ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Urbanization

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Urbanization

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks

  1. Cities offer the migrant better education prospects for him or his children.
  2. Workers in cities get higher wages.
  3. Rural areas act as the push factor while urban areas are the pull factor.
  4. Satellite towns or cities are socially and economically independent, either completely or partially.
  5. In India, 60 cities have been selected as Smart Cities.

B. Match the following columns
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Urbanization 1

Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Urbanization 2

C. State whether the following are true or false

1. Rapid industrial growth in and around the city leads to lack of job opportunities.
Answer. False.
Rapid industrial growth in and around the city leads to plenty of job opportunities.

2. People in the urban areas have less access to health, educational, cultural and social services than in rural areas.
Answer. False.
People in the urban areas have greater access to health, educational, cultural and social services than in rural areas.

3. Slums are usually located on land not owned by the slum dwellers.
Answer. True.

4. Satellite towns/cities are connected to the metropolis by trains and motorways.
Answer. True.

5. Mumbai is one of the 20 cities selected as Smart Cities.
Answer. False.
Mumbai is not one of the 60 cities selected as Smart Cities.

D. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
Define urbanization ?
Answer:
Urbanization is the process in which more and more people start to live and work in towns and cities rather than villages.

Question 2.
List any three factors responsible for the urbanization of a place.
Answer:
Factors responsible for the urbanization of a place are :

  1. Rapid industrial growth in and around cities provide plenty of job opportunities.
  2. Modern lifestyle and freedom from social practice like caste system in villages.
  3. Better medical facilities and health care services.
  4. Better education prospects for migrants and their children.
  5. Cities offer higher wages to workers.

Question 3.
Mention three ways in which the environment is affected as a result of increased urbanization.
Answer:
With the increase in urbanization, the environment is affected in many ways as :

  1. There is a steep rise in air pollution due to more factories and motor vehicles plying on the roads.
  2. The expansion of cities leads to the destruction of flora and fauna. Demand for more housing leads to deforestation and destruction of wetlands which drive away many birds and animals from their natural habitats.
  3. In many areas close to the sea, urbanization damages the ocean ecosystem.
  4. Destruction of green areas and increase in buildings leads to an increase in city temperatures.
  5. Rise in air pollution leads to respiratory diseases and allergies.

Question 4.
What are satellite cities ?
Answer:

  • Satellite cities : are smaller cities that come around larger cities but are independent of them. Its main objective is to relieve pressure from the main city. For example :
  • Main city : New Delhi — Satellite cities are Noida and Gurugram.
    Main city Mubai — Satellite cities are Thane and Navi Mumbai.

Question 5.
Briefly mention the aspects of urban life which serve as the basis for the smart cities.
Answer:
The different aspects of urban life which are normally the basis of smart cities are economy, environment, governance, human capital, international outreach, mobility and transportation, public management, social cohesion, technology, and urban planning.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Smart Cities ?
Answer:
Smart Cities : are urban regions that are highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and market viability. The main purpose of a smart city is to improve the quality of life of the people by using information technology (IT) and to push economic growth. For example : In India, 60 cities have been selected as — ‘Smart Cities’ under Smart Cities mission. It include Jaipur, Pune, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Raipur, Indore, Bhopal, Kochi, etc.

Question 7.
Mention any five smart cities of India.
Answer:
Smart Cities : Hyderabad, Vadodara, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Guwahati, Raipur, Bilaspur, Durgapur, Indore, Gwalior, Rourkela, Jabalpur and Bhopal.

Question 8.
Mention the top ten smart cities in the world.
Answer:
The top 10 smart cities in the world (as in 2017)
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Urbanization 3
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Urbanization 4

E. Answer the following questions in detail

Question 1.
What are the positive impacts of urbanization ?
Answer:
Positive impacts of urbanization :

  1. There is development and expansion of essential services like clean water, electricity and transport in cities.
  2. People in urban areas have greater access to health, educational, cultural and social services than in rural areas.
  3. More schools, colleges, training centers and universities provide better prospects to the children of migrants.
  4. Urbanization creates harmony among people coming from different strata of society, allowing people of different castes, groups, languages and religions to live and work together, breaking down the social and cultural barriers.
  5. Urbanization allows people to acquire modern communication skills, knowledge of computers, smartphones, languages, etc which enable them to get jobs.
  6. Urbanization also provides people the opportunity to acquire training and work experience in hi-tech industries, enhancing their skills and facilitating them to migrate to other countries.

