set up?
Answer:
In order to provide quicker and cheaper judicial services, Lok Adalats have been set up.

Question 9.
Why are Lok Adalats becoming popular?
Answer:
Lok Adalats are becoming popular because they provide affordable and speedy justice.

Question 10.
What is the objective of the Legal Aid Scheme?
Answer:
The objective of the Legal Aid Scheme, is to provide free legal aid and legal services to the poorer and weaker sections of the society.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in the country. In this context, explain:

(a) Its original Jurisdiction
(b) Its Appellate Jurisdiction.
(c) Why it is called the guardian of the Constitution.
Answer:
(a) Original Jurisdiction: Certain cases are brought before the Supreme Court directly, for the first time. This happens in cases involving:

Disputes between the union government and one or more state governments.
Disputes between two or more states governments.
Violation of the Constitution by the government or an individual.
Violation of the Fundamental Rights of an individual.

(b) Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court hears appeals against judgements of High Courts. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal and has power to review and change decisions of the High Court.
(c) The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution. It safeguards the Constitution in two ways:

It can cancel a law or an executive order if it is found to violate the Constitution.
It can issue write (orders or directions) for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.

Question 2.
With reference to the powers of the High Court, discuss its:
(a) Original Jurisdiction
(b) Appellate Jurisdiction.
(c) Review and Revisory Jurisdiction
Answer:
(a) Original Jurisdiction: A High Court can hear the cases brought for the first time or we can say original cases if they are concerned with disputes regarding Fundamental rights and election petitions.(b) Appellate Jurisdiction: A High Court has Appellate Jurisdiction where it can hear appeals against judgements passed in Subordinate Courts. The High Court can review and change decisions taken in the Subordinate Courts.
(c) The High Court can review and change decisions taken in the subordinate courts. It can also transfer a case from one court to another. A High Court also controls and supervises the functioning of subordinate courts.

Question 3.
In the context of the judicial system in India, answer the following questions:
(a)
What are the main features of a Nyaya Panchayat?
Answer:
Nyaya Panchayat try petty civil and criminal cases of the village level. They can impose fines upto 100 Rs. only and appeals can be made against decisions taken in the Nyaya Panchayat, to higher courts.

(b)
Why are Lok Adalats are becoming popular in India?
Answer:
Lok Adalats are becoming popular because they provide affordable and speedy justice.

(c)
Mention the sections of society which receive free legal services under the Legal Aid Scheme.
Answer:
Sections of society who receive free legal services under the Legal Aid Scheme are:

People belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other backward classes.
- People who are mentally ill or disabled.
- Women and children.

G Picture study:

This is a picture of the apex Indian court.

Identify it.
Ans. It is Supreme Court of India.
What is the composition of this court?
Ans. It has one Chief Justice and a number of other Judges. At Present, the number of Judges including the Chief Justice cannot exceed twenty-five.
Who appoints the judges?
Ans. The Judge of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers and the Chief Justice of India.
Explain its role as the guardian of the Constitution.
Ans. The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.
It safeguards the Constitution in two ways:

It can cancel a law or an executive order if it is found to violate the Constitution.
It can issue write (orders or directions) for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The United Nations

November 10, 2023May 12, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The United Nations

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

All peace loving nations can become members of the United Nations.
The present number of member-countries in the UNO is 193.
One major goal of the UNICEF was Universal Child Immunisation against preventable diseases by 1990.
The International Court of Justice settles disputes between member states of the United Nations.
The UNESCO came into existence in 1946.

II. Match the content of column A with other of column B

Answer:

III. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why and when was the UNO formed?
Answer:
UNO was established on 24^th October, 1945 to work for world peace and for eradication of poverty, hunger, injustice and to save the world from still another catastrophe of the magnitude of the Second World War.

Question 2.
What are the objectives and principles of the UNO?
Answer:
The following are the objectives of the UNO:

Objectives of United Nations

To save the suceeding generation from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold suffering to mankind.
To reaffirm faith in fundamental Human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human power in the equal rights of men and women, of nations large and small.
To maintain international peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among the nations of world based on respect for the equal rights of people.
To co-operate in solving international problems of social,economic, cultural, and humanitarian character and to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Principles of UNO

The UN has laid down certain principles to achieve the above objectives. These principles are also enumerated in the Charter.

The basis of the organisation shall be equality of all its member-states.
The member-states shall fulfil their obligations honestly according to the charter of the UNO.
All the member-states shall solve their mutual problems through peaceful means.
States will not use force in solving their mutual problems.
All the member-states shall be morally bound to offer unconditional services, military or otherwise, to the UNO for preventive and enforcement actions of the UNO according to the UN Charter.
The members of the UNO shall see that even the nonmembers states work for the peace and security of the world.

Question 3.
Name the chief organs of the UNO and list down theirNo member-state shall interfere in the internal affairs of any other member-state functions.
Answer:
Organs of the UN
There are six principle organs of the UN.

