Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Archives

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions The Flower

January 25, 2023May 31, 2022 by Veerendra

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions The Flower

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 The Flower. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 The Flower

Exercise 1

Solution A.

(d) large colourful bracts
(d) It has all the four whorls.
(c) Ovary
(c) Ovule
(d) Androecium and gynoecium

Solution B.1.

Column A	Column B
(a) Polyadelphous	(i) Bombax
(b) Pollen grains	(ii) Pollen sac
(c) Free petals	(iii) Polypetalous
(d) Non-essential	(iv) Calyx, corolla
(e) Sweet fragrant fluid	(v) Nectar

Solution C.1.

(a) Incomplete flower – If one or more sets of floral structures are missing, the flower is called incomplete flower. E.g. American elm.

(b) Staminate flower – A unisexual flower which contains only the stamens, i.e., male parts of a flower is called male or staminate flower. E.g. Eastern cottonwood.

(c) Pistillate flower – A flower which contains only the carpels, i.e., female parts of a flower is called female or pistillate flower. E.g. Date palm.

(d) Bisexual flower – A flower which contains both stamens and carpels is called bisexual or hermaphrodite flower. E.g. Hibiscus.

Solution C.2.

Flower	Inflorescence
Flower is a specialized shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral structures.	Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plant.

(b) Petals and Petaloid sepals

Petals	Petaloid sepals
Petals are non-essential parts of a flower which help in protection of reproductive parts and make the flower attractive for pollination.	Undifferentiated petals and sepals together form the perianth. When perianth is non-green, it is called a petaloid.

Solution C.3.

(a) Placenta:

Location: Cushion or swollen region in the ovary
Function: Gives origin to ovules

(b) Thalamus:

Location: Tip of the flower stalk
Function: Bears all the parts of the flower

(c) Anther:

Location: Part of the stamen
Function: Produces male gametes or pollen grains

(d) Stigma:

Location: Terminal knob-like part
Function: Serves as the landing place for pollen grains during pollination

Solution C.4.

(a) The androecium of pea flower is diadelphous because the filaments of anther are united in two bundles. In case of pea, out of ten, nine stamens form a staminal tube while one is free.
(b) Ray florets of sunflower are neuters because both male and female reproductive organs are lacking or absent.
(c) Salvia sepals are petaloid because the three sepals are united and are red in colour like petals. Hence, they are undifferentiated from the petals.
(d) China rose stamens are epipetaloid because they arise from the base of the petals.

Solution D.1.

Types of androecium in flowers:

Polyandrous: When the stamens of a flower are free, the condition is called polyandrous.
Monadelphous: When the filaments of anthers in a flower are fused into one group, the condition is called monadelphous.
Diadelphous: When the filaments of anthers in a flower are fused into two groups, the condition is called diadelphous.
Polyadelphous: When the filaments of anthers in a flower are fused into more than two groups, the condition is called polyadelphous.

Solution D.2.

(a) China rose: Monadelphous
(b) Bombax: Polyadelphous
(c) Pea: Diadelphous

Solution E.1.

(a) The flower is of Sweet pea.
(b) Standard: Outermost petal which is large and broad
Wings: The two lateral petals are in the form of wings
Keel: Two wings enclose two inner petals which unite to form a keel

Solution E.2.

1: Anther; 2: Filament: 3: Ovule: 4: Placenta; 5: Stigma;
6: Style; 7: Ovary; 8: Petal; 9: Sepal; 10: Receptacle/Thalamus

Solution E.3.

(a) Figure A represents stamen. Stamens collectively form Androecium.
(b) Contents of the pollen sacs in B are male gametes.
(c) The contents of the pollen sacs would come out through agents like air, wind, insects leading to pollination in flowers.

Solution E.4.

When a flower arises in the axil of a leaf-like structure, this structure is known as bract. Because bracts are large and brightly coloured structures, they are often mistaken for petals. This helps to attract insects for pollination.

Solution E.5.

Condition of androecium	Explanation	Example of flower
Monadelphous	Filaments of the anthers in a flower are fused into one group	Hibiscus
Diadelphous	Filaments of the anthers in a flower are fused into two groups	Pea
Polyadelphous	Filaments of the anthers in a flower are fused into more than two groups	Bombax

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Diseases: Cause And Control

November 9, 2023May 28, 2022 by Veerendra

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Diseases: Cause And Control

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 16 Diseases: Cause And Control. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 16 Diseases: Cause And Control

Exercise 1

Solution A.

