{"id":23598,"date":"2018-05-24T10:11:03","date_gmt":"2018-05-24T10:11:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cbselibrary.com\/?p=23598"},"modified":"2018-05-24T10:11:03","modified_gmt":"2018-05-24T10:11:03","slug":"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cbselibrary.com\/microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers\/","title":{"rendered":"Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"button-red\" href=\"https:\/\/cbselibrary.com\/microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-answers\/\">Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1CM<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe concept map that describes culture media is shown below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/973\/41416637905_2d711228f9_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers-1cm\" width=\"593\" height=\"124\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe characteristics of an organism are given by a scientist as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chemoheterotrophic:<\/strong><br \/>\nA chemoheterotroph is an organism, which uses organic compounds as its source of carbon and source of energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aerotolerant:<\/strong><br \/>\nAerotolerant organisms are those organisms, which prefer an atmosphere without oxygen. Since they are aerotolerant, these organisms can tolerate low levels of oxygen.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mesophilic:<\/strong><br \/>\nA mesophilic organism is one which can grow best in a temperature range of 20<sup>0<\/sup>C to 40<sup>0<\/sup>C.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facultatively halophilic bacillus:<\/strong><br \/>\nA facultatively halophilic organism is one which can tolerate high concentrations of salt. The cell membranes of such organisms are resistant to salt. It can also survive in normal conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nSources of carbon in different organisms are given below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In photoautotrophs &#8211; carbon dioxide.<\/li>\n<li>In chemoautotrophs \u2013 carbon dioxide.<\/li>\n<li>In photoheterotrophs \u2013 organic compounds.<\/li>\n<li>In chemoheterotrophs \u2013 organic compounds.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sources of energy in different organisms are given below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In photoautotrophs \u2013 light.<\/li>\n<li>In chemoautotrophs \u2013 organic molecules.<\/li>\n<li>In photoheterotrophs \u2013 light.<\/li>\n<li>In chemoheterotrophs \u2013 organic compounds.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sources of electrons in different organisms are given below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In organotrophs \u2013 organic molecules.<\/li>\n<li>In lithotrophs \u2013 inorganic sources.<\/li>\n<li>In photoheterotrophs \u2013 organic molecules.<\/li>\n<li>In photoautotrophs \u2013 organic molecules.<\/li>\n<li>In chemoautotrophs \u2013 organic molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Thus, sources of <strong>carbon, energy<\/strong>, and <strong>electrons<\/strong> are needed by all cells.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1L<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe labeled thioglycollate tubes are shown below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/954\/41416637705_ba3d86744c_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers-1l\" width=\"317\" height=\"368\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Obligate aerobes are those organisms, which cannot live in the absence of oxygen.<\/li>\n<li>Obligate anaerobes are those organisms that cannot live in oxygen, since oxygen is toxic to such organisms. These organisms in the electron transport chain cannot use oxygen as terminal electron acceptor.<\/li>\n<li>Facultative anaerobes are those organisms, which can live in absence and presence of oxygen. These organisms can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation.<\/li>\n<li>Aero tolerant anaerobes are those organisms, which can tolerate low levels of oxygen. These organisms prefer anaerobic conditions to aerobic conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) An anaerobe:<\/strong><br \/>\nAn anaerobe cannot grow on a Petri plate. An anaerobe can grow only under specially maintained conditions. Oxygen should not be present for the growth of an anaerobe. In a Petri plate, aerobes usually grow. Viruses cannot grow on agar in a Petri plate. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Viruses on an agar surface:<\/strong><br \/>\nViruses cannot grow on agar surfaces in Petri plates. Viruses can grow only on specialized growth medium. They can also be grown in tissues like the egg. Viruses can grow on monolayers of bacterial cells. A colony of agar surface can grow in a Petri plate, in a lab. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Barophiles:<\/strong><br \/>\nBarophiles cannot grow on agar in a Petri plate. Barophiles are organisms, which live in areas of high pressures. Such pressures cannot be maintained in a laboratory; hence, cannot grow in a Petri plate. Organisms like viruses cannot grow on agar in the lab. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect<br \/>\n<strong>(d) A colony on an agar surface:<\/strong><br \/>\nA colony on an agar surface can grow in a Petri plate in a lab. A colony usually means a bacterial or fungal colony. Only aerobes can grow in Petri plates. The growth of anaerobes can be seen only in special jars like the Gas Pak jar. Barophiles cannot grow on culture. Thus, a colony on an agar surface can grow on a Petri plate in the laboratory.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(b) a colony on an agar surface<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>High temperature affects the life of a microbe:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nCondition of high temperature conditions affects the shape of molecules in a cell. When a cell is subjected to high temperatures many changes occur, unless it is a thermophile. In normal cells, the high temperature denatures the enzymes present in the cell. Moreover, the enzymes are deactivated and denatured. Denaturation is the process in which the shape of the enzyme is changed. The native conformation of an enzyme is important in the function of the enzyme.<br \/>\nAdditionally, if conformation of the enzyme is destroyed, the function of the enzyme is lost. Due to the changes in the enzyme, the reactions taking part in the cell do not occur. In contrast, as a result of exposure to high temperatures, metabolism stops. Unless, the conditions are altered quickly, the cell will die.<br \/>\nThus, the life of a microbe can change drastically if enzymes are denatured. Since, reactions are dependent on enzymes metabolism of a cell is also dependent on enzymes. When metabolism stops, the cell cannot continue its life processes.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 2CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Heat of pasteurization kills microorganism:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of pasteurization uses a temperature of 72<sup>0<\/sup>C to remove the pathogens in food. At a high temperature of 72<sup>0<\/sup>C, the enzymes of most of the pathogens become deactivated. When enzymes are deactivated or denatured, the metabolism of the cell grinds to a halt.<br \/>\nAdditionally, organisms are usually divided into psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Psychrophiles are the organisms, which prefer low temperatures close to freezing.<\/li>\n<li>Mesophiles are those organisms, which prefer a medium range of 20<sup>0<\/sup>C to 40<sup>0<\/sup>C.<\/li>\n<li>Thermophiles are those organisms, which can withstand high temperatures.