the trail history and civics for class 6 pdf

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Life in Prehistoric Times

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The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Life in Prehistoric Times

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivicsHistory & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Keywords

  1. Palaeolithic Age: It is the Old Stone Age in which humans made crude stone tools. It extended roughly from 500,000 , BCE to 10, 000 BCE.
  2. Mesolithic Age: It is the Middle Stone Age which was a transition period. It extended roughly from 10, 000 BCE to 8,000 BCE.
  3. Neolithic Age:  It is the New stone Age in which human made well shaped and polished stone tools. It extended roughly from 8,000 BCE to 4,000 BCE.
  4. Barter System: It is the system of exchanging services and goods.
  5. Chalcolithic Age:  It is the Copper-stone Age in which humans made tools of both copper and stone. It extended roughly from 4, 000 BCE to 2, 000 BCE.
  6. Bronze:  It is the alloy of copper and tin. It is harder and stronger than copper.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

  1. In earliest times humans lived in caves and other natural shelters.
  2. The Old Stone Age humans made stone tools such as hammers, scrapers and axe-heads.
  3. To protect themselves from wild animals early humans began to form small groups.
  4. Primitive humans painted pictures of animals and hunting scenes on cave walls.
  5. The greatest achievement of early humans was the discovery of fire.
  6. The stone tools of the Neolithic Age were well-shaped and polished.
  7. Neolithic humans domesticated dogs, goats, sheep and cattle.
  8. Copper and stone tools were used during the Chalcolithic Age.

B. Match the following.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Life in Prehistoric Times 1
Answer:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Life in Prehistoric Times 2
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Life in Prehistoric Times 3

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. In the earliest stages of physical development, humans walked on all twos/fours/threes.
Ans. In the earliest stages of physical development, humans walked on all fours.

2. Palaeolithic humans were potters/hunters and gatherers/ farmers.
Ans. Palaeolithic humans were hunters and gatherers.

3. The invention of the wheel/pots/toys was a major milestone in the evolution of the civilized human.
Ans. The invention of the wheel was a major milestone in the evolution of the civilized human.

4. Humans gave up their nomadic lives in the Palaeolithic/ Neolithic/Chalcolithic
Ans. Humans gave up their nomadic lives in the Neolithic Age.

5. The discovery of copper/iron/bronze ushered in a new age and a major advancement in the spread of human civilization.
Ans. The discovery of copper ushered in a new age and a major advancement in the spread of human civilization.

D. State whether the following are true or false.

  1. The humans of the Old Stone Age were hunters and food gatherers.
    True.
  2. Fire was discovered in the Neolithic Age.
    False. Fire was discovered in the Palaeolithic Age.
  3. The Neolithic humans used digging sticks and stone sickles.
    True.
  4. Humans did not know spinning and weaving in the New Stone Age.
    False. Humans did know spinning and weaving in the New Stone Age.
  5. Copper is harder and stronger than bronze.
    False. Bronze is harder and stronger than copper.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Name the periods into which the Stone Age can be broadly divided.
Answer:
The Stone Age can be broadly divided into four periods. They are following.

  1. Palaeolithic Age or Old Stone Age
  2. Mesolithic Age or Middle Stone Age
  3. Neolithic Age or New Stone Age
  4. Chalcolithic Age or Copper Stone Age

Question 2.
What were the stone tools used for by the people of the Paleolithic Age?
Answer:
The Palaeolithic humans were the first to make stone implements. Earlier, they used stones as they found them and then threw them away. Later, they began making crude unpolished stone tools. Large pieces of stones were shaped into hammers, scrapers and axe heads. These tools were used for cutting trees, killing and skinning animals, chopping meat and digging up roots.

Question 3.
Where did the early humans live in the Old Stone Age?
Answer:
Early humans did not build houses. To protect themselves from wild animals, they took refuge in caves or on trees. Caves protected them from the elements of nature and bad weather conditions.

Question 4.
What did the people of the Old Stone Age eat?
Answer:
The people of Old Stone Age did not know how to grow crops. Their food consisted of fruits, roots, nuts, eggs of birds and raw flesh of animals and birds.

Question 5.
What did the early humans in the Old Stone Age wear?
Answer:
During this period, humans did not wear clothes. Gradually, they learnt to use the barks of trees, leaves and animals skins to protect their bodies from the cold and the rain. Later still, they made clothes by stitching animal skins with bone needles.

Question 6.
How do we know that early humans were skillful artists?
Answer:
There is no doubt that early humans were skillful artist because the painted pictures of animals and drawn hunting scenes with great accuracy and skill on cave walls. They also engraved pictures on ivory horns and flat bones.

Question 7.
Mention two important occupations of humans in the New Stone Age.
Answer:
Agriculture and domestication of animals were two important occupations of humans in the New Stone Age.

Question 8.
What is the Copper-Stone age known as?
Answer:
The period, known as the Copper-Stone Age or Chalcolithic Age, was a brief but significant period in the life of humans. This period extended roughly from 4000 bce to 2000 bce.
It was an age during which both copper and stones tools were used. This age was a period of transition. It marked the end of the New Stone Age and the beginning of the age of metals.

F. Answer the following questions briefly.

Question 1.
Describe the life of prehistoric humans in the earliest times. When did the modern human Anally appear?
Answer:
In earliest times, prehistoric humans lived alone in caves or other natural shelters. They ate wild berries, roots, fruits, insects, worms and flesh of small animals. They used their bare hands to kill small animals. They did not wear any clothes and their bodies were covered with thick hair.
The modem humans (Homo sapiens) finally appeared about 200,000 years ago. They had mastered the art of making tools.