1. The General Assembly Functions

Admits new members to the UNO on the recommendation of the Security Council.
Appoints the General Secretary of the UNO on the recommendation of the Security Council.
Elects ten (temporary) members of the Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council and members of the Trusteeship Council from amongst its own members.
Receives and discussess the reports of its main organs and takes decisions for their improvement.
Can draw the attention of member-states to provide human rights to their citizens.
Passes the annual budget of the UNO and fixes the
Passes the annual budget of the UNO and fixes the share of every member country in providing those funds.
Draws the attention of the Security Council whenever it finds that peace in a particular part of the world is endangered by the actions of one or more states.2

2. The Security Council
Functions
The Security Council’s primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security.

It can ask the fighting states to resolve their differences by bilateral talks.
It may suggest mediation in the matter.
It can suggest embargo (stoppage of trade) on the states who do act according to the directions of the Security Council.
It can order military action against a state which persists in undermining the peace and security of the world.Besides this,
It recommends the admission of a new member to the UNO.
It recommends the name of person for his appointment as the Secretary-General of the UNO.
It elects the Judges of the International Court of Justice concurrently with the General Assembly.
It can ask for the cancellation of the membership of a state, if does not act according to the Charter.
It can recommend to call a meeting of the General Assembly in an emergency.

3. The Economic and Social Council:
The main function of this Council is to promote economic and social operation,among the member states of the UN. There are several groups working under the council. They specialise in subjects like population money matters, international trade and equality of women, crime prevention and control of narcotic drugs.

4. The Trusteeship Council: Its main objective is to safeguard the interests of those territories that are not yet fully self- governing. Eleven such territories were brought under the UN Trusteeship Council after the Second World War. The Council helped ten of them to gain independence.

5. The Secretariat: The personnel of the Secretariat are recruited from all over the world. Attempts are made to have a balanced representation from all regions and countries. The Secretary General is the chief executive officer or the head of the UN Secretariat.

6. The International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice settles disputes between the member-state of the United Nations. Even private citizens have the right to approach the Court whenever they have grievance against another state. The Secretary General holds a key position in the administration of the affairs of the UNO. He organises conferences, drafts reports, makes correspondence, registers treaties, prepares budget estimates.

Question 4.
Name the official languages of the UNO.
Answer:
The official languages of the UNO are – English, French, Russian, Chinese, Arabic and Spanish.

Question 5.
How does the UNO manage its funds?
Answer:
The UNO is financed by the contributions made by its member states. The amount is determined by the General Assembly on the recommendations of its committee on contributions.

Question 6.
Describe the UNO Flag. Draw and colour it.
Answer:
The flag of the UNO represents two bent olive branches open at the top over a blue background. The branches of the wreath symbolise peace.

Question 7.
Name the permanent members of the UNO.
Answer:
Permanent members of the UNO are five – USA, UK, France,’ China and Russia.

Additional Questions

EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks:

The League of Nations was formed in 1920 after the end of the First World War.
Each member state of the UN can send up to Five representatives to the General Assembly.
The Security council is often referred to as the ‘Enforcement Wing’ of the UN.
The five permament members of the Security Council are USA, UK, France, People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation.
The objective of the ECOSOC is to free the world from want.
The WHO is a specialized agency of the UN.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

24 October/22 March/21 June is celebrated as United Nations Day.
Ans. 24 October is celebrated as United Nations Day.
The olive branches on the UN flag symbolize peace/wealth/ truth.
Ans. The olive branches on the UN flag symbolize peace.
The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3/4/5-year term.
Ans. The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a 5-year term.
The International Court of Justice is located in New York City in the USA/The Hague in the Netherlands/Paris in France.
Ans. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague in the Netherlands.
The Secretariat/General Assembty/International Court of Justice is the chief administrative organ of the UN.
Ans. The Secretariat is the chief administrative organ of the UN.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

All the members of the UN are members of the General Assembly.
True.
French is one of the official languages of the UN.
True.
The Trusteeship Council is the most important organ of the UN.
False
Correct: The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN.
UNESCO and UNICEF are specialized agencies of the UN
True.
Most of the world’s problems have disappeared with the end of the Cold War.
False.
Correct: Most of the world’s problems have disappeared with the end of the Cold War. This, however, did not happen.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Mention one important organ of the UN.
Answer:
The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN.

Question 2.
Who are the members of the General Assembly?
Answer:
All the members of the UN are members of the General Assembly.

Question 3.
What is a negative vote by one of the permanent members of the Security Council known as?
Answer:
Veto is the negative vote by any one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council which leads to the cancellation of the resolution.

Question 4.
Why was the Trusteeship Council established?
Answer:
When the UN was first formed, a large number of countries were not free. Many were affected by the war. The Trusteeship Council was established to look after the territories that were under foreign rule and to help them attain self-government.