(c) pandemic
(d) Bacillus
(d) AIDS
(c) Anopheles mosquito
(d) Entamoeba

Solution B.1.

(a) F (False). Filariasis is transmitted by the Culex mosquito.
(b) T (True)
(c) F (False). BCG vaccine is used for tuberculosis.
(d) F (False). Louis Pasteur discovered a cure for rabies.
(e) F (False). AIDS is caused by a virus.
(f) T (True)
(g) T (True)
(h) F (False). Chicken pox and hepatitis are viral diseases.
(i) T (True)
(j) F (False). AIDS is caused by HIV virus.
(k) T (True)
(l) F (False). Smallpox has been eradicated from India.
(m) F (False). The disease filariasis is caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti.

Solution B.2.

AIDS : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Solution B.3.

(a) Viruses
(b) BCG
(c) Lungs
(d) AIDS
(e) Vaccine
(f) Tsetse fly
(g) Virus
(h) Elephantiasis

Solution C.1.

Infection: The transmission of disease from one person to another is called infection.
Pathogen: Disease-causing micro-organism is called a pathogen.
Incubation period: Incubation period is the period between the entry of germs and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease.
Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate hypersensitivity allergy is called an allergen.

Solution C.2.

The different ways in which infectious diseases can spread are as follows:

Direct contact: Person to person, animal to person and expected mother to child
Indirect contact: Doorknob, phone, etc.
Droplet transmission: Sneezing, coughing, etc.
Particle transmission: Air particles can transfer infectious diseases
Bites and Stings: Mosquitoes, lice, ticks, etc.
Food Contamination: Food, beverages, etc.

Solution C.3.

NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES	CAUSE OF THE DISEASE
Asthma	Allergy
Cataract	Ageing
Beri-Beri	Nutritional deficiency
Cancer	Carcinogens like chemicals, tobacco smoking, pollution etc.

Solution C.4.

It is important to know how the germs leave the body of a patient as there are some diseases and infections which are transmitted through air, water or just by direct contact. Therefore, to take precautions and protect others from further infections, it is a must to know how the germs leave the body of an infected person.

Solution C.5.

Causative germ of AIDS:

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)

Transmission of AIDS:

(a) Sexual intercourse
(b) Mother to child transmission
(c) Contaminated blood transfusions

Solution D.1.

(a) BCG: It is a vaccine which is effective against the bacterial disease tuberculosis (TB). It develops immunity to TB. BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette Guerin.

(b) Incubation period: It is the period between the entry of germs and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. Example: Incubation period of pneumonia is 1-3 days.

(c) Chicken pox: It is a viral disease caused by the Herpes Varicella zoster virus. It spreads rapidly by close contact with an infected person. A live attenuated vaccine containing Varicella is administered to children of 12-18 months for active immunisation.

(d) Hepatitis A: It is a viral disease caused by Hepatitis A virus which results in inflammation of the liver. It has an incubation period of 14-45 days. It is mainly transmitted through contaminated food and water.

Solution D.2.

Disease	Causative agent	Symptoms	Prevention
Malaria	Protozoan, Plasmodium	Chills, high fever, profuse sweating, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and body pain	Destruction of mosquitoes at all stages and avoid mosquito bites by using mosquito nets or repellents
Chicken pox	Virus, Varicellazoster	Highly irritating rashes near the chest and back, gradually spreading to the arms, legs, face and head	Active immunisation by administering live attenuated vaccine containing Varicella
Tuberculosis	Bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Persistent cough, afternoon fever, bloody mucus, loss of weight, fatigue and chest pain	BCG vaccination and isolation of the patient

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Aids To Health

November 9, 2023May 28, 2022 by Veerendra

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Aids To Health

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 17 Aids To Health. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 17 Aids To Health

Exercise 1

Solution A.

(c) An antibiotic
(c) Tetanus
(a) April 7

Solution B.1.

(a) Arsphenamine or Salvarsan
(b) Penicillin
(c) Passive acquired immunity
(d) Antiseptics – Lysol, iodine, boric acid and carbolic acid
Disinfectants – Cresol and phenol
Antibiotics – Ampicillin and penicillin
(e) Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Solution B.2.

(i) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
(ii) Bacillus Calmette Guerin
(iii) Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
(iv) World Health Organization

Solution B.3.

Antibodies are immunoglobulins which are produced in the blood to fight and destroy harmful microbes.

Solution C.1.