Question 2.
Describe the tools of the Palaeolithic Age. How did they differ from the tools of the Neolithic Age?
Answer:
During the Palaeolithic Age man made cmde unpolished tools. They shaped the large stone pieces into, hammers, scrapers and axe-heads.
Polaeolithic Age: Man made cmde stone tools like hand axes, choppers and flakes implements.
Neolithic Age: Man made better tools and implements like axes, sickle, arrow. They were beautiful well grooved and more useful.

Question 3.
How did early humans discover fire? How did this discovery help them?
Answer:
Early humans found that when two dry stones rubbed together produce sparks of fire. This discovery bought a great change in their life. They used it for roasting food, lighting his cave, keeping warm in cold season and frightening animals.

Question 4.
What important changes took place in the lifestyle of humans in the New Stone Age?
Answer:
In the New Stone Age human became a food producer from food gatherer. He gave up his cave and made huts of straw and mud and he also made better well grooved and more useful tools.

Question 5.
Give an account of the religious beliefs and practices of the people in the Neolithic Age.
Answer:
Early humans did not understand natural phenomena. They were afraid of lightning thunder, seasonal changes and natural calamities such as floods and earthquakes. They saw them as mysteries that were beyond their control. So they began to worship the forces of nature and sky, sun, rain, thunder, lightning, etc., became their gods. Ceremonies were performed to please them. Later, people began to bury the dead. Items of daily use such as pottery, tools, weapons, food, etc., were placed in the graves. This suggests that they may have believed in afterlife.

Question 6.
Agriculture and domestication of animals brought about dramatic changes in the life of humans. Explain.
Answer:
Agriculture— The discovery of Agriculture has a great importance in the life of humans. The man now become a food producer instead of a food-gatherer and thus, he began to lead a settled life. He now grow com, vegetables and fruits near his hut.
Domestication— The Domestication of animals help the humans in many ways Dogs, goats, sheep and cattle were domesticated. These animals supplied milk, meat and skins. Bullocks, donkeys and horses were later used to plough the fields. In these ways agriculture and domestication brought dramatic changes in the life of humans.

Question 7.
Why did early humans make pots? How did the invention of the potter’s wheel affect the art of pottery making?
Answer:
Early humans make pots because they needed pots to store grains, water and food.
The invention of the potter’s wheel was boon for potters. They made pots of various shapes and sizes, pots were often decorated with floral designs and geometrical patterns.

Question 8.
Describe the following features of the Neolithic Age:
(1) Invention of the wheel
(2) Settlements and early villages
Answer:

  1. The discovery of the wheel was an important achievement of the man in the Neolithic Period.
    It brought a rapid progress in making beautiful pots. The wheel was used in horse-carts and bullock-carts.Which made transport quite easy and quick. The wheel was used for carrying loads and also used for spinning and weaving. In this way the invention of the wheel was a major achievement of man in his march towards civilization.
  2. Agriculture and domestication of animals brought about a dramatic change in the life of early humans. They gave up their nomadic lifestyle and settled down. They built mud houses with thatched roofs and began to live in groups in small villages. The population increased and human life became more organized.

Question 9.
Write short notes on the following:
(1) The barter system
(2) Social life during the Neolithic Age
Answer:

  1. The barter system:It is the system of exchanging services and goods. For example, the potters got food grains in exchange for pots and vice versa.
  2. Social life during the Neolithic Age: From the earliest times, people had been living in groups. It became necessary to have a code of conduct to regulate and control the activities of the people. These rules became established customs. The oldest, wiser or the strongest man in the village was chosen as the village head man.He maintained law and order in the village and protected the people from enemies.

Question 10.
Mention the chief features of the Chalcolithic Age.
Answer:
Chalcolithic Age is known as the Copper-Stone Age. It was a brief but significant period in the life of man.
The main features of the Chalcolithic Age were following.

  1. In Chalcolithic Age discovery of metals and improved implements led to the development of agricultural skills to a high degree.
  2. Chalcolithic Settlements were rural in nature Society became more complex and was classified into different groups.

G Picture study
The picture on the right shows sonic stone implements.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Life in Prehistoric Times 4

1. To which prehistoric age do these implements belong?
Ans. These implements belongs to Neolithic Age.

2. How are these implements different from those belonging to the previous age?
Ans. These implements were well shaped and polished and more useful than belonging to the previous age.

3. What purpose did these tools serve?
Ans. Humans used these tools to till the soil and to reap the crops.

4. Mention five important changes that took place in the lifestyle of humans of this period.
Answer:

  1.  In Neolithic age man became a food producer from  food gatherer.
  2. Man gave up his cave and made huts of straw and mud near his fields.
  3. Man made better, beautiful well grooved, and more useful tools.
  4. The invention of wheel made the life easier and more comfortable.
  5. Man began to live in groups and human life became more organized.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Define New Stone Age?
Answer:
New Stone Age was the period when human made well shaped and polished tools .

Question 2.
Name the tools and implement used by man when he became a food producer ?
Answer:
The names of the tools are sickle hand axe, choppers, flakes, bows and arrows.

Question 3.
In what respect did the old stone age implement differ from the implements used in the New stone Age?
Answer:
The implements of New Stone Age differ from implements of Old Stone Age as the New Stone Age implements were made of good quality. They were polished. They were more sharpened. Wooden handles were fixed to the axes. Sickles were also made.