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Since, the temperature used in pasteurization is, only thermophiles can withstand this process. The other organisms present are killed due to effect on enzymes and cellular metabolism.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 2FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Singlet oxygen:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nSinglet oxygen acts as a reactive oxidizing agent and is very toxic. The singlet oxygen species are produced by the reaction of oxygen and light. Singlet oxygen species are removed by carotenoids in phototrophic microorganisms.<br \/>\nIn humans, phagocytic cells use the singlet oxygen species to destroy pathogens that enter the body. After its use by phagocytic cells, the singlet oxygen species is removed from the cell. Humans have enzymes to remove toxic oxygen species from the body.<br \/>\nSinglet oxygen species is used in photodynamic therapy. In this therapy, the reactive oxygen species are used to kill cancer cells.<br \/>\n<strong>Singlet oxygen<\/strong> is a toxic form of oxygen. It is molecular oxygen in a higher energy state.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 2MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Obligate aerobe:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe term of obligate anaerobe describes an organism that cannot exist in the presence of oxygen. Obligate aerobes are those organisms, which cannot live in the absence of oxygen. They need oxygen compulsorily. An organism that cannot exist in the presence of oxygen would be an obligate anaerobe. Hence, option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Facultative aerobe:<\/strong><br \/>\nFacultative aerobes are the organisms, which can live in the absence and presence of oxygen. These organisms can change between aerobic respiration and fermentation. An organism that cannot exist in the presence of oxygen would be an obligate anaerobe. Hence, option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Facultative anaerobe:<\/strong><br \/>\nFacultative anaerobes are the organisms that can live either in absence or presence of oxygen. These organisms can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation. An organism that cannot exist in the presence of oxygen would be an obligate anaerobe. Hence, option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) Obligate anaerobe:<\/strong><br \/>\nObligate anaerobes are those organisms that cannot live in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen is toxic to such organisms. These organisms cannot use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(c) obligate anaerobe<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 2SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Microbes cannot tolerate low pH in human stomach:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe above statement is supported by many scientists conducted in the research. The stomach is an organ, which has a low pH of 1.5. The low pH is maintained by the presence of HCl. Most of the microbes, which enter the digestive tract, are killed at low pH.<br \/>\nHowever, the acidic conditions of the stomach disrupt the cell membrane of the microbes. The cell membranes of most microbes are sensitive to the conditions present in the human stomach.<br \/>\nAdditionally, few organisms are resistant to the acidic conditions of the stomach. One of them is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. The organism causes the formation of peptic ulcers in the stomach wall. The ulcers are formed by combined action of stomach acid and bacterial action.<br \/>\nThus, the statement \u201cMicrobes cannot tolerate low pH in the human stomach\u201d is true.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 3CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Differences between the dry weights of facultative anaerobe structures:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen two cultures of a facultative anaerobe are grown under different conditions, they show differences in dry weights. When one culture is grown in the presence of oxygen and the other is grown in the absence of oxygen, difference in growth is observed.<br \/>\nIn contrast, the organism is a facultative anaerobe that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. Moreover, it grows better in the presence of oxygen, since aerobic respiration gives higher energy yield when compared to anaerobic respiration.<br \/>\nSimilarly, the culture in the presence of oxygen grows faster and has a high rate of metabolism. The culture in the absence of oxygen also grows, but does not have similar growth, rate as the other culture.<br \/>\nThus, when the cultures are dried and weights are taken, the culture grown in the presence of oxygen show higher dry weight than the other culture.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 3FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nAll amino acids possess the element of nitrogen. The basic structure of an amino acid is:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/946\/41416637375_ce7235e82a_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers-3fb\" width=\"329\" height=\"169\" \/><br \/>\nThe nucleotides present in the nucleic acids contain the essential element of nitrogen. The basic structure of a nucleotide is given below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/902\/41416637315_816050af73_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers-3fb1\" width=\"291\" height=\"207\" \/><br \/>\nThe structures of the five nucleotides are:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/967\/41416637185_f69f4650cd_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers-3fb2\" width=\"566\" height=\"207\" \/><br \/>\nThus, the essential element of <strong>nitrogen<\/strong> is recycled from amino acids and nucleotides in all cells.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 3MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Causes hydrogen peroxide to become toxic:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe enzyme superoxide dismutase does not cause hydrogen peroxide to become toxic. Instead the enzyme detoxifies the toxic substance. The presence of hydrogen peroxide causes damage to cells. The enzyme detoxifies these radicals, so that the cells are not damaged. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b)<\/strong> The enzyme cannot neutralize singlet oxygen species in the cell. Singlet oxygen species are removed by carotenoids in phototrophic microorganisms. The enzyme superoxide dismutase detoxifies the toxic superoxide radicals generated by the processes of the cell. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c)<\/strong> The enzyme superoxide dismutase must be produced in aerobic organisms. The superoxide radicals are formed during electron transport and need to be removed from the cell. When these radicals are formed, they cause death of the cell. Anaerobic organisms do not have this enzyme; hence, cannot live in the presence of oxygen. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d)<\/strong> Superoxide dismutase detoxifies superoxide radicals. The enzyme detoxifies toxic superoxide radicals generated by the processes of the cell. The presence of hydrogen peroxide causes damage to cells. The enzyme detoxifies the radicals, so that the cells are not damaged.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(b) detoxifies superoxide radicals<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 3SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Relation of Quorum sensing in biofilm formation:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe ability to respond changes in a density of population is called quorum sensing. In this process, bacteria respond to changes by using signal and receptor molecules. The process is often seen in biofilms where many species are present together.