(a) False. Lysol is an antiseptic.
(b) True
(c) False. Our body can make an unlimited variety of different antibodies.
(d) False. Salk’s vaccine is used against poliomyelitis.
(e) False. Treatment by the use of chemicals is known as chemotherapy.
(f) False. Selman Waksman coined the term ‘antibiotic’ for substances like penicillin.

Solution C.2.

(a) Antiseptic is a mild chemical substance which is applied to the body to kill germs, whereas an antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which can kill or inhibit the growth of some other disease-producing microorganisms.

(b) Antiseptic is a mild chemical substance which is applied to the body to kill germs, whereas a disinfectant is a strong chemical applied to spots or places on the body where germs thrive and multiply.

(c) Disinfectant is a strong chemical applied to spots or places on the body where germs thrive and multiply, whereas deodorants are neither antiseptics nor disinfectants; they are aerosols used to mask a bad smell.

(d) Vaccination is the introduction of any kind of dead or weakened germs into the body of a living being to develop immunity (resistance) against a disease, whereas sterilisation is a process of eliminating or killing all the microbes present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication or in a compound such as biological culture media.

(e) Active immunity is the immunity developed by an individual due to a previous infection or antigen which enters the body naturally, whereas passive immunity is the immunity provided to an individual from an outside source in the form of ‘readymade’ antibodies.

(f) Innate immunity is the immunity by the virtue of genetic constitutional makeup, i.e. it is inherited from parents. It is present in the body without any external stimulation or a previous infection, whereas acquired immunity is the resistance to a disease which an individual acquires during a lifetime. It may be the result of either a previous infection or from readymade antibodies supplied from outside.

Solution C.3.

(i) TAB vaccine for typhoid
(ii) BCG vaccine for measles
(iii) DTP vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough

Solution C.4.

(a) Lysol, benzoic acid, DDT, mercurochrome
Antiseptics. DDT is a wrong example for this category as it is a disinfectant which is not good for human skin.

(b) Formalin, iodine, lysol, phenol
Disinfectants. Iodine is a wrong example as it is an antiseptic.

(c) BCG, DTP, ATP
Vaccines. ATP is a wrong example as it is an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms.(d) Tears, skin, nasal secretion, HCl (in stomach)
Germ-killing secretions. Skin is a wrong example as it is a protective mechanical barrier and prevents the entry of germs in our body.

Solution C.5.

Vaccine	Disease(s)	The Nature of Vaccine
TAB	1. Typhoid	2. Killed germs
Salk’s Vaccine	3. Poliomyelitis	4. Killed germs
BCG	5. Tuberculosis	Living weakened germs
Vaccines for Measles	Measles	6. Living weakened germs
Cowpox Virus	7. Small pox	8. Living fully poisonous germs
Toxoids	9. Diphtheria	Extracts of toxins
	10. Tetanus	Secreted by bacteria

Solution C.6.

Innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Specific immunity
Active acquired immunity
Passive acquired immunity
Natural acquired active immunity
Artificial acquired active immunity
Natural acquired passive immunity
Artificial acquired passive immunity

Solution C.7.

Antibiotics have a wide use in medicine to fight infections.
Certain antibiotics are used as food preservatives, especially for fresh meat and fish.
Some antibiotics are used in treating animal feed to prevent internal infection.
Some antibiotics are used for controlling plant pathogens.

Solution C.8.

Merits of local defence systems:

Local defence systems start working instantaneously.
These systems are not dependent on previous exposure to infections.
They are effective against a wide range of potentially infectious agents.

Solution C.9.

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infectious disease. It leads to cold, coughing, sneezing and, in severe cases if undiagnosed, it might result in heart failure or paralysis.
Treatment includes a combination of medications and supportive care. The most important step is prompt intravenous administration of diphtheria toxoid which is made harmless. The harmless toxoid once administered in a patient’s body triggers the production of antibodies against the pathogens causing diphtheria.

Solution C.10.

(a) Bleeding from a cut in the skin:

In case of bleeding, raise the affected part to minimise blood flow.
Wash the cut surface with clean water.
Press the area with a piece of clean cotton and apply some antiseptic.

(b) A fractured arm:

Lay the victim comfortably, loosen or remove the clothes from the affected part.
Do not move the fractured part.
If the affected limb is an arm, then tie a sling around the neck to rest the arm in it.