Question 4.
How was the discovery of metals useful to the Early Man?
Answer:
The discovery and use of metal is an event of great importance in the history of mankind.

  1. The use of metal greatly helped man in the field of carpentry. This led to the invention of the wheel.
  2. The discovery of metals greatly helped man in the field of agriculture. With the help of better types of plough heads hoes and other implements made of metals he could now sow, reap and harvest different crops on a much better way with the help of better weapons of metals.
  3. He could easily defend himself from wild animals.

Question 5.
Describe the social life of early humans?
Answer:
Early humans began to form small groups to protect themselves from wild animals. They lived a nomadic life, moving from place to place in search of food.

Question 6.
When the Iron Age began and what is its importance?
Answer:
The Iron Age began in about 1,200 BCE when iron implements began to be used. Discovery of iron encouraged the growth and spread of civilization.

Question 7.
Distinguish between Food gatherers and Food Producer.
Answer:
Food Gatherer

  1. Food gatherer is one who wanders from place to place in search of food.
  2. Food gatherer is one who wanders from place to place in search of food. As a food gatherer, man lived by hunting animals and collecting wild.

Food producer

  1. Food producer is one who producer plants, and crops in fields to meet his food requirements.
  2. In neolithic age and there after man stopped being a nomad and began to settle down at one place as an agriculturist and began to domesticate animals.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Sources of History

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The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Sources of History

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivicsHistory & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Keywords

  1. History:  History is a record of people, places and events of the past arranged in chronological order.
  2. Prehistory:  Prehistory is the history of the period before writing was invented.
  3. Archaeology:  Archaeology is the study of material remains of the distant past.
  4. Parchment:  Parchment is the dried skin of goats and sheep used for writing.
  5. Sources: Sources are clues from archaeology or literature which help historians to put together a period of history. Monuments Monuments are ancient buildings such as temples, palaces and forts, which are valuable sources of information of the life and times of people in the distant past.
  6. Numismatics: It is a study of coins.
  7. Inscriptions: Inscriptions are the engraving on solid objects such as metal surfaces, stone tablets, rocks, pillars, cave walls, etc.
  8. Epigraphy: Epigraphy is the study of old inscriptions. Edicts Edicts are royal commands issued by the rulers. Manuscripts Manuscripts are the handwritten records of the past in the form of books.
  9. Religious literature: It refers to literacy writing dealing with religion.
  10. Secular literature:  Secular literature is non-religious  literature such as plays, poems, accounts of foreign travellers and other works on politics, science, etc.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

  1. History is record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order.
  2. The sources of history can be broadly classified into archaeological sources and literary sources.
  3. Inscriptions are engravings on solid objects.
  4. Edicts are royal commands issued by kings.
  5. Handwritten records of the past are known as Manuscripts
  6. Literary source material can be divided into religious literature and secular literature.

B. Match the following.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Sources of History 1
Answer:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Sources of History 2
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Sources of History 3

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. Prehistory is the history of the period before writing/ wheel/paper was invented.
Ans. Prehistory is the history of the period before writing was invented.

2. The study of coins is known as epigraphy/numismatics/ archaeology.
Ans. The study of coins is known as numismatics.

3. Harshacharita/Indika/Manusmriti deals with the biography of a ruler.
Ans. Harshacharita deals with the biography of a ruler.

4. The Greek ambassador in Chandragupta Maurya’s court was Fa Hein/Hiuen Tsang/Megasthenes.
Ans. The Greek ambassador in Chandragupta Maurya’s court was Megasthenes.

5. Kalidasa/Banabhatta/Kautilya wrote
Ans. Kalidasa wrote Meghaduta.

6. Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang were the Greek/Chinese/ Japanese travellers who came to India.
Ans. Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang were the Chinese travellers who came to India.

D. State whether the following are true or false.

  1. History is only a record of great kings and queens.
    False. History is a record of people, places and events of the past arranged in chronological order
  2. The study of old inscriptions is known as epigraphy.
    True.
  3. The Angas are the religious literature of the Buddhists.
    False. The Angas are the religious literature of the Jain.
  4. Banabhatta wrote
    True.
  5. Panchatantra is a part of religious literature.
    False. Panchatantra is a part of secular literature.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
What are that two groups in which the sources of history are broadly divided into?
Answer:
The sources of history can be broadly divided into two groups.

  1. Archaeological Sources.
  2. Literary Sources

Question 2.
What are monuments?
Answer:
Monuments are ancient buildings such as temples, palaces and forts, which are valuable sources of information of the life and time of people in the distant past.

Question 3.
What are inscriptions?
Answer:
Inscriptions are the engravings on solid objects such as metal surface, stone tablets, rocks, pillars, cave walls, etc.

Question 4.
Name any two archaeological objects that provide important clues to the history of humans in the Ancient Period.
Answer:
Stones, metal tools, pottery, monuments, coins and figures are archaeological objects, that provide important clues to the history of humans in the Ancient Period.

Question 5.
What is the only source of information of the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
Archaeological remains are the only sources of information for this period. The discovery of the Harappan sites in 1921 brought to light a highly advanced Indian civilization that flourished more than 4,500 years ago.

Question 6.
Name any one important source of information about the Mauryan period.
Answer:
Indika, written by Megasthenes gives valuable information about the Mauryan administration and society.

Question 7.
What are manuscripts?
Answer:
Manuscripts are the hand written records of the past in the form of books.

Question 8.
What were the surface on which the manuscripts were written?
Answer:
Manuscripts were written on a variety of surfaces such as dried sheep or goat skin, dried palm leaf, the bark of birch trees and much later, on paper.

