Questions from 1 – 7 Carry 1 Score each. Answer all the questions. (7 \u00d7 1 = 7)<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 1.
\nThe edge length and axial angles of a unit cell are a = b = c and \u03b1 = \u03b2 = \u03b3 = 90\u00b0 respectively. Identify the type of Crystal System.
\nAnswer:
\nCubic<\/p>\n
Question 2.
\nName the polymer used for non-stick surface coated utensils.
\nAnswer:
\nPolytetrafluoroethene\/Teflon<\/p>\n
Question 3.
\nWhich of the following forms coloured compounds
\ni) Sc3+<\/sup>
\nii) Cr2+<\/sup>
\niii) Zn2+<\/sup>
\niv) Cu+<\/sup>
\n[Atomic number Sc-21, Cr-24, Zn-30, Cu-29]
\nAnswer:
\nii) Cr2+<\/sup><\/p>\nQuestion 4.
\nThe rate expression of a reaction is Rate = K [A]1\/2<\/sup> [B]1\/2<\/sup>. Calculate its overall order.
\nAnswer:
\nOverall order = \\(\\frac{1}{2}+\\frac{3}{2}\\) = 2<\/p>\nQuestion 5.
\nAmong the following amines, identify the one that does not reach with Hinsberg reagent.
\ni) C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>NH2<\/sub>
\nii) (CH3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>NH
\niii) (C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>)2<\/sub>NH
\niv) (CH3<\/sub>)3<\/sub>N
\nAnswer:
\niv) (CH3<\/sub>)3<\/sub>N<\/p>\nQuestion 6.
\nThe Carbohydrate, that is known as \u2018animal starch\u2019 is …………
\nAnswer:
\nGlycogen<\/p>\n
Question 7.
\nName the class of drug used for the treatment of stress and mental diseases.
\nAnswer:
\nTranquilizers<\/p>\n
Questions from 8 – 20 Carry 2 Score each. Answer any 10 questions. (10 \u00d7 2 = 20)<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 8.
\nWrite the names and structures of the monomers of the polymer Buna-S.
\nAnswer:
\n1, 3-Butadiene CH2<\/sub>=CH-CH=CH2<\/sub>
\nStyrene\/Vinyl benzene C6<\/sub>H5<\/sub>-CH=CH2<\/sub><\/p>\nQuestion 9.
\nCalculate the packing efficiency in body centred cubic structure.
\n[Given that r = \\(\\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{4}\\)a, where ‘r\u2019 is the radius of sphere and \u2018a\u2019 is the edge length of unit cell]
\nAnswer:
\nIn body centred cubic (bcc) structure, total number of atoms per unit cell is 2.
\nVolume of atoms in the unit cell = 2 \u00d7 (\\(\\frac{4}{3}\\))\u03c0r3<\/sup>
\nVolume of the cube = a3\u00a0<\/sup>= (\\(\\frac{4}{\\sqrt{3}}\\)r)3<\/sup>
\n<\/p>\nQuestion 10.
\nWrite one method for the preparation of sulphur dioxide. How is its presence detected?
\nAnswer:
\nSulphur dioxide is obtained when sulphur is burnt in air or oxygen.
\nS(s) + O2<\/sub>(g) \u2192 SO2<\/sub>(g)
\nOR
\nIn the laboratory, it is prepared by treating a sulphite with dilute sulphuric acid.
\nSO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>(aq) + 2H+<\/sup>(aq) \u2192 H2<\/sub>O(l) + SO2<\/sub>(g)
\nOR
\nIndustrially, it is produced as a by-product of the roasting of sulphide ores.
\n4FeS2<\/sub>(s) + 11O2<\/sub>(g) \u2192 2Fe2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>(s) + 8SO2<\/sub>(g)
\nThe sulphur dioxide gas decolourises acidified potassium permanganate solution. This is a convenient test for the gas.
\n5SO2<\/sub> + 3MnO4<\/sub>–<\/sup> + 2H2<\/sub>O \u2192 5SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup> + 4H+<\/sup> + 2Mn2+<\/sup><\/p>\nQuestion 11.
\nWrite the IUPAC names of following compounds.
\na) K3<\/sub>[Fe(CN)6<\/sub>]
\nb) Co[Cl2<\/sub>(en)2<\/sub>]Cl
\nAnswer:
\na) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
\nb) Dichloridobis(ethane-1, 2-diamine)cobalt(III) chloride<\/p>\nQuestion 12.
\nDefine van\u2019t Hoff factor \u2018i\u2019. What would be the value of ‘i’ for a dilute solution of K2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> in water?
\nAnswer:
\nThe van\u2019t Hoff factor, ‘i’ is defined as:
\n
\n
\nK2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> ionises in water as,
\nK2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> \u2192 2K+<\/sup> + SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nTherefore, for a dilute solution of K2S04 in water the value of i = 2 + 1 = 3<\/p>\nQuestion 13.