<br \/>\nQuorum sensing is important in the formation of biofilms. Biofilms are complex relationships among different organisms. The biofilms are found attached to surfaces like the surface of teeth. Additionally, biofilms develop an extracellular matrix, which is composed of DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides of cells. The extracellular matrix is responsible for attachment of cells to one another. It is also responsible in sticking of biofilm to its substrate.<br \/>\nFurthermore, the cells in the biofilm secrete molecules, which act as signals. Other cells have receptors for these signals. When the number of microbes increase, the concentration of the signal molecules also increase. The binding of the signals to receptors reach a certain threshold in the genes where expression gets suppressed.<br \/>\nThus, the genes that are suppressed are then expressed and allow the biofilm to have new characteristics. Moreover, gives organisms the ability to form biofilms.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 4CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Requirement of riboflavin to synthesize FAD:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe nutritional requirement of some organisms includes vitamin riboflavin. This vitamin is used to synthesize the co-factor FAD. The cofactor FAD is used for many purposes in the cell. Moreover, FAD (oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide) can change to FADH<sub>2<\/sub> (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) by accepting two protons.<br \/>\n<strong>The conversion is shown in the below structure:<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/885\/41416637035_57ec0ae160_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers-4ct\" width=\"594\" height=\"238\" \/><br \/>\nIn eukaryotes, the main role of FAD is an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. The number of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules obtained from the oxidation of each molecule of FADH<sub>2<\/sub> is 2.<br \/>\nThus, in the process of ??oxidation, FAD behaves as a coenzyme to the enzyme acyl coA dehydrogenase.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 4FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nMost of the organisms cannot synthesize some substances that are necessary for metabolism. The organic chemical substances are known as growth factors. For instance, some of the growth factors are listed below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Vitamins.<\/li>\n<li>Heme.<\/li>\n<li>NADH.<\/li>\n<li>Specific amino acids.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Vitamins may not be a growth factor for all organisms. In humans, many vitamins are growth factors. But in organisms like E. coli, can synthesize its own vitamins, they are not growth factors. Other nutrients, which are synthesized in humans, may be growth factors for E. coli. The growth factors can be used as coenzymes or as a part of molecules like cytochromes.<br \/>\nThus, small organic molecules, which are required in low amounts for metabolism, are <strong>growth factors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 4MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) The peroxide anion:<\/strong><br \/>\nPeroxide anions are present in hydrogen peroxide. The anion makes hydrogen peroxide an antimicrobial agent. The peroxide anion is detoxified by the enzymes catalase and peroxidase. The enzyme catalase converts the toxic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. The most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen is the hydroxyl radical. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) The superoxide radical:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe superoxide radicals are formed during electron transport and need to be removed from the cell. When these radicals are formed, they cause the death of the cell. Hydroxyl radical is the most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Singlet oxygen:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe oxygen species are produced by reaction of oxygen and light. Singlet oxygen species are removed by carotenoids in phototrophic microorganisms. Singlet oxygen species is molecular oxygen with a higher energy state. The most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen is the hydroxyl radical. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) The hydroxyl radical:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe radicals result from incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide. They can also result from ionizing radiation. These radicals are the most reactive of the four toxic forms of oxygen. In anaerobes, the radicals cause damage. In aerobes, no danger exists due to these radicals due to the presence of enzymes like catalase and peroxidase. Thus, hydroxyl radical is the most reactive form of oxygen.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) the hydroxyl radical<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 4SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Sterilization of instruments and vessels is important in microbiological procedures:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe media, vessels, and instruments used in microbiology must be sterilized before use. The process of sterilization is very important in the field of microbiology. Sterilization is the process where all microbes are killed and destroyed.<br \/>\nThe media used, for the growth of microbes must be sterilized. Media is usually sterilized in an autoclave. The temperature is 121<sup>0<\/sup>C for 15 minutes. The broth and agar must be sterilized before use to prevent the growth of any contaminants.<br \/>\nThe vessels used are mainly glassware. These are washed, wrapped, and then placed in a hot air oven for sterilization. The temperature is 350<sup>0<\/sup>C for 2-3 hours.<br \/>\nThe instruments used are the laminar air flow chamber and inoculation loops. The laminar air flow chamber is sterilized using UV light. The instruments to be used are placed inside the chamber. Inoculation loops and glass spreaders are kept inside the chamber and are sterilized.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 5CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Oxygen requirement to bacteria:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nA bacterium is inoculated into a slant tube containing a complex medium. After incubation, only few colonies are seen on the surface of the agar. But many colonies are seen in the depth of the agar. Moreover, the slant of the agar shows few colonies, while butt shows prolific growth. The oxygen requirements of the bacterium can be determined by observing the growth in the tube.<br \/>\nSince, few colonies are seen on the surface of the agar and many colonies in the depth of the agar, it indicates that the bacterium is an aerotolerant anaerobe. Aerotolerant anaerobes are those organisms, which prefer an anaerobic environment. They grow best under anaerobic conditions, but can tolerate oxygen.<br \/>\nThus, the prolific number of colonies inside the agar shows that the bacterium is an anaerobe. The scant colonies seen on the surface of the agar prove that the bacterium is an aerotolerant anaerobe.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 5FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nEach organism has a growth range to function properly. Within the growth range, three types of temperatures are facilitated, which are given below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Optimum temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Minimum growth temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Maximum growth temperature.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The <strong>optimum temperature<\/strong> is the temperature at which the organism has the highest growth rate. All its systems are function properly and metabolism is at its highest range.