Question 5.
Why did the UN impose economic sanctions against the South African government?
Answer:
By imposing economic sanctions against the South African government, it played a significant role in challenging the apartheid policy and liberating the South African people from apartheid.

Question 6.
What is the relevance of the UN in today’s world?
Answer:
The need of the hour is to reform and strengthen the UN and to make it strong and effective, capable of healing the wounds of our times and restoring sanity, balance and harmony to our strife-tom world.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
The magnitude and scale of destruction during the Second World War created a great revulsion for war and a passionate yearning for peace.
In this context, explain:
(a) The signing of the Atlantic Charter
(b) The basic rights or the four freedoms guaranteed by the charter
(c) The San Francisco Conference and the establishment of the United Nations
Answer:
(a)
Winston Churchill, the prime minister of Great Britain, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the United States of America, met aboard a battleship off Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean. They signed a document called the Atlantic Charter on 14 August 1941.
(b)
It was agreed that when the war ended, humans must be guaranteed the basic rights or the four freedoms.
The basic rights included:

freedom from want
freedom of speech
freedom of religious belief
freedom from fear

(c)
In June 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco to sign the Atlantic Charter. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 member states. On 24 October 1945, the United Nations was established to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights. 24 October is celebrated as United Nations Day.

Question 2.
With reference to the United Nations discuss:
(a) The UN flag
(b) Any four objetives of the UN outlined in the Preamble of the UN Charter
(c) The obligations of all nations that follow from these objectives
Answer:
(a)
The UN flag depicts two bent olive branches which are open at the top with a world map between them.
The white olive branches and the world map are on a light blue background. The branches symbolize peace.
(b)
The objectives of the UN have been outlined in the Preamble of the UN charter. They are:

To maintain international peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equality.
To achieve international cooperation in solving, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world.
To act as a common platform for harmonizing the activities of various nations for the attainment of the objectives of the UN.
To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which has twice brought suffering to humans.

(c)
This implies that:

All nations, big or small, are equal.
They must all obey the Charter.
All disputes must be settled peacefully.
No force should be used.

Question 3.
With reference to the General Assembly and Security Council of the UN, answer the following questions:
(a) Mention any four functions of the General Assembly.
(b) Explain the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council. What happens when the Security Council cannot take any action because of the veto?
(c) State three important functions of the Security Council.
Answer:
(a)
Important functions of the General Assembly:

To discuss international problems and make recommendations for their solution.
To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
To consider and approve the UN budget.
To elect non-permanent members of the security council members of the economic and social council (ECOSOC) and the trusteeship council.
To supervise the work of the other organs of the UN.
To make recommendations for ‘collective measures, including the use of anned forces’ during a crises (Uniting for Peace Resolution)

(b)
A negative vote by any one of the permanent members would lead to a cancellation of the resolution. This right to prevent action from being taken is known as the right to veto.When no action can be taken by the Security Council because of the veto, the General Assembly can deal with the crisis. It can take whatever action may seem appropriate to restore and maintain world peace.
(c)
Functions of the Security Council:

To investigate international disputes and recommend ways of settling such disputes peacefully.
To call on member states to apply economic sanctions against the aggressor.
To take military action against the aggressor, if necessary.

Question 4.
With reference to the organs of the UN, discuss:
(a) Any three functions of the Economic and Social Coucil (ECOSOC)
(b) The composition and functions of the Internatinal Court of Justice
(c) Any four significant achievements of the UN
Answer:
(a) Functions of the ECOSOC:

To promote economic growth and social progress (z’z) To create a spirit of respect for human rights
To solve problems related to health, illiteracy, drugs, employment, status of women etc.
To supervise the work of various specialized agencies such as World Health Organization (WHO), United
Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), International Labour Organization (ILO) Food and Agricultural organization (FAO), etc.

(b)
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) consists of 15 judges from different countries, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Each judge has a 9- year term. Two judges cannot be from the same country.

Functions of International Court of Justice:

To settle disputes brought to it by member nations.
To give legal advice to the other organs of the UN, on request.

(c). Achievement of the UN

Although it has not been able to prevent war, in many cases, it has taken effective action to restore peace, e.g., the Korean War, the Suez Canal crisis, the Gulf War, etc.
Many countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Morocco, have achieved their independence with support from the UN.
By imposing economic sanctions against the South African government, it played a significant role in challenging the aparthied policy and liberating the South African people from aparthied rule.
It has worked consistently for the protection and preservation of human rights around the world.
It has worked actively to end the nuclear arms race and encouraged the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
It has achieved great success in the fields of labour, health, welfare of children and education by fighting poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, hunger and disease through its specialized agencies.