Question 2.
How does urbanization negatively impact the lives of people?
Answer:
Negative effects of urbanization :

  1. Migrants from village to cities end up being labourers and lead to the creation of slums.
  2. Slum owners can easily throw out the slum dwellers from their houses.
  3. Growth in slums puts extra pressure on essential utilities like clean drinking water, sanitation, electricity supply, etc.
  4. Overcrowding in slums lead to the outbreak of diseases such as malaria and dengue.
  5. unemployment increases as the number of people looking for jobs is more than jobs available.
  6. Unemployment and poverty force people to do crimes.
  7. With urbanization, environment is affected is many ways.
  • There is a steep rise in air pollution due to more factories and motor vehicles plying on the roads.
  • The expansion of cities leads to the destruction of flora and fauna. Demand for more housing leads to deforestation and destruction of wetlands which drive away many birds and animals from their natural habitats.
  • In many areas close to the sea, urbanization damages the ocean ecosystem.
  • Destruction of green areas and increase in buildings leads to an increase in city temperatures.
  • Rise in air pollution leads to respiratory diseases and allergies.

Question 3.
Briefly explain ways of reducing the negative impact of urbanization.
Answer:
Ways to reduce the negative impact of urbanization : There are various steps that the government can take to check and reduce the negative effects of urbanization.

  1. Sustainable and environment-friendly cities : The government should plan and provide environment-friendly cities with smart growth techniques and should pass laws to this effect. It is quite unhealthy for people to reside in unsafe and polluted areas. Therefore, the government should aim to build sustainable cities with improved environmental conditions and habitats which are safe and clean for people living in urban areas.
  2. Provision of essential services : The government at the local level must ensure,that all populations living within the urban areas have access to adequate essential services such as education, health, sanitation and clean water, technology, electricity and food. Jobs and earning opportunities must be provided so that people can earn a living and lead a good quality life. Subsidies should also be provided by the government so that the costs of basic healthcare, education, public transportation, communication systems, energy and technology can be reduced.
  3. More job creation : More employment opportunities should be created to lessen the negative impact of rapid urbanization. Private investments should be encouraged in order to effectively utilize natural resources and create more job opportunities. For example by exploiting natural resources optimally and promoting tourism, more job opportunities can be created for the urban population. In order to encourage job creation, subsidies and grants should be provided to foreign and private investment in environment-friendly development projects.
  4. Population control : The government at the local level in urban areas must provide medical health clinics and family planning centers to help reduce the high rates of population growth. Effective medical counselling and campaigns directed towards health care and hygiene and family planning options must be provided across the entire urban area with the sole purpose of controlling diseases and population growth.

Question 4.
Elaborate the features of a satellite city.
Answer:
Satellite cities are smaller cities close to a larger or main city but are independent of them. Some of the features of a satellite city are :

  1. It is smaller than the main city and is located nearby.
  2. Satellite towns or cities are socially and economically independent, either completely or partially.
  3. Being physically separated front the metropolis by a wide corridor of rural land or a green belt or even a river, satellite cities develop their own urbanized area in the course of time.
  4. Satellite towns or cities are connected to the metropolis by trains and motorways.
  5. Many satellite towns or cities do not encourage the setting up of high pollution generating industries and factories.
  6. Satellite towns and cities encourage development of small- scale industries such as dairy farms, cottage industries, handicraft industries, jam factories, etc.
  7. Satellite cities are mostly ‘bedroom communities’ or residential areas. People go to work in the main city and return to their homes in the satellite cities.
  8. Satellite cities set up the their own municipalities.
  9. Satellite cities have their own museums, art galleries, theatres and multiplexes.

Question 5.
What are the essential features of a Smart City ?
Answer:
Smart cities are urban regions that are highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure. The IT (information technology) is the core basis of providing essential services to all residents. Other essential infrastructure, apart from IT in a smart city, includes —

  1. proper sanitation and waste management systems
  2. round the clock electricity supply
  3. round the clock and adequate water supply
  4. efficient urban mobility and public transport with a network of good, well-connected roads
  5. well-designed and affordable housing which even people in the low-income brackets can buy
  6. good governance, particularly e-governance where everything and everyone is connected digitally
  7. sustainable environment with more than adequate green cover
  8. safety and security of women, children and the elderly
  9. quick and efficient functioning of law enforcement officials
  10. adequate health centers and nursing homes
  11. good schools equipped with the latest teaching aids and smart classes.