<br \/>\nThe lowest temperature where a microbe can metabolize is <strong>minimum growth temperature<\/strong>. Once the temperature goes lesser, minimum growth temperature prevails and cell membranes become less fluid. Moreover, transport processes are very slow to support metabolism.<br \/>\nThe <strong>maximum growth temperature<\/strong> is the highest temperature at which a microbe can metabolize. Once the temperature goes higher the growth temperature is higher and the enzymes are denatured for vital processes.<br \/>\nThe lowest temperature, microbe can metabolize at <strong>minimum growth temperature<\/strong>. Beyond the minimum growth temperature, metabolism does not occur, due to inactivation of necessary molecules.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 5MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Aerotolerant:<\/strong><br \/>\nAerotolerant microbes are the organism, which prefer an anaerobic atmosphere, but can tolerate low levels of oxygen. Microaerophiles that grow best with a low level of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide are called capnophiles. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Facultative anaerobes:<\/strong><br \/>\nFacultative aerobes are the organisms, which can live in the absence and presence of oxygen. The organisms cannot exist in high concentrations of carbon dioxide and less concentration of oxygen. Capnophiles are organisms, which can exist in low levels of oxygen and high concentrations of carbon dioxide. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Fastidious:<\/strong><br \/>\nA fastidious organism has complex requirements for its growth. It can grow only when specific nutrients are added. The organisms cannot grow at low concentrations of oxygen and high concentrations of carbon dioxide. Capnophiles are organisms which can exist at low levels of oxygen and high concentrations of carbon dioxide. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(e) Capnophiles:<\/strong><br \/>\nMicroaerophiles that grow best with a low level of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide are called capnophiles. Capnophiles are organisms, which can exist in low oxygen levels and high concentrations of carbon dioxide. The organisms are microaerophiles with slightly different requirements.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(b) capnophiles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 5SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Agar<\/strong> is used in microbiology as a solidifying agent. Media without the addition of agar is known as broth, which is liquid in consistency. When agar is added, the medium becomes solid.<br \/>\nAgar is a polysaccharide, which is complex in nature and derived from the cell walls of certain <strong>red algae<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Agar is very useful in the field of microbiology because of the following reasons:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Agar cannot be digested by most microbes. Hence, even with the growth of microbes and fungi, the media stays solid.<\/li>\n<li>Agar comes in powder form, which can dissolve in water at. At this temperature, most of the added nutrients remain unchanged and undamaged.<\/li>\n<li>The solidification of agar is seen at temperatures below. This temperature allows us to add nutrients like blood without any problem.<\/li>\n<li>The agar at such temperatures can also be poured over bacterial culture without any problem. This is seen in the pour plate technique.<\/li>\n<li>Once agar becomes solidified, it does not melt unless heated to temperatures above. This characteristic of agar can be used while growing thermophiles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 6CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Nutritional and oxygen characteristics of bacteria in everyday language:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nAn article gives the following characteristics of a bacterium:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Obligate microaerophilic.<\/li>\n<li>Chemoorganoheterotroph.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An obligate microaerophilic is an organism, which need to have a concentration of 2%-10% of oxygen in the air. Higher concentrations of oxygen cannot be tolerated by the bacterium. Since, it is an obligate it indicates the absence of the oxygen concentration, the bacterium cannot survive.<br \/>\nAdditionally, chemoorganoheterotroph is an organism, which uses organic compounds as its source of carbon. It obtains its energy from redox reactions in organic compounds. Redox reactions are reduction and oxidation reactions.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 6FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nOsmotic pressure is responsible for shrinking of cells seen in hypertonic solutions like saltwater.<br \/>\nSolutions can usually be described in three ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertonic<\/li>\n<li>Isotonic<\/li>\n<li>Hypotonic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hypertonic solutions have higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell. The water from the cell moves out into the surrounding solution and the cell shrivels.<br \/>\nIsotonic solutions have the same concentration of solutes as the cell. In this situation, the cell does not undergo any change.<br \/>\nHypotonic solutions have lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell. The water from the solution moves into the cell and it bursts.<br \/>\nSaltwater is a hypertonic solution which results in the shrinking of cells seen. Thus, cells that shrink in hypertonic solutions such as saltwater are responding to <strong>osmotic<\/strong> pressure.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 6MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Cholesterol:<\/strong><br \/>\nSome organisms might need cholesterol as a growth factor. Since, cholesterol is one of the molecules present in the cell membrane, some organisms require as a nutrient. Presence of cholesterol in the cell membrane prevents quick crystallization of the lipids in the membrane. Cholesterol helps to keep the fluidity of the membrane. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Vitamins:<\/strong><br \/>\nVitamins are one of the growth factors needed for many microorganisms. Vitamins are needed for many purposes in the cell. Since, many organisms cannot synthesize all the required, vitamins need them as a growth nutrient. Vitamins act as coenzymes in metabolism and are required in the cell. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Heme:<\/strong><br \/>\nHeme is an important constituent required in a cell. The cytochromes, which take part in the electron transport chain, consist of heme. Without cytochromes, the process of aerobic respiration cannot occur. In photosynthetic organisms, photophosphorylation cannot take place in the absence of cytochromes. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) Water:<\/strong><br \/>\nWater is a constituent which is not required as a growth factor. Since, water can be obtained easily, it is not considered as a growth factor. Even if the cell does not take in water, the metabolic water obtained is usually enough for the needs of the cell. Hence, water need not be added as a nutrient for growth. Thus, water is not a required growth factor for various microbes.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(b) water<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 6SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe difference between complex media and defined media is that the <strong>exact composition<\/strong> of a <strong>complex medium is unknown<\/strong> while that of a <strong>defined medium is known<\/strong>.