G Picture Study:

This buliding is the headquarters of an international organization which was established in October 1945 to maintain international peace and security
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The United Nations 7

Name the organization.
Ans. United Nation (UN)
Where are the headquarters of this organization located?
Ans. New York City
Mention four important objectives of this organization.
Ans. The objectives of the UN have been outlined in the Preamble of the UN charter.
They are:
1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equality.
3. To achieve international cooperation in solving, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
4. To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world.
5. To act as a common platform for harmonizing the activities of various nations for the attainment of the objectives of the UN.
6. To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which has twice brought suffering to humans.
Name three major organs of this organization.
Ans.
Organs of the UN:
1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – Great Reformers and Reform Movements

November 10, 2023May 11, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – Great Reformers and Reform Movements

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

The impact of western education led to a great awakening in India.
It was due to Raja Rammohan Roy’s efforts that Lord William Bentinck, the Governor General of India, banned Sati in 1829.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar made a remarkable contribution to the education of girls and uplift of women.
Ramakrishna Paramhansa believed that all religions were just different paths to reach one goal salvation or realisation of God.
Swami Vivekananda wanted people of India to be fearless, self confident and self-reliant.
Swami Dayanand’s slogan was back to the Vedas.
Sir syed Ahmad Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875.
Jyotiba Phule was given the title of Mahatma for his work for uplift of the oppressed classes.

II. Match the contents of Column A and Column B:

Answer:

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

The reform movements took place in Bengal only.
False.
Raja Rammohan Roy’s religious beliefs were based on the Bible.
False.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, as Principal of the Sanskrit College, allowed lower castes to join his college.
True.
Mahadev Govind Ranade advocated worship of Supreme God and condemned the rigidity of the caste system.
True.
Swami Vivekananda attended the Parliament of Religions held at New York in 1980.
False.
The Singh Sabhas founded at Lahore and Amritsar were the first to start a reform movement among the Sikhs.
True.

IV. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What were the main aims of the reformers of the nineteenth century in India? Describe the reforms initiated by Raja Rammohan Roy.
Answer:
The impact of Western culture on India led to a great awakening in India. Many social reformers came forward and advocated changes in society and reforms in Hindu Religion. These reform movements played a major role in modernising India. Raja Rammohan Roy fought against the evil custom of Sati. It was due to his efforts that Lord William Bentinck banned Sati in 1829. He was a strong champion of Women’s Rights and was against child marriage and polygamy. He advocated widow remarriage and advocated that women must be given the right to inheritance.
He was a supporter of western education. He founded Vedanta college for teaching of western as well as Indian learning. He opposed Idol worship, caste system and preached worship of one God only

Additional Questions

EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks:

Sati was banned by Lord William Bentinck with the support of progressive Indians like Bruhmo samaj.
The first Indian school for girl was established in Calcutta in 1849 by Drinkwater Bethune with the support of Vidyasagar.
Vidyasagar was a great champion of widow remarriage, which was legalized by Lord Dalhousie.
The most ardent follower of Ramakrishna Paramahansa was Narendranath Datta, later known as Swami Vivekananda.
Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement in India.
The Prarthana Samaj was founded by R. G Bhandarkar and Mahadev Govind Ranade

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

Swami Dayanand/Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar/Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Arya Samaj in 1875.
Ans. Swami Dayanand founded the Arya Samaj in 1875.
Veeresalingam/Sri Narayan Guru/R. G Bhandarkar was referred to as the ‘Vidyasagar of South India’
Ans. Veeresalingam was referred to as the ‘Vidyasagar of South India’.
Dadabhai Naoroji/Mahadev Govind Ranade/Syed Ahmed Khan was an outstanding social reformer in Parsee society.
Ans. Dadabhai Naoroji was an outstanding social reformer in Parsee society.
Swami Dayanand/Syed Ahmed Khan/Dadabhai Naoroji founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875.
Ans. Syed Ahmed Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875.
The Sikh reformers launched the A kali Movement/Aligarh Movement/Arya Samaj against the corrupt management of the gurudwaras.
Ans. The Sikh reformers launched the Akali Movement against the corrupt management of the gurudwaras.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy propagated widow remarriage.
True.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar supported Lord William Bentinck to banning sati.
False
Correct : Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar supported Lord William Bentinck on Hindu widow Remarriage Act.
Dayanand Saraswati believed that the Vedas were the fountainhead of all knowledge and truth.
True.
Ramakrishna Paramahansa was a priest in the temple of Goddess Lakshmi at Calcutta.
True.
Swami Vivekananda believed that the regeneration of the society is the responsibility of every Indian.
True.
Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer in Maharashtra.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Mention any two evil social practices against which the Brahmo Samaj launched a relentless struggle.
Answer:
The Brahmo Samaj launched a relentless struggle against the following evil social practices:

Sati Practice
Caste distinctions and untouchability
Child Marriage
Poloygamy

Question 2.
What effect would the social regeneration that took place in the 19th century have on India’s future?Answer:
Due to social regeneration there was rise of nationalism and the growth of the national movement.