Question 9.
What do you understand by secular literature? Give an example.
Answer:
Non-religious literature is known as secular literature, it includes biographies of important historical characters. For example Harshacharita by Banabhatta, dramas and poems by famous writers Kalidasa, folk tales such as Panchatantra.

F. Answer the following questions briefly.

Question 1.
What is history? Why do we study history?
Answer:
History is a record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order.
We study history because it tells us about the problems of our ancestors, their aspirations as well as their achievements.

Question 2.
What is the difference between prehistory and history?
Answer:
The main difference between prehistory and history is that we have written records in history and have no written records in prehistory.

Question 3.
What is archaeology? Why is it so important for the study of prehistory?
Answer:
Archaeology is the study of material remains of distant past. Archaeology is so important for the study of prehistory
because we have no written records, only the materials like stones, metal tools, pottery, images, coins, monuments, jewellery and figures are very helpful in the study of past.

Question 4.
What information do we get from inscriptions? Why are inscriptions a reliable source of information?
Answer:
The Inscriptions provide us the information about rulers, the extent of their empires, important events and also about the religious and cultural life of people in a particular period. Inscriptions are reliable source of information because they were written during the reign of great kings and are still intact in their original form.

Question 5.
What is the study of coins known as? Why are coins considered an important part of ancient history?
Answer:
The study of coins is known as numismatics. Numerous gold, silver, copper and lead coins have been found.
The coins are an important source of information about the reign of kings the extent of their empires, economic conditions, trade, art and religion of that era. The metal or alloy used also indicates the level of scientific advancement and prosperity during that age.

Question 6.
Explain the two categories of literary sources. Give two examples of each category
Answer:
Literary source can be divided into two categories

  1. Religious literature : Ancient Indian literature is right and varied. Books and manuscripts dealing with religion are referred to as religious literature. For example the Vedas, Ramayana and Mahabharata.
  2. Secular literature: Non-religious literature is known as secular literature, it includes biographies of important historical characters. For example Harshacharita by Banabhatta, dramas and poems by famous writers Kalidasa, folk tales such as Panchatantra.

G Picture study.
The picture below is a painting depicting a scene from the Mahabharata.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Sources of History 4
1. What kind of source of history is this?
Ans. It is a Literary source of history.

2.Is this religious or secular in nature?
Ans. This is religious in nature.

3. What information does this kind of source reveal?
Ans. This sources of history have helped historians to reconstruct the distant past and give a fairly accurate picture of ancient India.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Who are Historians?
Answer:
Historians are people who study and tell us about the past. They gather information from many sources and help us to understand how people lived and worked form the earliest times to the present day.

Question 2.
What are Edicts?
Answer:
Edicts are royal commands issued by the rulers for example.
The Ashokan edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars.

Question 3.
How did Ashokan edicts help modern historians?
Answer:
The Ashokan edicts helped modem historians to reconstruct important facts about the Mauryan period.

Question 4.
Name some Religious Literature?
Answer:
Religious Literature are following:-

  1. The Vedas
  2. Ramayana and Mahabharata
  3. The Gita and Puranas
  4. The Jain Angas and Buddist Tripitakas

Question 5.
Write the Secular Literature?
Answer:

  1.  Harashacharita by Banabhatta
  2. Dramas and Poems by Kalidasa
  3. Folk ta’es such as Panchatantra
  4. Works on politics such as Kautilya’s Arthanshatra
  5. Books of law such as Manusmriti

Question 6.
Name the foreign travellers who visited India?
Answer:

  1. Megasthenes (The Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya)
  2. Fa Hien (The Chinese travellers)
  3. HiuenTsang

Question 7.
Who wrote Indika and what type of information it provides us.
Answer:
Indika is written by Megasthenes which gives valuable information about the Mauryan administration and society.

Question 8.
Distinguish between Manuscripts and Inscriptions.
Answer:
Manuscripts
These manuscrips were prepared by a few learned men of these age in different languages and scripts.
Inscriptions
These writings are engraved on stones rocks and pillars or on metal as pricks

Question 9.
Distinguish between Archaeological sources and literary sources.
Answer:

  1. Archaeological Sources— These sources provides no written records. Historians depend on archeological evidence such as the remains of monuments or ancients buildings, coins, pottery, tool, paintings and images etc.
  2. Literaiy Sources— Literaiy sources provides written records not on paper but found on various objects like dried sheep or goat skin, copper, pillars and stones but later on paper.

 

 

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Urban Local Self-Government

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The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Urban Local Self-Government

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivicsHistory & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Keywords

  1. Metropolitan: is related with a big and important city of a country.
  2. Municipal corporation: is the local self-governing body in a large city.
  3. Aldermen:They are members of the municipal corporations and municipalities who are elected from among the popular and respected citizens of that city.
  4. Sanitation: It means keeping an area clean and free from germs and dirt.
  5. Crematoria: They are those area where dead bodies are burnt.
  6. Property Tax: It is the tax on houses and land. Entertainment Tax:- It is the tax on entertainment activities such as Cinema halls, circuses, etc.
  7. Education tax: It is collected for educational activities.
  8. Toll taxes:  They are collected for the use of roads and bridges.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in blanks:

  1. The local self-governing bodies which look after the needs of big cities is Municipal corporation.
  2. A mayor holds office for a term varying between 1 year and 5 years.
  3. The state government supervises the working of municipal corporations.
  4. Some seats in the municipal corporation are reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  5. The municipal corporation establishes and maintain public parks and education centres.