<br \/>\nIn a <strong>defined medium<\/strong>, the exact chemical composition of the medium is known. Every ingredient is known and the exact amount of each ingredient is known. Some media can support the growth of many organisms. But some media are specific for the growth of some microbes only.<br \/>\nIn a <strong>complex medium<\/strong>, partially digested yeast, beef extract, and casein are added. The exact composition of the medium is not known since the process of partial digestion releases different chemicals in different concentrations.<br \/>\nA complex medium can support the growth of many microbes. They can be used to culture microbes whose nutritional requirements are not fully known.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 7CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe elements of phosphorous, sulfur, iron, and magnesium are required by microorganisms. These elements are used in the following way:<br \/>\n<strong>Phosphorous:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe phosphate ion is present in the phosphodiester linkages of DNA. The addition of a phosphate ion can activate or deactivate a molecule in the process of signal transduction.<br \/>\n<strong>Sulfur:<\/strong><br \/>\nSulfur containing compounds act as electron donors and electron acceptors. Sulfur is also present in many enzymes. Two amino acids possess the element of sulfur. Sulfur is a vital part of disulfide bonds.<br \/>\n<strong>Iron:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe molecules of hemoglobin and myoglobin contain the element of iron. The active sites of many enzymes also contain the element of iron. The element is also a part of cytochromes, which are vital for the process of electron transport chain.<br \/>\n<strong>Magnesium:<\/strong><br \/>\nMany enzymes need magnesium ions to function properly. It plays a vital role in the manipulation of compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. This ion has an important interaction with the phosphate present in nucleic acids.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 7FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Obligate halophiles:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nNormal cells cannot exist in either hypotonic or hypertonic solutions. They can exist only in isotonic solutions.<br \/>\nThe halophiles are the organisms, which have the ability to resist high osmotic pressures. They do not behave like other cells when placed in hypertonic solutions. The halophiles burst when placed in hypotonic solutions. Obligate halophiles are those organisms, which are adapted to such high osmotic conditions.<br \/>\nThere are also organisms called facultative halophiles, which can tolerate high concentrations of salt. They do not require them, but can exist in them. These organisms can tolerate slightly lesser salt concentrations than obligate halophiles. Unlike other organisms, which shrivel in hypertonic solutions adjust to osmotic conditions.<br \/>\nThose organisms, which can exist in salty conditions, due to their ability to withstand high osmotic pressures are called as obligate <strong>halophiles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 7MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Barophiles:<\/strong><br \/>\nBarophiles are organisms, which live in areas of high pressures. The organisms are generally found at the bottom of oceans. These organisms cannot thrive in icy waters. Organisms, which are called psychrophiles, live in icy waters preferentially. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Thermophiles:<\/strong><br \/>\nThermophiles are those organisms, which can withstand high temperatures. The organisms are seen in places like hot springs and deep sea vents. The organisms cannot thrive in icy waters. Organisms, which are called psychrophiles, live in icy waters preferentially. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Mesophiles:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe organisms live at moderate temperatures. They cannot live in too cold or too hot temperatures. These organisms cannot thrive in icy waters. Organisms, which are called psychrophiles, live in icy waters preferentially. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) Psychrophiles:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe organisms can live in icy cold waters. The organisms can be found in glaciers and ice caps. Moreover, the organisms have cell membranes, which can resistant to the extreme cold conditions. The DNA of the microbes can resist low temperatures. Thus, psychrophiles are the organisms, which can happily thrive in icy waters.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(d) psychrophiles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 7SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe four distinct phases seen in a bacterial growth curve are shown in the graph below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/885\/42317793901_a62515d6ef_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers-7sa\" width=\"556\" height=\"355\" \/><br \/>\nIn the <strong>lag phase<\/strong>, the cells adjust to the new surroundings where they are inoculated. The cells synthesize enzymes needed for the latter phases. The length of the lag phase differs from species to species. It also depends on the nutrients present in the medium.<br \/>\nIn the <strong>log phase<\/strong>, the number of cells increases rapidly and logarithmically. The synthesis of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins occur rapidly as new cells are formed. The metabolic rate is at a maximum during this phase.<br \/>\nIn the <strong>stationary phase<\/strong>, the rate of reproduction decreases gradually. Slowly the number of cells synthesized equals the number of cells dying. The death of cells seen is due to accumulation of by-products. This phase is called stationary phase because the exponential growth slowly stops.<br \/>\nIn the <strong>death phase<\/strong>, the nutrients are depleted and wastes accumulated. This results in death of the cells at a faster rate that the synthesis of cells. Sometimes all the cells in the culture die, while in some cultures a few cells remain alive. This phase is called death phase because most of the cells die.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 8FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Carotenoids pigments:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nSinglet oxygen is molecular oxygen in toxic form with higher energy state. This species is very toxic. Singlet oxygen acts as a reactive oxidizing agent. Additionally, the singlet oxygen species are produced by the reaction of oxygen and light. They are produced during the process of photosynthesis in chlorophyll molecules.<br \/>\nIn phototrophic organisms, carotenoid pigments remove toxic form of oxygen. The excess energy of this species is removed by carotenoids. Another method is quenching of the species.<br \/>\nThe photochemically produced singlet oxygen in phototrophic organisms is removed from cells by the pigment called <strong>carotenoid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 8MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Live at normal barometric pressure:<\/strong><br \/>\nBarophiles do not live at normal barometric pressures. Barophiles are organisms, which live in areas of high pressures. The organisms are generally found at the bottom of oceans where the pressure is quite high. Hence, the option (b) is correct.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Die if put under high pressure:<\/strong><br \/>\nBarophiles do not die under high pressures. Barophiles live in areas of high pressures. The organisms have the capability to grow at high pressure in the bottom of oceans. Hence, the option (c) is correct.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Thrive in warm air:<\/strong><br \/>\nBarophiles cannot live in warm air. Their cells are tailored to withstand high pressure conditions. Barophiles are organisms, which live in areas of high pressures like deep sea vents and bottom of oceans. Hence, the option (d) is correct.