Question 3.
Who established the Ramakrishna Mission and why?
Answer:
Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda to propagate the teachings and ideals of Ramakrishana Paramahansa. The main ideas of this Mission are

Selfless social service
Spread of
Removal of ignorance
Social inequalities

Question 4.
Mention any two social reforms advocated by Syed Ahmed Khan.
Answer:
To introduce social reforms Syed Ahmed Khan focused on the backward condition of the women. He advocated the removal of education for women and opposed polygamy.

Question 5.
Why was the Singh Sabha set up in Punjab ?
Answer:
The Singh Sabha was set up in Amritsar and Lahore for religious and social reforms among the Sikhs.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
The central figure in the Indian Renaissance was Raja Ram Mohan Roy-the pioneer of the Modern Age in India. In this context answer the following questions:

Discuss briefly Raja Ram Mohan’s views and ideas on religious reform within Hindu society.
What was the programme of the Brahmo Samaj?
Explain Raja Ram Mohan’s views on education.

Answer:
(a)
To reform society, it was important to first reform religion.
He propagated the following religious ideas based on rationalism and the philosophy of the Vedas.

There is only one God who is the creator and preserver of the universe.
All men are children of the one god of all human beings and therefore equal.
It was not necessary to worship idols and perform rituals and sacrifices. God could be reached through prayer and devotion.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy condemned the domination of the priests who were responsible for misleading the people and perpetuating ritualism and socio-religious practices like sati.

He published Bengali translations of the Vedas and the Upanishads to prove that all the ancient religious texts preached monotheism.
(b)
The Brahmo Samaj launched a relentless struggle against the following evil social practices:

Sati Practice
Caste distinctions and untouchability
Child Marriage
Poloygamy

The Brahmo Samaj supported:

Education of women
Widow remarriage

(c)
Raja Mohan Roy was a great champion of Modem Western education. He believed it would serve as an instrument for the spread of progressive ideas and accelerate the pace of social change. He believed that the salvation of India lay in adopting western principles of reason and humanism and acquiring the knowledge of Modem science.

Question 2.
With reference to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, an outstanding social and religious reformer, discuss his contribution in the following fields:

Education in Sanskrit College
Women’s education
Widow remarriage

Answer:
(a) Education in Sanskrit College:
Vidyasagar denounced caste discrimination and as the principal of the Sanskrit College he admitted non-brahmana students. He was strongly opposed to the monopoly of the brahmanas on the study of Sanskrit and the ancient Vedic texts.
(b) Women’s education:
Vidyasagar was a staunch supporter of women’s education and helped Drinkwater Bethune to establish the first Indian school for girl in Calcutta in 1849. As inspector of school he opened thirty five schools for girls.
(c) Widow remarriage:
The great misery and sufferings of the Hindu widows in Bengal pained him deeply. He started a bold movement advocating the remarriage of widows. His efforts bore fruit. Lord Dalhousie passed the widow Remarriage Act in 1856. The first legal Hindu Widow remarriage was celebrated in Calcutta in December 1857, with the support of Vidyasagar.

Question 3.
Many great humanists and social reformers propagated their ideas in an effort to arrest the stagnation of Indian society. In this context, discuss:
(a) The Arya Samaj
(b) Vivekananda’s belief and achievements
(C) The Prarthana Samaj
Answer:
(a)
Swami Dayanand founded a society known as Arya Samaj in 1875.
The Social reforms advocated by Arya Samaj are on the following practices

Caste system and untouchability
Child marriage

The Samaj supported and encouraged

Education for Women
Widow remarriage

(b)
Swamiji proclaimed the essential unity of all religions and emphasized the importance of religious tolerance, brotherhood, peace and harmony among Indians. He condenmed the caste system social and economic inequalities, superstitions and ritualism and urged Indians to act responsibly
(c)
It was founded in Bombay Under the supervision of R.G. Bhandarkar and Mahadev Govind Ranade. It worked on the same lines as the Brahmo Samaj and worked for the abolition of caste system, polygamy, child marriage.

Question 4.
Write short notes on the following:
(a) Ram Mohan Roy’s achievements in the field of education
(b) Jyotiba Phule
(c) Reforms among Parsees
Answer:
(a)
Raja Mohan Roy opened an English medium school which combined traditional Indian learning with Western knowledge. He assisted David Hare, a Scottish watchmaker, to establish the Hindu College in Calcutta. He also founded the Vedanta College which offered courses of study in Indian learning and Western sciences.
(b)
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were dedicated social reformers in Maharashtra. Jyotirao was popularly known as Mahatma Phule. He challenged the superiority of the brahmanas and the authority of the scriptures. He took up the cause of the low-caste members of society. He organized Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 to mobilize the low-caste members and oppressed sections of society in a movement for equality. He also pressed for the education of girls.
(c)
In reform movement among the Parsees an association was set up and it started a movement against religious orthodoxy. Modem ideas and changes were introduced to elevate the position of the Parsee women. Education of woman, raising the marriageable age of girls and widow remarriage were some of the major concerns of the reforms.