B. Match the following:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Urban Local Self-Government 1
Answer:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Urban Local Self-Government 2

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. Big cities like Delhi and Mumbai have town area committees/municipalities/municipal corporations.
Ans. Big cities like Delhi and Mumbai have municipal  corporations.

2. The mayor/municipal commissioner/alderman presides over the meetings of the municipal corporation.
Ans. The mayor presides over the meetings of the municipal , corporation.

3. The chief executive officer of a municipal corporation is known as the mayor/municipal commissioner/sarpanch.
Ans. The chief executive officer of a municipal corporation is known as the municipal commissioner.

4. The total number of members of a municipal corporation of a city depends on the population of the city/state/ country.
Ans. The total number of members of a municipal corporation of a city depends on the population of the city.

5. A municipal corporation is elected for a period of 2/10/ 5 years.
Ans: A municipal corporation is elected for a period of 5 years.

E. State whether the following are true or false.

  1. Port trust is an urban local self-governing body.
    True.
  2. The members of the municipal corporation are directly  elected by the adult citizens  of the city.
    True.
  3. Some seats are reserved for women in municipal corporations.
    True.
  4. The municipal corporation is not responsible for the supply of safe drinking water.
    False.
    Correct: The municipal corporation is responsible for the supply of safe drinking water.
  5. The municipality is the local self-governing body for smaller cities and towns.
     True.

F. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Name the local self-governing bodies that look after the urban areas.
Answer:
The local self-governing bodies which look after the urban area are as follows:

  1. Municipal Corporations
  2. Municipalities
  3. Town area committees
  4. Cantonment boards
  5. Improvement trusts
  6. Port trusts

Question 2.
Who is mayor?
Answer:
Mayor is the head of the municipal corporation.

Question 3.
What is the functions of the mayor?
Answer:
He presides over the meeting and looks after the work of the corporation with the help of the executives officers like Municipal commissioner, chief medical officer etc.

Question 4.
Who are aldermen?
Answer:
They are members of the municipal corporation and municipalities who are elected from among the popular and respected citizens of that city. They are generally experienced.

Question 5.
What are municipalities?
Answer:
Smaller cities and towns with population ranging between 20,000-5,00,000 have municipalities as the local self-governing body.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
How is a municipal corporation composed? Who are its members?
Answer:
A municipal corporation is composed in following manner.

  1. The Mayor is the head of the municipal corporation. The mayor and deputy mayor are elected by the members of the municipal corporation from among themselves.
  2. The corporation sets up a number of committee to look after the day to day work.
  3. There is a chief executive officer or municipal commissioner, who is appointed by the state government.
  4. There are also number of members called aldermen. They are elected from among the popular and respected citizens of that city.
  5. MPs and MLA also form part of the corporation.
  6. Some seats are reserved for the scheduled caste, scheduled Tribes and women.
    A municipal corporation is elected for a period of 5 years.

Question 2.
Mention five functions of the municipal corporation related to public health and sanitation.
Answer:
The main five functions performed by municipal corporation are following.

  1. Caring for health of citizens, provide treatment facilities, opening hospital, appointment of doctors etc.
  2. Repair and construction of roads, street, providing electric facilities etc.
  3. Provision for education by opening and looking after primary school.
  4. To save people from disaster of fire and fire brigades are maintained.
  5. Organizing cultural events like sports, exhibitions, fairs etc.

Question 3.
The municipal corporation is responsible for the maintenance of public works and services in the city. Give any five examples to explain this.
Answer:
The municipal corporation is responsible for these public works and services:

  1. Construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, public buildings, markets, crematoria and graveyards.
  2. Construction and maintenance of water supply system.
  3. Arrangements for street lighting.
  4. Maintenance of fire brigade.
  5.  Demolition of dangerous or illegal buildings.
  6. Maintaining records of births and deaths.

Question 4.
List the optional functions of the municipal corporation.
Answer:
Optional functions of the municipal corporation are following:

  1. Establishment and maintenance of public parks, gardens, zoos, theaters, picnic resorts, libraries, museums.
  2. Construction and maintenance of old-age homes, orphanages, night shelters, rest houses.
    • Supply of cooking gas and milk.
    • Organizing cultural events like sports, exhibitions, fairs, etc.
    • Maintenance of a cheap public transport system.

G Picture study:
This-is the picture of Mumbai Municipal Corporation headquarters. With reference to the picture of the municipal corporation, answer the following questions:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Urban Local Self-Government 3

1. Who is the head of the municipal corporation? Hon is he or she elected?
Ans. The Mayor is the head of the municipal corporation. He/she is elected by members of the municipal corporation from among themselves.

2. For which categories of community’ are seats of the corporation reserved?
Ans. Seats are reserved for following categories.

  1. Scheduled castes
  2. Scheduled Tribes
  3. A few seats are reserved for women.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
In what ways is a Municipality different from a Municipal Corporation ?
Answer:
The difference between a municipal Corporation and Municipality are as follows:

  1. Municipal corporation are made in big cities where population is 10 lakh or more whereas Municipal committees are made in the cities where population is less than 10 Lakh.
  2. Municipalities are under the control of district authorities whereas corporation are under the direct control of government corporations have functions more than Municipalities to do. So they have more facilities than the municipalities have.

Question 2.
Distinguish between:
Answer:

  1. Councillor and An Alderman— A Councillor is elected by all members of a town whereas an alderman is elected by councillors.
  2. The Mayor and the Deputy Mayor— The Mayor is elected by all members of a corporation and so is the Deputy Mayor. In the absence of the Mayor, his all duties are performed by Deputy Mayor.