Question 6.
Why is there a need to build a Smart City ?
Answer:
The main purpose of a smart city is to improve the quality of life of the people by harnessing information technology and to push economic growth. Also, smart cities encourage area- based development by transforming existing areas, including slums, into better planned places so that people can live happily and comfortably. New areas are identified so that more people can be accommodated in the future.

F. Picture study
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Urbanization 5
This is the picture of a smart city.

Question 1.
What is a smart city?
Answer:
A smart city is an urban region which is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and market viability.

Question 2.
Mention any three essential infrastructure requirement of a smart city.
Answer:
In a smart city, information technology (IT) is the core infrastructure and the basis of providing essential services to- all residents. Other essential infrastructure, apart from IT in a smart city, would include :

  1. Proper sanitation and waste management systems.
  2. Round the clock electricity supply.
  3. Round the clock and adequate water supply.
  4. Efficient urban mobility and public transport with a network of good, well-connected roads.
  5. Well-designed and affordable housing which even people in the low-income brackets can buy.
  6. Good governance, particularly e-governance where everything and everyone is connected digitally.
  7. Sustainable environment with more than adequate green cover.

G Map work
On an outline map of the world mark any ten smart cities of the world.
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 4 Urbanization 6

Extra Questions

Question 1.
What are slums ? How do they effect the cities ?
Answer:
Slums are urban areas that are heavily populated with poor housing and living conditions. They have the following effect on cities :

  1. Since slums are usually located on land not owned by the slum dwellers, they can be easily evicted (thrown out) from their houses by the owners.
  2. Growth of slums in urban areas puts pressure on essential utilities such as clean drinking water, sanitation, power, etc.
  3. Overcrowding in slums lead to the outbreak of diseases such as malaria and dengue.
  4. Crimes begin to increase in slum areas due to unemployment and poverty. It makes difficult to enforce law and order in the city.

Question 2.
According to 2011 Census, what is the urban population of India ?
Answer:
According to Census 2011, 377.1 million people live in urban areas in India which is nearly 31 per cent of the country’s total population.

Question 3.
Give some examples of satellite cities in India.
Answer:
Main City :

  • New Delhi
  • Mumbai
  • Kolkata
  • Hyderabad
  • Pune

Satellite City :

  • Gurugram, Noida
  • Navi Mumbai, Thane
  • Rajarhat, Salt Lake City
  • Hi tech City
  • Pimpri- Chinchwad.

Question 4.
Give the names of few cities which have been selected under Smart Cities Mission in India ?
Answer:
In India 60 cities have been selected as ‘Smart Cities’ as part of the Smart Cities Mission. It includes Bhubaneswar, Jaipur, Surat, Pune, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Vadodara, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Guwahati, Raipur, Bilaspur, Durgapur, Indore, Gwalior, Rourkela, Jabalpur and Bhopal.

5. Fill in the blanks

  1. In India 31% people live in urban areas.
  2. Thousands of youth having good knowledge of the English language are hired at call centers across the country.
  3. Urbanization provides people the opportunity to acquire training and work experience in hi-tech industries.
  4. Slums are urban areas that are heavily populated with poor housing and living conditions.
  5. Urbanization leads to creation of slums.
  6. Overcrowding in slums leads to the outbreak of diseases such as malaria and dengue.
  7. A rise in air pollution leads to rise in allergies and respiratory diseases.
  8. Satellite cities are mostly ‘bedroom communities’ or residential areas.
  9. Increase in the number of motor vehicles over the years has led to a huge increase in air pollution in New Delhi.
  10. In smart cities, information technology (IT) is the core infrastructure and the basis of providing essential services to all residents.
  11. In India 60 cities have already been selected as ‘Smart Cities’.
  12. Smart cities are urban regions that are highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure.
  13. Urbanization is the process in which more and more people j start to live and work in towns and cities rather than villages.

 

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Asia: Climate and Natural Vegetation

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Asia: Climate and Natural Vegetation

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks

  1. A few regions of South-west Asia receive winter rainfall from the temperate cyclones that originate over the Mediterranean Sea. (tropical cyclones, temperate cyclones, north-east winds, south-east winds)
  2. The Mediterranean climate is ideally suited growing citrus fruits, (equatorial, warm temperate east coast, Mediterranean, tropical monsoon).
  3. The tropical rain forests of Asia are dense and impenetrable, (steppes, mangrove forests, monsoon forests, tropical rain forests)
  4. About one-third of the land area of Asia is covered with forest.
  5.  Thermal electricity is produced by burning coal and petroleum.