Question 5.
With reference to the reform movements in various parts of India, discuss:

Reform movement in South India
The Aligarh Movement
Reforms among the Sikhs

Answer:
(a)
Veeresalingam, a prominent social reformer in South India, was deeply disturbed by the deplorable condition of Women in general and widow remarriage and education for women in particular .Sri Narayan Gum carried on a lifelong struggle against the caste system. His crusade was based on the principle of one caste, one religion, one god for mankind.
(b)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started a reform movement called the Aligarh Movement. He had a significant role in awakening the Muslims to the need to change with the times. He believed that only through Western education and knowledge of English, the Muslim community could progress and scientific temper be developed. His greatest achievement was the foundation of Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875. This College later on grew into the Aligarh Muslim University.
(c)
The Singh Sabha was set up in Amritsar and Lahore for the religious and social reforms among Sikhs. It set up the Khalsa college in Amritsar and opened many schools and promoted the Gurumukhi script and Punjabi literature.

G Picture Study

This is the painting of the Indian social reformer considered to be the ‘Father of Indian Renaissance.’

Question 1.
Name the person.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Question 2.
What were his views on religion?
Answer:
A comparative study of the Vedas, the Koran and the Bible (the old Testament and New Testament) convinced Raja Ram Mohan Roy about the basic unity in the fundamental truths of ail religions. According to him religion was central to an individual’s life. Every aspect of social life revolved around religious beliefs. He propagated the religious ideas based on the philosophy of the Vedas.

There is only one God who is the creater and preserver of the universe/monotheism)
All men are children of the ‘one God of all human beings’ and therefore equal (brotherhood of man)
It was not necessary to worship, idols and perform rituals and sacrifices. God could be reached through prayer and devotion.

Question 3.
Name the society established by him in 1828.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded a society’ called the Sabha Brahmo (1828) which later became Brahmo Samaj.

Question 4.
Mention the social practices against which this society- launched a relentless struggle.
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj launched a relentless struggle against the following social practices Sati. Caste distinctions and untouchability. Child marriage Polygamy

Question 5.
Mention two important social reforms supported by this society.
Answer:
Education of Women, Widow Remarriage.

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The American Civil War

November 10, 2023May 11, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics – The American Civil War

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

I.Fill in the blanks:

The Civil War in the USA lasted for four years.
President Lincoln was assassinated in the year 1865.
The Northern states were mainly industrialised but in the South agriculture was the most important occupation.
The Southern farmers grew cotton and tobacco.
The Southern farmers needed slaves to work in their fields.
The anti-slavery people were called Abolitionists.
An Underground railroad was created to help the slaves to escape to Canada.
The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of America made the Southern states to separate from the Union.
In January 1863 President Lincoln abolished slavery.
The (Confederacy General Robert E. Lee surrendered to the Union; General U.S. Grant.

II.Match the contents of Column A and Column B:
Column A Column B

Answer:

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

Slavery was introduced in the United States in 1619.
False.
When the Civil War broke out, the whole country practised slavery.
False.
The Northern states considered slavery a blot on the fair name of the country.
True.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel, highlighted the ugly side of slavery.
True.
The Underground Railroad was a railway that carried slaves to Canada.
True.
The question of States’ Rights was also a cause of the Civil War.
True.
The Southern states established a new nation — the Confederate States of America.
True.
Abraham Lincoln is remembered for abolishing slavery and saving the Union.
True.

IV.Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why was slavery important for the Southern States?
Answer:
The Southern states had large cotton and tobacco plantations. Slaves were a vital part of their economy. These plantations totally depended on slave labour. Without slave labour agriculture would suffer in the South.

Question 2.
Name the states which established the Confederation.
Answer:
Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas seceded from the union and established a new nation i.e., the Confederate States of America. They chose their own President Jefferson Davis in February 1861.

Question 3.
Describe Abraham Lincoln’s role in the Civil War.
Answer:
As soon as Abraham Lincoln was elected President of USA in 1860, Southern states like Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana & Texas separated from the union. They established the Confederate States of America. When the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln declared blockade of Southern Ports and the Civil War began in 1861. The President made a proclamation for Emancipation of slaves. The War dragged on for four years and in the end the south surrendered. In January 1863, Lincoln abolished Slavery. Lincoln not only fought slavery but also fought for the preservation of the union. The seceding states were treated as rebels. This won the sympathy of foreign powers specially Great Britain. He fought a war to save the union and banish slavery.

Question 4.
Why did the North oppose slavery?
Answer:
The Northern states shunned slavery and considered it a blot on the name of their country. For one thing, unlike the Southerners they did not depend on slave labour for their economy. The Northern states were comparatively prosperous than the Southern states due to rapid industrial progress and trade. The Southern states were generally backward.