Question 3.
What are some of the sources of income of municipalities and municipal corporations?
Answer:
The sources of income of municipalities and municipal corporation are taxes on property, houses, shops, stands, vehicles, charge of water and electricity, education. Tax is collected for educational activities, Toll tax and the municipality’ also gets grants from the state government.

 

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Rural Local Self-Government

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The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Rural Local Self-Government

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivicsHistory & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Keywords

  1. Panchayati raj system: It is the system under which the local self-government at the village level functions.
  2. Gram sabha: It consist of all the adult members of the village.
  3. Gram panchayat: It consist of a number of senior members of the village elected by the gram sabha.
  4. Nyaya panchayat:  It consist of elected members who settle disputes among village people.
  5. Pradhan: He is the heat of the gram panchayat. Up-Pradhan He is the vice-sarpanch of the panchayat who takes over the responsibilities of the sarpanch in his/her absence.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

  1. The Indian government function at the central, state government and local self government levels.
  2. The union government deals with matters of national importance.
  3. All Adult members of the village are members of the gram sabha.
  4. The nyaya panchayat cannot sent people to Jail.
  5. The gram panchayat makes the villagers more responsible and self-sufficient.

B. Match the following:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Rural Local Self-Government 1
Answer:

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Rural Local Self-Government 2

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. The union government of India is based in New Delhi/ Mumbai/Kolkata.
Ans. The union government of India is based in New Delhi.

2. Rural refers to town/villages/cities.
Ans. Rural refers to villages.

3. The panchayati raj is a two/three/Jive-ther
Ans. The panchayati raj is a three-tier system.

4. One third/One sixth/One fourth of the seats of the gram panchayat are reserved for women.
Ans. One third of the seats of the gram panchayat are reserved for women.

5. The panchayat/block samiti/zila parishads is the local self-government body at the block level.
Ans. The block samiti is the local self-government body at the block level.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

  1. The Local self-government deals with matters of national importance.
    False.
    Correct : The Local self-government deals with matters of locality.
  2. Panchayats are elected for 2 years.
    False.
    Correct: Panchayats are elected for 3 to 5 years.
  3. The village panchayat is the basic unit of the panchayati raj system.
    True.
  4. The Panchayat provides primary education.
    True.
  5. The Nyaya Panchayat tries petty civil and criminal cases.
    True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
What are the three tiers of the panchayati raj system?
Answer:
The three-tiers of panchayati raj system is as:

  1. Panchayats at the village legel,
  2. Block samitis at the block level,
  3. Zila parishads at the district level.

Question 2.
Who is the head of the village panchayat?
Answer:
The village panchayat is headed by the pradhan or sarpanch.

Question 3.
Mention any one optional function of the gram panchayat.
Answer:

  1. It builds playgrounds and rest houses, installs television and radio sets in the community centers, and organizes educational programmers, etc.
  2. It organizes cattle fairs and village markets.

Question 4.
What does the nyaya panchayat do?
Answer:
Its function is to settle disputes among the people. It also provides a cheap and speedy way to resolve disputes.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
What are the functions of the union, state and local self-governments?
Answer:

  1. Union (Central government) deals with matters of national importance like defence, national finance, foreign, exchange, railways, postal services etc.
  2. State government maintain law and order, local transport, health services and it also carries out the community development programmer.
  3. Local self-government deals with local problems and looks after the basic needs of the local people.

Question 2.
What is local self-government? Name the two kinds of local self-governing bodies in India?
Answer:
It is a government run by the elected representatives of the local people. In India there are two kinds of local self-­government.
They are following.

  1. Urban: It refers to towns and cities. Municipalities, corporations and cantonment boards are urban local bodies.
  2. Rural: It refers to villages. Zila parishads, block samitis and panchayats are rural local bodies.

Question 3.
Mention any five compulsory functions of the Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
They are following:

  1. It provides drinking water, school, health and sanitation facilities.
  2. It constructs buildings, roads, drains and tanks.
  3. It helps farmers to develop and improve their farms and cattle.
  4. It looks after the welfare of the weaker sections.
  5. It organizer educational programmes, cattle fair and village markets.

Question 4.
What is the importance of Gram Panchayats?
Answer:
The Gram Panchayat assists the villagers in dealing with day- to-day problems. It performs administrative, social, economic and judicial function. It ensures the participation of the villages in developing their community. Hence, people learn to cooperate and participate in the government of the country at the grass-roots level.

G Picture study.
This is village scene representing an important function of the gram panchavat.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Rural Local Self-Government 3

1. Name the function.
Ans. A gram panchayat in session —gram panchayats ensure that villages participate in their own development.

2. Is it a compulsory or an optional function?
Ans. It is compulsory function.

3. Mention four compulsory functions of the village panchayat.
Answer:
The functions of the village Panchayat are following:

  1. It provides drinking water, Primary schools, health and sanitation facilities.
  2.  It constructs buildings, road and drains.
  3. It records births and deaths in the village.
  4. It helps farmers to develop and improve their farms and cattle.

4. Mention two optional functions of the panchayat.
Answer:

  1. It builds playgrounds and rest houses.
  2. It organizes cattle fairs and village markets.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Question 1.
Make a Block diagram of Local self-government?
Answer:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Rural Local Self-Government 4

Question 2.
Name three parts of panchayati system at the villages.
Answer:

  1. Gram Sabha
  2. Gram Panchayat
  3. Nyaya Panchayat

Question 3.
Why is panchayati raj a three-tiered system?
Answer:
Because this was done to involve the people of the villages in the management of their own affairs.

