{"id":898,"date":"2020-11-30T04:51:18","date_gmt":"2020-11-29T23:21:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cbselibrary.com\/?p=898"},"modified":"2020-11-30T12:28:30","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T06:58:30","slug":"chemical-bonding","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cbselibrary.com\/chemical-bonding\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemical Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"
We know that different elements have different atomic numbers and electronic configurations. The properties of atoms depend upon their electronic configurations. Some atoms are more reactive than others. Noble gas (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) atoms are not reactive at all; they are inert and stable. Then the question arises why noble gases do not react to form compounds, while other elements do so? This can be answered by comparing the electronic configurations of noble gases with those of other elements. Also, it is important to understand how and why atoms react to form molecules and compounds. Atoms gain electrons in their outermost shells or lose them from their outermost shells, or share electrons with other atoms in such a way that their outermost shells become filled to capacity. They can do this by reacting with other atoms. As long as the outermost shell can accommodate more electrons, i.e., it is not full, an atom tends to combine with other atoms in order to fill its outermost shell. When the outermost shell is filled to capacity, the atom becomes stable.<\/p>\n
The atoms of all other elements (elements other than the noble gases) have in their outermost shells less than 8 electrons, i.e., their outermost shells are not filled to capacity. Therefore, the atoms of these elements combine with other atoms to achieve stable configurations like those of the noble gases. It is the tendency on the part of an atom to achieve a stable configuration (like that of the noble gases) which is responsible for its chemical reactivity.<\/p>\n
People also ask<\/strong><\/p>\n Bonds:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n We know that an atom tends to attain stability by acquiring the electronic configuration of its nearest noble gas. This can be achieved in anyone of the following manners during chemical combination: The Electrovalent Bond :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n In this type of bond, valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. One atom donates its excess electrons to another atom so that both the atoms may acquire a stable noble gas configuration. The atom which loses electron becomes positively charged and is called the cation. The atom which takes up the electron lost by the first atom becomes negatively charged and is called the anion. These two oppositely charged ions are now held together by an electrostatic force of attraction. This force of attraction binding the two atoms together is known as an electrovalent or ionic bond. Examples:<\/strong> Combination of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms to form sodium chloride (NaCl) Compound<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n Ions involved<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Sodium chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Na+<\/sup> and Cl\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Magnesium chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Mg2+<\/sup> and Cl\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Magnesium oxide<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Mg2+<\/sup> and O2\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Calcium chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Ca2+<\/sup> and Cl\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Calcium oxide<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Ca2+<\/sup> and O2\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Ammonium chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Barium chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Potassium nitrate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n K+<\/sup> and\u00a0NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Ammonium sulphate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Cupric sulphate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00a0Cu2+<\/sup> and\u00a0SO4<\/sub>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Cu2+<\/sup> and Cl\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Electrovalency :<\/strong><\/span> In solid electrovalent compounds the ions are held together in fixed positions and cannot move. Hence, such compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity. Chemical Bonding We know that different elements have different atomic numbers and electronic configurations. The properties of atoms depend upon their electronic configurations. Some atoms are more reactive than others. Noble gas (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) atoms are not reactive at all; they are inert and stable. Then the question arises why … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[112,114,113],"yoast_head":"\n\n
\n1. By the transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another
\n2. By the sharing of valence electrons between the two combining atoms
\nThere must be some kind of force which binds the atoms together in a molecule. The attractive force which holds together two atoms, two molecules, two ions or a combination of these is known as a chemical bond.
\nThe two modes of attaining the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas give rise to two types of bonds-the electrovalent bond and the covalent bond.<\/p>\n
\nThus, the chemical bond formed between two atoms by the transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to the other is known as an electrovalent or ionic bond. It is also called a polar bond.<\/p>\n
\nThe atomic number of sodium is 11. So its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. It has only one electron in its outermost shell. The Na atom transfers this electron and becomes positively charged sodium ion (Na+<\/sup>).
\n Thus, the electronic configuration of the Na+<\/sup> ion is the same as that of neon which is the noble gas nearest to sodium in the periodic table.
\nLet us consider the chlorine atom (Cl). The atomic number of chlorine is 17. So its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7. It has 7 electrons in its outermost shell. It, thus, lacks 1 electron to acquire a stable noble gas configuration. So a chlorine atom takes 1 electron transferred by the sodium atom and becomes negatively charged chloride ion (Cl\u2013<\/sup>).
\n Thus, the chloride ion (Cl\u2013<\/sup>) attains the configuration of the nearest noble gas, argon. [Valence electrons are shown by dots around the symbol.]
\nThe two ions (Na+<\/sup> and Cl\u2013<\/sup>) being oppositely charged, are now held together by electrostatic force of attraction as Na+<\/sup>Cl\u2013<\/sup>.
\n The formation of sodium chloride can be shown diagrammatically as in figure.
\n The force that holds Na+<\/sup> and Cl\u2013<\/sup> ions together is called an electrovalent bond. As this bond exists between ions, it is also called an ionic bond. An electrovalent bond is polar, i.e., the positive and negative charges are separated. Compounds containing such bonds are called’ electrovalent, or ionic, or polar compounds.
\nNote:<\/strong>
\n(a)\u00a0 In the formula of an ionic compound, the positive ion is written first,
\n(b) Charges on the ions of an ionic compound are usually not shown with the formula. So, sodium chloride is usually expressed as NaCl, not as Na+<\/sup>Cl\u2013<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n \n Formula<\/strong><\/td>\n \n \n \n NaCl<\/td>\n \n \n \n MgCl2<\/sub><\/td>\n \n \n \n MgO<\/td>\n \n \n \n CaCl2<\/sub><\/td>\n \n \n \n CaO<\/td>\n \n \n \n NH4<\/sub>Cl<\/td>\n NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup>\u00a0and Cl–<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n BaCl2<\/sub><\/td>\n Ba2+<\/sup> and Cr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n KNO3<\/sub><\/td>\n \n \n \n (NH4<\/sub>)2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub><\/td>\n \u00a0NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup>and\u00a0SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n CuSO4<\/sub><\/td>\n \n \n Cupric chloride<\/td>\n CuCl2<\/sub><\/td>\n \n
\nWhen an element forms electrovalent bond, its valency is known as electrovalency.
\nThe number of electrovalent or ionic bonds an atom can form is called its electrovalency. The electrovalency of an element is, therefore, equal to the number of electrons lost or gained by the atom to form an ion.
\nElements which lose electrons show positive electrovalency and those which gain electrons show negative electrovalency. For example, in the formation of sodium chloride (Na+<\/sup>Cl\u2013<\/sup>), the electrovalency of sodium (Na) is +1, while that of chlorine (Cl) is \u2013 l.
\nElements which lose or gain one, two, three, … , etc., electrons are said to be monovalent (or univalent), divalent (or bivalent), trivalent, … , etc., respectively.
\nMonovalent elements :<\/strong> Na, CI, F
\nDivalent elements :<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mg, Ca, Ba, O
\nTrivalent elements :<\/strong> Al, B
\nCharacteristics of electrovalent or ionic compounds :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\nWhen an electrovalent compound is dissolved in water or is melted, the crystal structure breaks down. The ions now become free to move and can, therefore, conduct electricity.
\nThat the ionic compounds in molten state or in solution become conductors of electricity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"