Question 5.
Describe the three main causes of the Civil War.
Answer:
Slavery was the main issue. The Northerners more prosperous and industrialised had abolished slavery. For southern states mostly agriculturists, slavery was a vital part of their economy. Anti slavery movements in the North made relations worse between North and South.The Southern states wanted no interference by the Federal Government in their state affairs. Lincoln’s election as President in November 1860 and Southern states seceding from the Union led to Civil War in 1861.

Question 6.
What were the main results of the Civil War?
Answer:
Nearly all the fighting had taken place on the Southern soil, so they suffered heavy damages. There was a period of reconstruction and it took a few decades for the Southern states to recover from the wounds of the Civil War. Slavery was abolished from the United States. The problem of secession also ended and the Federal Government became the Supreme Authority in the United States. The Civil War speeded up the economic revolution of the country on an unprecedented scale.

V.Picture Study:

Question 1.
Identify and name the personality.
Answer:
President Abraham Lincoln.

Question 2.
Why is he considered one of the greatest presidents of USA?
Answer:
He was a great statesman. He was a great orator. His Gettysburg speech is one of the most quoted speeches in the world. His proclamation of Emancipation prevented foreign nations from helping the southern states. He ended slavery in USA and saved the union from breaking up. He served the nation with dedication and devotion.

Question 3.
Write a short note about his childhood.
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln was bom in 1809 in a log cabin in Kentucky. He lived a life of hardship doing manual work. He served in Illinois Legislature from 1834 for eight years. He retired from politics for some time and worked as a sucessfiil lawyer in Illinois. He re-entered politics in 1858 and contested foi the senate. He lost to Stephen A Douglas.

Question 4.
Do you agree with the definition of democracy as given by him?
Answer:
Slavery was abolished from the United States. The problem of secession also ended and the Federal Government became the Supreme Authority in the United States. The Civil War speeded up the economic revolution of the country on an unprecedented scale.

Additional Questions

EXERCISE
A.Fill in the blanks:

In the first half of the 19th century the only available source of labour in the United States of America was slaves.
The issue of slavery posed a serious threat to the integrity of the American nation.
The famous book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Abraham Lincoln, who became the president of the United States of America in 1860 was determined to save the slaves at all costs.
The American Civil War was fought on the issue of secession

B.Match the Following

Answer:

C.Choose the correct answer:

The anti-slavery movement began in the northern/southern/ eastern states of the United States of America.
Ans. The anti-slavery movement began in the northern states of the United States of America.
The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin exposed the horrors of slavery/ war/famine.
Ans. The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin exposed the horrors of slavery.
Jefferson Davis/Abraham Lincoln/Stonewall Jackson was appointed the president of the Confederate States of America.
Ans. Jefferson Davis was appointed the president of the Confederate States of America.
Abraham Lincoln/efferson Davis/Ulysses Grant abolished slavery in America.
Ans. Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery in America.
The northern/southern/eastern states decided to break away from the Union and form a Confederacy of their own.
Ans. The southern states decided to break away from the Union and form a Confederacy of their own.

D.State whether the following are true or false:

The southern states of America began an anti-slavery movement.
False.
Correct : The north states of America began an antislavery movement.
Abraham Lincoln became the 14th president of the United States in 1860.
False.
Correct : Abraham Lincoln became the 16th president of the United States in 1860.
The Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery.
False.
Correct : It was fought becuase the southern states had left the Union, i.e., on the issue of secession.
The American Civil War (1861-65) was one of the most bitter wars in the history of mankind
True.
After the American Civil War Lincoln made plans to repair the damages of the war and heal the wounds of the South.
True

E.Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
What were the two major developments that took place in the United States of America in the first half of the 19th century?
Answer:
The two major developments that took place during this period were:

The great westward expansion and
Industrial growth and development.

Question 2.
Why was raw cotton from the southern states in the USA sent to Lancashire in England?
Answer:
Cotton was shipped to the cotton mills in Lancashire in England, where the Industrial Revolution had created a huge demand for raw material.

Question 3.
Why were slaves considered a ‘necessity’ in the southern states of the USA?
Answer:
The southern states claimed that they needed slaves for their cotton and sugar plantations. Thus, slaves who provided cheap labour were considered a ‘necessity’ in the predominantly agricultural southern states.

Question 4.
Why is Abraham Lincoln described as the ‘Great Emancipator’?
Answer:
Lincoln was determined to save the Union at all costs-at the cost of war, if necessary. Civil war broke out in 1861. In 1863, Lincoln abolished slavery in the South. He remains enshrined in the hearts of free people as the ‘Great Emancipator’.

Question 5.
Why did Lincoln declare war on the Confederacy? .
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln was determined to save the Union at all costs so he declared war on the southern confederacy.

Question 6.
Why was the Confederacy defeated?
Answer:
North with its superior resources wore down the Confederacy. Lee surrendered to the Union general, Ulysses Grant, in April 1865. The Civil War came to an end.

Question 7.
What fact was permanently established as a result of the Civil War?
Answer:
It had established the fact that the American federation was an indestructible Union of States and no state had the right to secede.