Question 4.
Why do you think panchayats are so important in this country?
Answer:
India is vast country with a large population. The Prime Minister alone cannot attend to each and every need of the people in remote village. To make the task of administration easier the government in India operates panchayat.

Question 5.
List three functions of:
(1) Block samiti and
(2)  Zila parishads.
Answer:
Functions of Block Samiti:

  1. It supervises the working of the village panchayats.
  2.  It arranges funds from the government for block development programmers.
  3. It prepares the community development programmer for their area.

Functions of Zila Parisad:

  1. It supervises the working of the block samitis and panchayats.
  2. It advises the state government on the working of the panchayati raj system.
  3. It approves the budget of the block samitis and distributes funds among them.

Question 6.
What are some of the sources of income for block samitis  and zila parishads?
Answer:
The sources of income for block samitis and zila parishad are following:

  1. The state government and the central government give grants and aids.
  2. It advised the state government on the working of the panchayati raj system.
  3. Taxes are imposed on land, houses, water, electricity, fairs and cattle.

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – The Gupta Empire

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The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions – The Gupta Empire

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Answers

Trail HistoryCivicsHistory & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Keywords

  1. Navaratnas: means nine gems. This term was used to refer to talented writers, musicians, dramatist, etc. who were present in the king’s count.
  2. Huns: They were barbarians who invaded India.
  3. Kumaramatyas: They were officials who assisted the princes in governing the provinces.
  4. Vishyapatis: They were the officers who looked after the administration of the districts or vishyas.
  5. Vaishnavas: They are the worshippers of Lord Vishnu.
  6. Bhakti cult: It was a religious cult that believed that God could be reached through intense and true devotion and not through rituals.
  7. Aryabhatta: He was a famous mathematician and : astronomer who discovered that the earth moves around the sun, and the reasons for lunar and solar eclipses.
  8. Vagbhatta: He wrote a book on ayurvedic medicine.
  9. Kalidasa:  He was the most famous Sanskrit poet and dramatist of this period.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

  1. The Allahabad Pillar inscription by the court poet Harisena is a valuable source of information for the Gupta period.
  2. The Pallava ruler of Kanchi formed a confederacy of the rulers of southern India.
  3. The rulers of southern India accepted Samudragupta as their overlord and paid tribute to him.
  4. Samudragupta celebrated his conquests by performing the Ashvamedha yagna.
  5. Samudragupta was not only a military genius but a talented musician and poet as well.
  6. Chandragupta Vikramaitya strengthened his position by matrimonial alliances.
  7. The account of the Chinese traveller Fa Hien is a valuable source of information for the Gupta period.
  8. The Gupta period is generally known as the Golden Age of ancient India history.

B. Match the following:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Gupta Empire 1
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Gupta Empire 2
Answer:
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Gupta Empire 3

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. The foundation of the Gupta empire was laid by Samudragupta/Chandragupta I/Kumaragupta.
Ans. The foundation of the Gupta empire was laid by Chandragupta I.

2. Samudragupta defeated 12 kings in norther/western/ southern
Ans. Samudragupta defeated 12 kings in southern India.

3.Vagbhata/Aryabhata/Varahamihira wrote a book on the ayurvedic system of medicine.
Ans. Vagbhata wrote a book on the ayurvedic system of medicine.

4. Kalidasa / Vagbhata / Aryabhata was one of Vikramaditya’s nine germs.
Ans. Kalidasa was one of Vikramaditya’s nine germs.

5. The last important ruler of the Gupta dynasty was Skandagupta/Kumaragupta/Samudragupta.
Ans. The last important ruler of the Gupta dynasty was Skandagupta.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

  1. Criminals were punished severely during the reign of the Guptas.
    False.
    Correct: Criminals were usually fined during the reign of the Guptas.
  2. There was an elaborate spy system under the Guptas.
    False.
    Correct: There was no elaborate spy system under the Guptas.
  3. Taxes were light during the Gupta period.
    True.
  4. The Gupta encouraged the revival of Hinduism.
    True.
  5. The Guptas followed a policy of religious tolerance.
    True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Why did the Pallava ruler of Kanchi form a confederacy against Samudragupta?
Answer:
The Pallava ruler of Kanchi form a confederacy against Samudragupta because he realized that he could not face Samudragupta alone. So he formed a confederacy of the kings of South India under his leadership.

Question 2.
Why did Samudragupta not annex the South Indian kingdoms after defeating them?
Answer:
Samudragupta did not annex the South Indian kingdoms because he realized it would not be easy to control such a vast empire without proper transport and communication facilities.

Question 3.
Why did the frontier states of the east and the west surrender to Samudragupta?
Answer:
The frontier states of east and the west surrender to Samundragupta because the ruler of these states accepted him as their overlord and paid large sum of money as a tribute.

Question 4.
Why did Samudragupta perform the Ashvamedha yagna?
Answer:
Samudragupta celebrated his conquests by performing the Ashvamedha yagna.

Question 5.
What was the extent of Samudragupta’s empire?
Answer:
Samudragupta’s empire extended from Bengal in the east to Delhi in the west from the Himalayas in the North to Narmda in the South. His indirect control over the vassal states also.

Question 6.
Name the Chinese scholar who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
Answer:
Fa Hien visited India during the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya.

Question 7.
Mention two important reasons for the downfall of the Gupta empire.
Answer:
The important two reasons for the downfall of the Gupta empire are following.