\nBy taking ethyl bromide as starting material, prepare ethyl iodide and ethyl fluoride.
\nAnswer:
\nEthyl bromide is treated with Nal in dry acetone to get ethyl iodide. (Finkelstein reaction)
\nCH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>Br + Nal \u2192 CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>l + NaBr
\nEthyl bromide is heated with metallic fluorides such as AgF, Hg2<\/sub>F2<\/sub>, CoF2<\/sub> or SbF3<\/sub> to get ethyl fluoride. (Swarts reaction)
\nCH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>Br + AgF \u2192 CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>F + AgBr<\/p>\nQuestion 14.
\nWrite the complete reaction representing the disproportionation of benzaldehyde.
\nAnswer:
\n
\nThis reaction is called Cannizzaro reaction.<\/p>\n
Question 15.
\nVapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water at 293 K when 25g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
\nAnswer:
\n\\(p_{1}^{0}\\) = 17.535 mm Hg, w2<\/sub> = 25g, M2<\/sub> = 180g mol-1<\/sup>, w1<\/sub> = 450 g, M1<\/sub> = 18 g mol-1<\/sup>, p, = ?
\n
\nTherefore, vapour pressure of glucose solution,
\np1<\/sub> = \\(p_{1}^{0}\\) – 0.09742
\n= 17.535 – 0.09742 = 17.4376 mm Hg<\/p>\nQuestion 16.
\nName the products of hydrolysis of sucrose and explain why sucrose is not a reducing sugar.
\nAnswer:
\nSucrose on hydrolysis gives equimolar mixture of D-(+)-glucose and D-(-)-fructose.
\n
\nIn sucrose, the two monosaccharide units (glucose and fructose) are held together by a glycosidic linkage between C1 of \u03b1 – glucose and C2 of \u03b2 – fructose. Since the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond formation, sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.<\/p>\n
Question 17.
\nTertiary butyl bromide react with aqueous NaOH to give tertiary butyl alcohol proceeds via SN<\/sub>1<\/sup> reaction. Write the mechanism of the reaction.
\nAnswer:
\n
\nMechanism: This reaction occurs in two steps:
\nStep I: The polarised C-Br bond undergoes slow cleavage to produce tert-butyl carbocation and a bromide ion.
\n
\nStep II: The carbocation is attacked by the nucleophile OH–<\/sup> to form the product, tert-butyl alcohol.
\n<\/p>\nQuestion 18.
\nGive the structures of A and B in the following reaction.
\n
\nAnswer:
\n<\/p>\n
Question 19.
\nMatch the following
\n
\nAnswer:
\n<\/p>\n
Question 20.
\nWrite a simple chemical test to distinguish ethanal from propanone.
\nAnswer:
\nTollens\u2019 Test – On warming with Tollens\u2019 reagent ethanal gives a bright silver mirror while propanone will not give silver mirror.
\nOR
\nFehling\u2019s Test – On heating with Fehling\u2019s reagent ethanal gives a reddish brown precipitate while propanone do not respond to this test.<\/p>\n
Questions from 21 – 29 Carry 3 Score each. Answer any 7 questions. (7 \u00d7 3 = 21)<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 21.
\nThe resistance of a 0.5 M solution of an electrolyte enclosed between two platinum electrodes 1.5 cm apart and having an area of 2.0 cm2<\/sup> was found to be 30\u03a9. Calculate the molar conductivity of the solution.
\nAnswer:
\nM = 0.5 M, l = 1.5 cm, A = 2 cm2<\/sup>, R = 30\u03a9, \\(\\Lambda_{m}\\) = ?
\n<\/p>\nQuestion 22.
\nWrite notes on different allotropic forms of phosphorous.
\nAnswer:
\nThe important allotropic forms of phosphorus are white, red and black phosphorus.
\nWhite phosphorus: white waxy solid, poisonous, insoluble in water but soluble in CS2<\/sub>, glows in dark, dissolves in boiling NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere giving PH3<\/sub>.
\nP4<\/sub> + 3NaOH + 3H2<\/sub>O \u2192 PH3<\/sub> + 3NaH2<\/sub>PO2<\/sub>
\nIt readily catches fire in air to give dense white fumes Of P4<\/sub>O10<\/sub>.
\nP4<\/sub> + 5O2<\/sub> \u2192 P4<\/sub>O10<\/sub>
\nIt consists of discrete tetrahedral P4<\/sub> molecules. It is less stable because of angular strain in P4<\/sub> molecule where the angles are only 60\u00b0.