Question 8.
Why had the Civil War impoverished the southerners?
Answer:
The war had been fought mainly in the South, and had resulted in the impoverishment of the southerners.

F.Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
One of the great changes that took place in the United States of America in the first half of the 19th century was industrial growth and development. In this context, discuss:
(a) The serious problems arising from the cotton-growing industry in the southern states
(b) The anti-slavery movement leading to the growing tensions between the slave states and the abolition states
(c) The impact of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s famous book on the north-south conflict.
Answer:
(a) The cotton-growing industry gave rise to serious problems in the United States. As the plantations increased, so did the demand for labour. The only available source of labour in those days was the slaves brought in from Africa and living in America. The issue of slavery would eventually turn into an explosive problem that would threaten the very existence of the American Union.

(b) An anti-slavery movement began in the northern states of America.The industrialized northern states did not need slave labour in their industries and, on the whole did not approve of slavery. The southern states on the other hand claimed that they needed slaves for their cotton and sugar plantations.Thus, slaves who provided cheap labour were considered a ‘necessity’ in the predominantly agricultural southern states.The southerners were often needlessly cruel and harsh in their treatment of slaves. This outraged many northerners and the tension between the slave states of the South and the abolition states of the North began to grow.

(c) Harriet Beecher Stowe published her famous book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which highlighted and exposed the horrors of slavery and the miseries of the slaves. This book had a profound influence on the northern states and their antislavery campaign began to gather momentum. The southern states threatened to secede or break away from the Union and form a confederacy of their own.

Question 2.
Abraham Lincoln became the president of the United States during a very critical phase of American history. In this context discuss:

(a) Lincoln’s views on slavery
(b) The Gettysburg address in 1863
(c) The secession of the southern states and its consequences
Answer:
(a) Lincoln’s views on slavery were well known. He thoroughly despised slavery, which he believed was a vicious and brutal system. He was uncompromisingly opposed to slavery. Human bondage was a negation and gross violation of democracy.

(b) In the famous Gettysburg address in 1863, Lincoln justified the abolition of slavery on grounds of the cherished principles of liberty and equality of the founding father of the United States of America. ‘Four score and seven years ago,’ he declared, ‘our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us. . .that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

(c) The southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis was appointed the President of the Confederacy.Lincoln was determined to save the Union at all costs-at the cost of war, if necessary. Civil war broke out in 1861. The southerners fought with determination and courage. They had brilliant generals like Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, under whose leadership they initially won a number of victories.Gradually, however, the North with its superior resources wore down the Confederacy. Lee surrendered to the Union general, Ulysses Grant, in April 1865. The Civil War came to an end. It had established the fact that the American federation was an indestructible Union of States and no state had the right to secede.The war had been fought mainly in the South, and had resulted in the impoverishment of the southerners.

Question 3.
With reference to the American Civil War answer the following questions:
(a) Explain briefly the nature and fundamental cause of the Civil War.
(b) Give a brief account of the course of the Civil War
(c) State the positive and negative results of the war.
Answer:
(a) The American Civil War (1861-65) was one of the most bitter civil wars in history; nearly 7 lakhs people lost their lives. The Civil War, however, was not fought over the issue of slavery. It was fought because the southern states had left the Union, i.e., on the issue of secession. According to Lincoln, no state had the right to secede from the Union. Therefore, the Confederacy had to be defeated and the Union restored.

(b) Initially the Southern States became successful in the battle field under the president ship of Jefferson Davis, but afterwards Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, for all slaves, so the South was deprived of the help of the slave population. Soon the Northern forces captured New Orleans followed by Vicksburg. So the Confederate States were cut into two parts and the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, proved a great blow to the Southern States and in 1865, General Lee was forced to surrender at Appomattox Court House. The Civil War came to an end in 1865 with the victory of the Northerns due to more wealth and resources along with the powerful Federal Navy.

(c) Civil War of America caused a great loss of Men and Money, so remarkable changes occurred in the history of America. Now the phase of rapid economic growth started both in the North and South. Both industries and scientific farming were started for solid material development. Development of roads and railways, settlement of Tariff policy, foundation of banking system, abolition of slavery and the national unity, etc. are the who some results and America became an active participant in international affairs. Democracy and Federalism became the main features of the destiny of America.

G Picture study:

This is a portrait of the 16th president of the United States of America.
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 History and Civics - The American Civil War 7
Question 1.
Name the president.
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States of America.

Question 2.
Discuss his views on the institution of slavery.
Answer:
Linclon thoroughly despised slavery which he believed was a vicious and brutal system.He was uncompromisingly opposed to slavery.

Question 3.
How did he define democracy?
Answer:
Lincoln defined democracy as “Government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Question 4.
Why did he declare war on the southern states?
Answer:
He declared War on the southern states because these states had left the union i.e., On the issue of secession. According to Lincoln, no state had the right to secede from the Union. Therefore, the confederacy had to be defeated and the union restored.