  1. Skandagupta’ successors were week.
  2. They could not protect the empire from the repeated onslaughts of the Huns.

Question 8.
Why did the religious beliefs of the Bhakti cult gain mass popularity?
Answer:
Bhakti cult which believed in selfless devotion to God gained mass popularity as this cult was inexpensive and simple.

Question 9.
Name the most outstanding Sanskrit playwright of the Gupta period.
Answer:
Kalidasa was the most famous Sanskrit poet and playwright of this period.

Question 10.
Which Buddhist university was patronized by the Gupta rulers?
Answer:
The Buddhist university of Nalanda was patronized by the Gupta rulers.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
What was the political condition of India after the decline of the Kushans and the Satavahans?
Answer:
After the decline of the Kushans and Satvahanas. India was divided into a number of small kingdoms and republics. This period of political chaos and instability.

Question 2.
How did Chandragupta Vikramaditya strengthen his power and position through

  1. Matrimonial alliances and
  2. War?

Answer:
Matrimonial alliances:
Chandragupta Vikramaditya strengthen his position by matrimonial alliance. He married the daughter of a powerful Naga ruler. He gave his daughter in marriage to the Vakataka ruler in the Deccan from whom he got valuable help during his campaigns against the Sakas.
War:
Chandragupta extended the western boundaries of his empire to Arabian Sea by defeating the Saka ruler. This was a very important victory because it gave the Guptas control over the three great seaports on the western coast. These were outlets to vast overseas trade. This led to economic growth and prosperity. He moved his capital to Ujjain.

Question 3.
What according to Fa Hien was the condition of the people during the Gupta period?
Answer:
According to Fa Hien’s account the people were honest, secure, prosperous and happy during Gupta Period. There was no capital punishment, for very serious crimes like treason and rebellion the right hand was cut off. Criminals were usually fined. Taxes were light.

Question 4.
Rapid progress was made during the Gupta period in the fields of
(1)Astronomy and
(2) Mathematics. Explain.
Answer:

  1. Astronomy:
    A tremendous progress was made in the field of astronomy. Aryabhatta who was a known astronomer discovered the movements of earth i.e., it moves around the sun on it axis. He also found out the causes of lunar and solar eclipses.
  2. Mathematics:
    The discovery of the zero and decimal system was made in use during Gupta period.

Question 5.
How do we know that
(1) The science of metallurgy was highly advanced and
(2) Education was encouraged during the Gupta period?
Answer:

  1. Metallurgy:
    Mehrauli pillars throw light on the iron metallurgy of this period. The pillar was built in the 4th century ce has not rusted in the last few centuries. The 25 meter high copper statue of Buddha and the numerous gold coins testify the skill in metal casting.
  2. Education: The Guptas encouraged education and learning. Liberal grants were given to educational institutions. Their greatest contribution was the establishment of the Nalanda University, which became very famous during the reign of Harsha in the 7th century CE.
    The Nalanda Universtiy was a center of Buddhist learning. Medicine, astronomy, grammar, philosophy and Vedic literature were some of the other subjects taught at this university.

G Picture study.
This is a picture of the ruins of an ancient university.
The Trail History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions - The Gupta Empire 4

1. Identify the university.
Ans. This is a picture of Nalanda University.

2. Mention the subjects taught in this university.
Ans. Medicine, astronomy grammar philosophy, and Vedic literature were taught in Nalanda University.

3. Which dynasty established this university?
Ans. Gupta dynasty established this University.

4. What contributions did this dynasty make in the fields of
(1) astronomy (2) metallurgy (3) literature ?
Ans.
(1) refer Ans. F. (4) (1)
(2) refer Ans. F. (5) (1)
(3) Literature: During this period Kalidasa wrote famous play Shakuntala and the epic poem Meghaduta. The Panchatantra was compiled, the Puranas were rewritten, and the Mahabharata was revised and rewritten during this period. Shudraka’s  Mrichchhakadka was also written during this time.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Which title was given to Chandragupta I?
Answer:
Chandragupta I was given the a title of Maharajadhiraja.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of the Gupta Empire? When he found this empire?
Answer:
Chandragupta I was the founder of the Gupta Empire. He founded his dynasty in 320 AD and ruled tile 335 AD.

Question 3.
What is the main source of knowledge about Samudragupta and his conquests?
Answer:
An inscription, engraved on a pillar at Allahabad is the main source of information about Samudragupta’s conquest.

Question 4.
Who was Fa-Hien? What does he tells us about the people of India?
Answer:
Fa-Hien was a Chinese scholar. He came to India from China during the reign of Chandragupta II.
He tells us that people of India were honest, secure, prosperous and happy. Criminals were not punished but fined. Taxes were light. There was no spy system.

Question 5.
Who were the Huns? How did they affect Gupta kingdom?
Answer:
They were nomads. They attacked Northern India in the fifth century.
Huns has destroyed the Gupta empire and shattered political unity of India.

Question 6.
Why is the Gupta period called ‘Golden Age’ of Ancient India?
Answer:
The Gupta period is called ‘Golden Age’ of the ancient India because a tremendous progress in all fields like science, astrology, mathematics, art and sculpture and literature was made which made people happy and prosperous. Moreover the moral based society carried religious tolerance and respect for other religions. The government did’n interfere in the daily life and work of the people.

Question 7.
What progress did the Guptas make in the Medicine?
Answer:
Vegabhatta and Dhanvantri were famous physicians and surgeons who served the people during this period.