(c) Stoppage of breathing due to electrical shock:

Lay the victim flat on the back and put a pillow or folded towel under the shoulders in a way that the chest is raised and the head thrown back.
Hold and draw the arms upwards and backwards. This will cause the chest to expand and draw in air.
Next, fold the victim’s arms and press them against the ribs. The air will now be expelled.
Repeat the two steps at the rate of about 15 times per minute. Continue till the victim starts breathing without any extra help or till the doctor arrives.

Solution D.1.

Vaccination is the practice of artificially introducing germs or the germ substance into the body for developing resistance to particular diseases.
Scientifically, this practice is called prophylaxis and the material introduced into the body is called the vaccine.
The vaccine or germ substance is introduced into the body usually by injection and sometimes orally (e.g. polio drops).
Inside the body, the vaccine stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies against the germs for that particular disease.
Antibodies are an integral part of our immunity. Their function is to destroy the unwanted particles which enter the body.
Vaccines give our immunity a signal to produce specific antibodies. Hence, the principle of vaccination is to produce immunity against a disease.

Solution D.2.

Whenever a germ or infection invades the body, a signal is sent to the immune system to produce specific antibodies. To cope with the number of germs being multiplied inside the body, white blood cells start multiplying rapidly. This enables them to produce more number of antibodies and stop the infection in time. So, abnormally large numbers of WBCs in the blood are usually an indication of some infection in our body.

Solution D.3.

(a) Antiseptics:

Antiseptics are mild chemical substances applied to the body which prevent the growth of some bacteria and destroy others.
Examples: Lysol and iodine

(b) Disinfectants:

Disinfectants are chemicals which kill microorganisms they come in contact with. Disinfectants are usually too strong to be used on the body.
Examples: Cresol and phenol

(c) Vaccines:

Vaccines are materials administered in the body to provide passive immunity. The materials are generally germs or substances secreted by germs.
Examples: OPV (oral polio vaccine) and DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis)

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Health Organisations

November 9, 2023May 28, 2022 by Veerendra

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Health Organisations

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 18 Health Organisations. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 18 Health Organisations

Exercise 1

Solution A.

(a) May 8
(c) Geneva

Solution B.1.

Column I (Activity)	Column II (Organisation)
(i) To extend relief to victims of earthquake.	Red Cross
(ii) To lay pharmaceutical standards for important drugs.	WHO
(iii) Arranging ambulance in emergencies.	Red Cross
(iv) To suggest quarantine measures.	WHO
(v) Training of midwives.	Red Cross
(vi) Procuring and supplying blood for transfusion.	Red Cross

Solution B.2.

The headquarters of WHO is located in Geneva.

Solution B.3.

(a) WHO: World Health Organization
(b) UNO: United Nations Organization

Solution C.1.

Health problems in India:

Food- and water-borne diseases:
Contaminated food and water cause several diseases.
Water-borne diseases occur due to contaminated water from hand pumps or mixing of untreated sewage with river water.
Insect- and air-borne diseases:
Lack of cleanliness leads to breeding of houseflies and mosquitoes which are carriers of certain diseases.
Lack of medical facilities:
Lack of medical facilities especially in rural areas leads to unavoidable deaths and damage to health. Lack of knowledge and superstitious beliefs also delay timely treatment which may result in serious consequences.

Solution C.2.

Functions of WHO:

To promote and support projects for research on diseases
To collect and supply information about the occurrence of diseases of an epidemic nature such as cholera, plague and yellow fever

Solution C.3.

Functions of Red Cross:

To extend relief and help to the victims of any calamity – flood, fire, famine and earthquake
To procure and supply blood for needy victims of war and other calamities
To extend all possible first-aid in an accident
To arrange for ambulance services in emergencies

Solution C.4.

Functions of World Health Organization (WHO):

To promote and support projects for research on diseases
To collect and supply information about the occurrence of diseases of epidemic nature such as cholera, plague and yellow fever
To lay pharmaceutical standards for important drugs, to ensure purity and size of the dose
To organise campaigns for the control of epidemic (widespread) and endemic (local) diseases

Solution D.1.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN) which is concerned with international public health.
It was established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a member of the United Nations Development Group.
Member countries of the UNO focused on the need for creating an international body to look after the health problems of the people of the world.
This need was particularly felt in the field of research on the causes and cures of diseases.
Combined efforts in this direction were to give better and faster results.
Poor and developing countries were to benefit quickly.

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Seeds: Structure and Germination

November 9, 2023May 28, 2022 by Veerendra

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Seeds: Structure and Germination

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 6 Seeds: Structure and Germination. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 6 Seeds: Structure and Germination

Exercise 1

Solution A.