\n
\nRed phosphorus: obtained by heating white P at 573K in an inert atmosphere for several days. This when heated under high pressure, a series of phases of black P is formed. It possesses iron grey lustre. It is odourless, non-poisonous, insoluble in water as well as in CS2<\/sub>, much less reactive than white P, does not glow in dark. It is polymeric, consisting of chains of P4<\/sub> tetrahedra linked together as shown:
\n
\nBlack phosphorus: It has two forms, \u03b1 -Black P and \u03b2 -Black P.
\n\u03b1 -Black P: It is formed when red P is heated in a sealed tube at 803 K, can be sublimed in air, has opaque monoclinic or rhombohedral crystals, does not oxidise in air.
\n\u03b2 -Black P: It is prepared by heating white P at 473K under high pressure. It does not burn in air upto 673 K.<\/p>\nQuestion 23.
\nIntegrated rate equation for a first order reaction.
\nK = \\(\\frac{2.303}{t} \\log \\frac{\\left[R_{0}\\right]}{[R]}\\)
\na) Derive an expression for half life of first order reaction.
\nb) Find the half life of a first order reaction having rate constant K = 5.5 \u00d7 10-14<\/sup> S-1<\/sup>.
\nAnswer:
\na) For a first order reaction R \u2192 P, the rate constant
\n
\n<\/p>\nQuestion 24.
\nWhat are adsorption isotherms? Write the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation and plot a graph based on it.
\nAnswer:
\nAdsorption isotherms are curves used to express the variation of the amount of gas adsorbed by the adsorbent with pressure at constant temperature.<\/p>\n
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm gives an empirical relationship between the quantity of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid adsorbent and pressure at a particular temperature. The relationship can be expressed by the equation:
\n\\(\\frac{x}{m}=k \\cdot P^{1 \/ n}\\)
\nwhere x is the mass of the gas adsorbed on mass m of the adsorbent at pressure P, k and n are constants which depend on the nature of the adsorbent and the gas at a particular temperature.<\/p>\n
The relationship can be represented in the form of a curve where mass of the gas adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent (x\/m ) is plotted against pressure(P).
\n<\/p>\n
Question 25.
\nDescribe the steps involved in the manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process.
\nAnswer:
\nThe Contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid involves three steps:
\nStep 1: Burning of sulphur or sulphide ores in air to generate SO2<\/sub>.
\nS(s) + O2<\/sub>(g) \u2192 SO2<\/sub>(g)
\nStep 2: Conversion of SO2<\/sub> to SO3<\/sub> by the reaction with oxygen in the presence of V2<\/sub>O5<\/sub> catalyst at a pressure of 2 bar and a temperature of 720 K.
\n
\nStep 3: Absorption of SO3<\/sub> in H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> to give oleum (H2<\/sub>S2<\/sub>O7<\/sub>).
\nSO3<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> \u2192 H2<\/sub>S2<\/sub>O7<\/sub>
\nDilution of oleum with water gives H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub> of the desired concentration.<\/p>\nQuestion 26.
\nDifferentiate ferrimagnetism from paramagnetism and predict the change that takes place to ferrimagnetic substances on heating.
\nAnswer:
\nParamagnetism: Magnetic property which arises due the presence of one or more unpaired electrons. Such substances are weakly attracted by the magnetic field. They are magnetised in a magnetic field in the same direction and lose their magnetism in the absence of magnetic field.
\ne.g. O2<\/sub>, Cu2+<\/sup>, Fe3+<\/sup>, Cr3+<\/sup>.<\/p>\nFerrimagnetism: Magnetic property observed when the magnetic moments of the domains in the substance are aligned in parallel and anti-parallel directions in unequal numbers as shown:
\n<\/p>\n
They are weakly attracted by magnetic field as compared to ferromagnetic substances.
\ne.g. Fe3<\/sub>O4<\/sub> (magnetite) and ferrites like MgFe2<\/sub>O4<\/sub> and ZnFe2<\/sub>O4<\/sub>.
\nFerrimagnetic substances on heating lose ferrimagnetism and become paramagnetic.<\/p>\nQuestion 27.
\na) Draw the structure of dichromate ion.
\nb) How can dichromate ion be converted to chromate ion?
\nc) Write examples for the oxidising action of potassium dichromate in acidic medium.
\nAnswer:
\na)
\n<\/p>\n
b) When an aqueous solution of dichromate is treated with alkali (i.e., by increasing the pH of the medium) it changes to chromate.
\nCr2<\/sub>O7<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\u00a0+ 2OH–<\/sup> \u2192 2CrO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup> + H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\nc) Acidified potassium dichromate oxides iodides to iodine, sulphides to sulphur, tin(II) to tin(IV) and iron(II) to iron(III).
\n<\/p>\n
Question 28.