<br \/>\n(d) Barophiles cannot infect and <strong>cause disease in humans<\/strong>. Barophiles are organisms, which live in areas of high pressures. These organisms are generally found at the bottom of oceans. Since, the pressure in human cells is not very high, these organisms cannot infect humans. Thus, barophiles cannot cause disease in humans. Hence, the option (a) is correct.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) cannot cause disease in humans<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 8SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe number of cells in 1 ?l of sewage is 47.<br \/>\nThe number of cells estimated to be in 1 liter of sewage can be calculated as follows:<br \/>\n1 liter = 1000000 ?l<br \/>\nWhen 1 ?l contains 47 cells, 1 liter of sewage will contain:<br \/>\n<strong>= 47\u00d71000000<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>= 47,000,000 cells<\/strong><br \/>\nThe number of cells in one liter of sewage would be <strong>47,000,000 cells<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 9FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Nitrogen fixation:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nMany cyanobacteria and Rhizobium species are vital in the process of nitrogen fixation. The atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia. Nitrogen fixation can occur naturally and with the help of microbes. Naturally nitrogen fixation occurs by means of lightning.<br \/>\nSimilarly, nitrogen fixation is usually carried out by Rhizobium species. An enzyme called nitrogenase is present in the bacteria. This enzyme works best under anaerobic conditions. The roots of plants like legumes contain nodules to harbor the bacteria.<br \/>\nThe nodules provide bacteria an anaerobic environment to work and reduce nitrogen in exchange for protection. The anaerobic environment is obtained using the pigment leghemoglobin.<br \/>\nNitrogen <strong>fixation<\/strong> is the process by which <strong>N<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong>(nitrogen) is converted to <strong>NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong>(ammonia) by microbes.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 9MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Broth culture:<\/strong><br \/>\nA broth culture is one in which the medium is liquid in consistency. A loopful of culture is then mixed in the broth. The medium before inoculation is usually transparent. After incubating the broth for 24-48 hours, the broth becomes turbid, due to the growth of the microbes. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Pour plate:<\/strong><br \/>\nA pour plate method is a technique in which the microbial culture is mixed in liquid agar. The agar is then poured into Petri plates and left to cool. In this method some sub-surface colonies are formed. Some colonies are formed inside the agar. This is not a technique for isolated colonies. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) Dilution plate:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe technique of dilution plate is to use the process of serial dilution. The broth with culture is diluted serially and each dilution is then streaked on the agar plate. The difference in the number of colonies on the plates helps us to know the original number of microbes. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(e) Streak plate:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe streak plate method is a laboratory technique in which a sterile inoculating loop of culture is moved across an agar plate to obtain isolated colonies. Moreover, in the technique a sterilized inoculating loop is used to spread a loopful of culture across the surface of an agar plate. The repeated moving of the loop across the plate in different directions allows the isolation of single colonies.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(c) streak plate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 9SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe three indirect methods of counting microbes are:<br \/>\n<strong>Measurement of metabolic activity:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe rate of utilization of nutrients and the rate of production of waste is dependent on the number of cells in the culture. By taking these two factors into account, the rate of metabolism can be determined. When the rate of metabolism is known, the number of cells in the culture can be known.<br \/>\n<strong>Dry weight:<\/strong><br \/>\nSome organisms, which have filaments, cannot be easily counted. In the case of such organisms, filtration is followed by drying of the cells. The dry cells are then weighed.<br \/>\n<strong>Turbidity:<\/strong><br \/>\nTurbidity can be measured only in liquid culture. Turbidity can be measured using a spectrophotometer. This instrument measures the amount of light transmitted through the liquid. As bacterial growth makes the liquid turbid, more light is absorbed or scattered. Very less light is transmitted if growth of culture is seen.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 10FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Streak plate method:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe streak plate method is one of the laboratory techniques in which a researcher streaks a plate many times by flaming the loop. This method is used to get isolated colonies. A single loopful of culture is taken and streaked in one direction on the plate. After flaming the loop, the culture on the plate is again streaked in another direction.<br \/>\nSimilarly, the action is repeated in many directions. The repeated moving of the loop across the plate in different directions allows isolation of single colonies.<br \/>\nAdditionally, other laboratory technique are isolated and colonies are obtained is serial dilution. The technique of dilution plate is to use the process of serial dilution. The broth with culture is diluted serially and each dilution is streaked on an agar plate. Isolated colonies are obtained in the last few plates.<br \/>\nThus, the <strong>streak plate<\/strong> method is used to isolate micro organisms.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 10MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Agar is available for microbial nutrition:<\/strong><br \/>\nAgar is a constituent of most microbial media, but it does not give any nutrition to the microbe. Agar is meant as a solidifying agent. A defined medium is one in which the exact composition of the medium is known. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Blood may be included:<\/strong><br \/>\nBlood can be included in some media like blood agar. It is needed for the microbes, which lyse the blood cells. But the presence of blood in a medium doesn\u2019t make it a defined medium. A defined medium is one in which the exact composition of the medium is known. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Organic chemicals are excluded:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe medium in which organic chemicals are excluded is not a defined medium. Some organic chemicals are added in media. A defined medium is one in which the exact composition of the medium is known. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) The particular medium containing the chemical composition is known:<\/strong><br \/>\nA defined medium is one in which the exact composition of the medium is known. Every constituent in the medium is known and the exact amount of each ingredient is known. The particular medium containing the chemical composition is known as a defined medium.