(c) Maize grain ______ coleoptile
(d) do not get enough oxygen

Solution B.1.

(a) F (False). Monocotyledonous seeds contain one cotyledon and dicotyledonous seeds contain two cotyledons.
(b) T (True)
(c) T (True)
(d) T (True)

Solution B.2.

(a) Maize
(b) Pyrogallic acid
(c) Shoot
(d) Rhizophora
(e) Aleurone layer
(f) Bean

Solution B.3.

(a) plumule, above
(b) Coleorhiza, coleoptile
(c) seed coat, testa
(d) micropyle
(e) starch

Solution B.4.

(a) Micropyle, 1st male gamete, egg cell, zygote, embryo
(b) Allogamy, fusion of gametes, zygote, embryo, seed
(c) Seed coat bursts, radicle grows downward, hypocotyls form loop above the soil, epicotyls elongate

Solution C.1.

A seed is a mature ovule after fertilization. It contains a tiny living-plant called the embryo. The embryo within the seed remains in an inactive or dormant state, until it is exposed to favourable conditions, when it germinates.

Solution C.2.

Endospermic (albuminous) seeds: E.g. Castor, Maize, Poppy
Non-endospermic (exalbuminous) seeds: E.g. Bean, Gram, Pea

Solution C.3.

Germinated grams are considered highly nutritive because the cotyledon of the seed absorbs food from the endosperm, making it nutritive. It is rich in starch and its outermost layer is rich in protein.

Solution C.4.

Maize grain is actually a fruit in which the fruit wall and the seed coat are fused together to form a protective layer. Therefore, we do not use the terms maize fruit and maize seed. Instead, we call such fruits as grains.

Solution D.1.

(a) Seed coat: It protects the delicate inner parts of the seed from injury and the attack of bacteria, fungi and insects.
(b) Micropyle: During germination, micropyle allows water to enter the seed through its pore.
(c) Cotyledons: They contain food for the embryo.
(d) Radicle: It forms the future root.
(e) Plumule: It forms the future shoot.

Solution D.2.

Aim: To prove that a suitable temperature is necessary for germination.
Apparatus: Two beakers, wet cotton wool, refrigerator
Procedure:

Take two beakers and label them as A and B.
Place some gram seeds on wet cotton wool in each of the beakers.
Keep beaker A at ordinary room temperature and beaker B in the refrigerator.
In 1-2 days, the seeds in beaker A will germinate, showing the importance of a suitable temperature for germination. Seeds in beaker B may not show the signs of germination or may germinate after several days, though not to the extent as the seeds in beaker A.

Inference: Seeds require a suitable temperature for germination.

Solution D.3.

Yes, we call it germination because all the changes leading to the formation of a seedling collectively constitute germination. During germination, either the epicotyl or the hypocotyl elongates.

Solution D.4.

(a) Epigeal germination and Hypogeal germination

Epigeal germination	Hypogeal germination
1. Cotyledons are pushed above the ground	1. Cotyledons remain underground
2. Hypocotyl elongates	2. Epicotyl elongates

(b) Coleorhiza and Coleoptile

Coleorhiza	Coleoptile
1. Protective sheath of radicle	1. Protective sheath of plumule
2. Present towards the pointed end of embryonic region	2. Present towards the upper broader side of the embryonic region

Bean seed	Maize grain
1. Two cotyledons	1. One cotyledon
2. No endosperm	2. Large endosperm present

Solution D.5.

Germination	Vivipary
When the embryo in the seed becomes activated and begins to grow into a new plant, then it is known as germination.	Vivipary is known as the germination of seed within the fruit, while it is still attached to the parent plant.

Solution D.6.

A fruit is the enlarged ripened ovary in which the ovarian wall forms the fruit wall and encloses the seed. The fruit protects the seed and helps in seed dispersal.
The maize grain is regarded as a ‘one-seeded fruit’ because the fruit wall and the seed coat are fused to form a protective layer. Such a fruit is called grain.

Solution D.7.

Germination of a seed which takes place above the ground is called epigeal germination. In epigeal germination, the hypocotyl grows forming a loop above the soil. It then straightens pushing the cotyledons above the ground.

Solution D.8.

(a) The ‘micropyle’ serves two important functions:

Allows absorption of water and makes it available to the embryo for germination.
Enables diffusion of respiratory gases for the growing embryo

(b) The embryo of the seed grows into the seedling.
(c) Structure of embryo

(d) The cotyledons of the seed provide nutrition for the growing seedling or the embryo.

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