\nExplain the following
\na) Hydraulic washing
\nb) Zone refining
\nc) Roasting of ores
\nAnswer:
\na) Hydraulic washing: This is a method used for the concentration of ores. It is based on the differences in gravities of the ore and the gangue particles. It is type of gravity separation. Here an upward stream of running water is used to wash the powdered ore. The lighter gangue particles are washed away and the heavier ores are left behind.<\/p>\n
b) Zone refining: It is a method used for obtaining extra pure germanium, silicon, boron, gallium and indium. It is based on the principle that the impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid state of the metal. Here a circular mobile heater is fixed at one end of a rod of the impure metal.<\/p>\n
The molten zone moves along with the heater which is moved forward, the pure metal crystallises out of the melt and the impurities pass on into the adjacent molten zone. This process is repeated several times and the heater is moved in the same direction. At one end, impurities get concentrated. This end is cut off.<\/p>\n
c) Roasting of ores: Roasting is used for converting ore to its oxide. It is mainly applied to sulphide ores. Here the ore is heated in a regular supply of air in a furnace at a temperature below the melting point of the metal, e.g.
\n2ZnS + 3O2<\/sub> \u2192 2ZnO + 2SO2<\/sub> OR
\n2PbS + 3O2<\/sub> \u2192 2PbO + 2SO2<\/sub> OR
\n2CU2<\/sub>S + 3O2<\/sub> \u2192 2Cu2<\/sub>O + 2SO2<\/sub><\/p>\nQuestion 29.
\nDescribe the following reactions.
\na) Aldol condensation
\nb) Etard reaction
\nc) Rosenmund reduction
\nAnswer:
\na) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one \u03b1 – hydrogen atom undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form \u03b2 – hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or \u03b2 – hydroxy ketones (ketol) respectively. The aldol and ketol on heating readily lose water to give \u03b1, \u03b2 – unsaturated aldehydes or ketones respectively.<\/p>\n
e.g. Ethanal on treating with dil NaOH gives 3-hydroxy butanal which on heating loses water to give but-2-enal.
\n<\/p>\n
b) Etard reaction: When toluene is treated with chromyl chloride (CrO2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub>) in CS2<\/sub> a chromium complex is formed which on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde.
\n<\/p>\nC) Rosenmund reduction: When an acyl chloride(acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate the corresponding aldehyde is formed.
\ne.g. Benzoyl chloride on hydrogenation over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate gives
\nbenzaldehyde.
\n<\/p>\n
Questions from 30 – 33 Carry 4 Score each. Answer any 3 questions. (3 \u00d7 4 = 12)<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 30.
\nWrite chemical equations for the conversion of phenol to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
\nAnswer:
\n<\/p>\n
Question 31.
\nWith the help of diagram describe the construction and working of a fuel cell using H2<\/sub> and O2<\/sub>. What are the advantages of fuel cell over conventional cells.
\nAnswer:
\nIn the H2<\/sub> – O2<\/sub> fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon electrodes into concentrated aqueous NaOH solution. Catalysts like finely divided platinum or palladium metal are incorporated into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reactions.
\n
\nThis cell uses the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water. The electrode reactions are:
\nAnode reaction: 2H2<\/sub>(g) + 4OH–<\/sup>(aq) \u2192 4H2<\/sub>O(l) + 4e–<\/sup>
\nCathode reaction: O2<\/sub>(g) + 2H2<\/sub>O(l) + 4e–<\/sup> \u2192 40H–<\/sup>(aq)
\nThe overall reaction is, 2H2<\/sub>(g) + O2<\/sub>(g) \u2192 2H2<\/sub>O(l)<\/p>\nAdvantages:<\/p>\n
\n- The cell runs continuously as long as the reactants are supplied.<\/li>\n
- Fuel cells produce electricity with an efficiency of about 70%, which is much higher than that of conventional cells.<\/li>\n
- Fuel cells are pollution free.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Question 32.
\nSketch the Crystal field splitting of d-orbitals of the Central metal ion in [CoF6<\/sub>]3-<\/sup>. Also write the electronic configuration of central metal ion and predict its magnetic behaviour based on Crystal field theory.
\nAnswer:
\n
\nThe electronic configuration of the central metal ion. Co3+<\/sup> is [Ar]3d6<\/sup> 4s0<\/sup>.
\nHere F- is a weak field ligand. Therefore, \u03940<\/sub> < P and no pairing occurs (\\(t_{2 g}^{4} e_{g}^{2}\\)). Thus, there are four unpaired electrons and hence [CoF6<\/sub>]3-<\/sup> is an outer orbital\/high spin\/spin free paramagnetic octahedral complex.<\/p>\nQuestion 33.
\nGive the structures and IUPAC names of the products formed on the following reactions.
\na) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid.
\nb) Reaction of methanal with methyl magnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.
\nAnswer:
\n<\/p>\n