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) the exact chemical composition of the medium is known<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 10SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe five direct methods of counting microbes are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Serial dilution and viable plate counts:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of serial dilution is usually used when the number of microbes is very high in a small sample. The sample is serially diluted. Each tube of the dilution is then plated and incubated. The colonies of the last dilutions can be easily counted. The number of microbes in the original sample can then be determined by multiplying the dilution factor with the number of colonies found on the plate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Membrane filtration:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of membrane filtration is done by pouring a large sample of fluid through a membrane filter. The filter traps the cells in the liquid. The membrane is then transferred to a solid medium. The cells are then allowed to grow. The number of colonies indicates the number of organisms in the original sample.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Most probable number:<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is a statistical technique, which uses MPN (most probable number) tables. The sample is diluted in sets of tubes. Each dilution has five tubes. After incubation, the number of tubes in each dilution which shows turbidity is counted. This number is then compared with the numbers in the MPN table. The MPN table then gives the estimate of the number of bacteria in the sample.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Microscopic counts:<\/strong><br \/>\nCounting chambers like the <strong>Petroff-Hausser<\/strong> counting chamber is used in this method. The microbiologist can count the number of cells in the grid. The number of cells can be used to determine the number of bacteria in 1 ml of the sample.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Electronic counters:<\/strong><br \/>\nElectronic counters like the <strong>Coulter counter<\/strong> are used to count cells. Mainly large cells are counted using this method. An electric current is used in this counter. When cells interrupt the flow of the current, they are counted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 11MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Logarithmic reproduction of the growth curve:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe best method to represent bacterial growth as a growth curve is to use a semilogarithmic graph. A logarithmic graph does not show the bacterial growth curve properly. So, it is not used for plotting bacterial growth. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) An arithmetic graph of the lag phase followed by a logarithmic section for the log, stationary, and death phases:<\/strong><br \/>\nBy showing the lag phase in an arithmetic graph and the rest of the phases in a logarithmic graph, the exact growth curve is not obtained. It is also confusing when plotting on two graphs. A semilogarithmic graph is the best method to represent bacterial growth, as a growth curve. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) None of the above would best represent a population growth curve:<\/strong><br \/>\nA semilogarithmic graph is the best method to represent bacterial growth, as a growth curve. The four phases of bacterial growth can be easily seen when using a semilogarithmic graph. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) A semilogarithmic graph using a log scale on the y axis:<\/strong><br \/>\nA semilogarithmic graph is the best method to represent bacterial growth as a growth curve. Using a log scale on the y axis, when bacterial growth is plotted, four phases are seen. The four phases are \u2013 lag, log, stationary, and death phase. A semilogarithmic graph using a log scale on the y axis is the most useful, while showing population growth on a graph.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is (b) a semilogarithmic graph using a log scale on the y axis.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 11SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe differences between the different groups are shown according to the source of carbon, energy, and electrons.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 12MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Dry weight:<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen filamentous organisms are present, direct counting methods cannot be used. The filamentous organisms are filtered, dried, and weighed. The method is known as dry weight method and is an indirect method. It is not the best method for counting fecal bacteria in a stream. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Turbidity:<\/strong><br \/>\nTurbidity can be measured in liquid culture. Turbidity can be measured using a spectrophotometer. The instrument measures the amount of light transmitted through the liquid. As bacterial growth makes the liquid turbid, more light is absorbed or scattered. Very less light is transmitted. It is not the best method for counting fecal bacteria in a stream. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) Viable plate counts:<\/strong><br \/>\nViable plate counts can be done after the process of serial dilution. After the process of serial dilution, each dilution is then plated on an agar plate. After incubation, the cells are counted on a culture plate. The original number of microbes in the original sample can be determined by multiplying the number of cells into the dilution factor. It is not the best method for counting fecal bacteria in a stream. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) Membrane filtration:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of membrane filtration is done by pouring a large sample of fluid through a membrane filter. The filter traps the cells in the liquid. The membrane is then transferred to a solid medium. The cells are then allowed to grow. The number of colonies indicates the number of organisms in the original sample. Thus, the best method for counting fecal bacteria in a stream to determine the portability of the water would be membrane filtration.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(d) membrane filtration<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 12SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe composition of the Escherichia coli medium is given below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Glucose \u2013 1 g<\/li>\n<li>Na<sub>2<\/sub>HPO<sub>4\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; 16.4 g<\/li>\n<li>KH<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sub>4\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; 1.5 g<\/li>\n<li>(NH<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>&#8211; 2 g<\/li>\n<li>MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>.7H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; 0.2 g<\/li>\n<li>CaCl<sub>2<\/sub><sub>\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; 0.01 g<\/li>\n<li>FeSO<sub>4<\/sub>.7H<sub>2<\/sub>O -0.005 g<\/li>\n<li>Distilled water \u2013 bring volume to 1 liter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The compositions of the blood agar and MacConkey agar are shown below:<br \/>\n<strong>Blood agar:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Agar \u2013 15 g<\/li>\n<li>Pancreatic digest of casein \u2013 15 g<\/li>\n<li>Papaic digest of soybean mean \u2013 5 g<\/li>\n<li>NaCl \u2013 5 g<\/li>\n<li>Sterile blood \u2013 50 ml<\/li>\n<li>Distilled water \u2013 to bring volume to 950 ml<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>MacConkey agar:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Peptone \u2013 20 g<\/li>\n<li>Agar \u2013 12 g<\/li>\n<li>Lactose \u2013 10 g<\/li>\n<li>Bile salts \u2013 5 g<\/li>\n<li>NaCl \u2013 5 g<\/li>\n<li>Neutral red \u2013 0.075 g<\/li>\n<li>Crystal violet \u2013 0.001 g<\/li>\n<li>Distilled water \u2013 to bring volume to 1 liter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The E. coli medium is described as defined while blood agar and MacConkey agar are described as complex.<br \/>\nThe E. coli medium is described as defined because all the components of the medium are known. The exact amount of each ingredient is also known. When all the components are known in a medium along with the amount of each ingredient, it is known as a defined medium.<br \/>\nThe blood agar is described as a complex medium because of the presence of blood and other substances like casein, and soybean. The presence of digested proteins also makes the medium complex. A medium is defined as complex when the exact chemical composition is not known. Since partial digestion releases different chemicals in different concentrations, the exact chemical composition is not known.<br \/>\nThe MacConkey agar is described as a complex medium because it is used as a differential medium to differentiate between coliforms and non-coliforms. This medium inhibits the growth of other organisms and only allows the growth of coliforms.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 13MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) A statistical estimation using 15 dilution tubes and a table of numbers to estimate the number of bacteria per milliliter:<\/strong><br \/>\nA Coulter counter is not a statistical estimation using tubes and a table of numbers. It is a device that directly counts microbes when they pass in front of an electronic detector. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) An indirect method of counting microorganisms:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe indirect methods of counting microorganisms are dry weight, measurement of metabolic activity, turbidity, and analysis of kinds of genetic sequences. A Coulter counter is a device that directly counts microbes when they pass in front of an electronic detector. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c) A device that directly counts microbes that are differentially stained with fluorescent dyes:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Coulter counter does not use fluorescent dyes, but electricity to detect the number of cells. It is a device that directly counts microbes when they pass in front of an electronic detector. The detector detects the number of times the flow of electric current is interrupted. It does not depend on the principle of fluorescence. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d) A device that directly counts microbes as they pass through a tube in front of an electronic detector:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Coulter counter is a device that directly counts microbes when they pass in front of an electronic detector. The cells are counted when they interrupt the flow of electric current. This counter is mainly used for large cells like yeast, algae, and protozoa. A device that directly counts microbes when they pass in front of an electronic detector is known as a Coulter counter.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(c) a device that directly counts microbes as they pass through a tube in front of an electronic detector.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 14MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Deep-freezing:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of deep-freezing is placing the culture at temperatures between <strong>-50<sup>0<\/sup>C to -95<sup>0<\/sup>C<\/strong>. When cultures are frozen using this method they need to be thawed and then placed in a suitable medium. Deep-freezing is not freeze-drying. The process of lyophilization is the removal of water molecules from a culture using a vacuum. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Refrigeration:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of refrigeration is the best technique for short-term storage of culture. Cultures stored in this way cannot be stored for many years. The process of refrigeration does not indicate the process of freeze-drying or lyophilization. The process of lyophilization is the removal of water molecules from a culture using a vacuum. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c)<\/strong> Pickling is the method in which cultures are preserved in brine solutions. This type of preservation is usually seen in food preservation. Pickling does not involve low temperatures at all. It is not the process of freeze-drying or lyophilization. The process of lyophilization is the removal of water molecules from a culture using a vacuum. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d)<\/strong> Freeze-drying is called as lyophilization. In the process of lyophilization the removal of water molecules from a culture is by using a vacuum. The culture needs to be frozen for this process. The ice in the culture directly undergoes the process of sublimation to become a gas. The culture does not sustain any damage of any sort and can be preserved for many years.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) freeze-drying<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 15MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>(a) A characteristic of most bacteria:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of quorum sensing is not present in most bacteria. The process of quorum sensing is the ability to react to variations in the density of a population. It is mainly seen in the organisms of a biofilm and helps the organisms to get new characteristics. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(b) Dependent on direct contact among cells:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of quorum sensing is not dependent on direct contact among cells. It depends on the signals released by microbes. When many species of microbes are present in a biofilm, they secrete molecules into the matrix which act as signals. Direct contact among cells is not needed. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(c)<\/strong> The process of quorum sensing is not associated with colonies present on an agar plate. The colonies on an agar plate mostly do not show the process of quorum sensing. It is mainly seen in the organisms of a biofilm and helps the organisms to get new characteristics. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>(d)<\/strong> The ability to alter the changes in the density of a population is quorum sensing. In this process, bacteria can respond to these changes by using signal and receptor molecules. This process is often seen in biofilms where many species are present together.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) the ability to respond to changes in population density<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1CM The concept map that describes culture media is shown below: Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1CT The characteristics of an organism are given by a scientist as: Chemoheterotrophic: A &#8230; <a title=\"Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/cbselibrary.com\/microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers\/\" aria-label=\"More on Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[14132],"tags":[14136,14137,14134,14135,14125,14126,14124,14121,14128,14130,14120,14118,14119,14129,14123,14117,14122,14131,14127,14133],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.8 (Yoast SEO v18.4.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers - CBSE Library<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cbselibrary.com\/microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-6-answers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1CM The concept map that describes culture media is shown below: Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 6 Answers 1CT The characteristics of an organism are given by a scientist as: Chemoheterotrophic: A ... 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