B. Match the following

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 8 Asia Climate and Natural Vegetation 1
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 8 Asia Climate and Natural Vegetation 2

C. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
When does most of Asia receive maximum rainfall ? Give a reason for your answer.
Answer:
Most of the Asia receives maximum rainfall in the months of April, May and June. In summers, most of Asia has an average temperature of about 32°C. The hot air over the land rises and creates an area of low pressure. There is high pressure in the surrounding seas and oceans. So there is movement of warm moisture-laden onshore winds which are called monsoons. These winds cause heavy rainfall.

Question 2.
Name any two countries that experience Mediterranean climate.
Answer:
Syria, Turkey, Lebanon and Israel experience Mediterranean climate.

Question 3.
Explain how the climate of the cold temperate regions of Asia has affected the :

  1. Vegetation
  2. Wildlife

Answer:

  1. Vegetation of the cold temperate regions of Asia — These regions experience long severe winters with heavy snowfall and very short, cool summers with light rainfall. So the natural vegetation has adapted very well to the climate. The evergreen softwood trees of the region are conical in shape and have needle-like leaves. They are called coniferous trees as they have cones in which they bear their seeds. The common tree species are pine, fir, spruce, larch and cedar. The forests are also called as taiga.
  2. Wildlife — Several small to medium sized animals such as the fox, sable, bear, mink, lynx and squirrel are found here which have fur over their bodies to protect them from cold weather.

Question 4.
Name some wildlife species found in the taiga region, the tundra region, and the tropical deciduous forests of Asia..
Answer:
Wildlife species found in the taiga region are fox, sable, bear, mink, lynx and squirrel. Wildlife species found in the tundra region of Asia are polar bears, reindeer, foxes, seals and walruses.
Wildlife species found in the tropical deciduous forests of Asia are rhinoceros, elephants, bears, deer, apes, lions, tigers, leopards, etc.

Question 5.
Trees cannot grow of survive in the regions beyond the Arctic Circle in Asia. Why ?
Answer:
Trees or forests cannot grow or survive in the regions beyond the Arctic Circle in Asia because this region has long severe winters and the frozen subsoil which do not permit the growth of trees and this region is, therefore, devoid of forests.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
Identify the main factors that affect the climate of Asia. Explain any two of them.
Answer:
The Main factors that affect the climate of Asia are :

  1. Size and latitudinal extent — Asia is the largest continent with a large east-west extent. Also, it stretches across the torrid, temperate and frigid heat zones of the earth.
  2. Distance from the sea — Many parts of Asia are far away from the maritime influence of the seas and oceans and experience extreme conditions and continental climate. Places closer to the’Coasts enjoy equable or maritime climate.
  3. Relief features — like mountain ranges of Asia extend in the east-west direction and form barriers to the moisture laden winds and the cold winds.
  4. Wind — Moisture bearing winds from the south and cold winds of the north affect the climate of the places.
  5. Ocean Currents — The cold Oya Siwo and the warm Kuro Siwo ocean currents affect the temperatures of the coastal regions of Japan.

Question 2.
Describe the climatic conditions in Asia from October to March.
Answer:
From October to March, Asia experiences winter season as the northern hemisphere receives the slanting rays of the sun because of the tilt of the earth’s axis. The temperature falls to 0°C and even below freezing point in many parts of the northern Asia. The air over the land is cold and heavy and sinks causing high pressure. The surrounding oceans and seas ! have higher temperature and lower pressure so the cold air
moves from land (high pressure) to sea (low pressure). These winds are dry and hence most of the Asia receives no winter rainfall except South-East Asia, Japan, South-Eastern India i and parts of Sri Lanka, where the same winds cross the seas
and pick up moisture. A few regions of South-West Asia receive winter rainfall from the temperate cyclones that originate over the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 3.
Write about the Mediterranean climate experienced in Asia.
Answer:
The Mediterranean Climate in Asia is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
Since these areas experience drought-like conditions in summer, the natural vegetation has adapted to the climate by developing long roots and spongy barks. The evergreen vegetation of oak, acacia, laurel, chestnut, walnut and olive trees is common. Orchards of citrus fruits such as lemons, and oranges, vineyards and farm grains have replaced the natural vegetation. In the absence of natural habitat, not much wildlife is found. Mostly domesticated animals such as donkeys, cattle and sheep are found.

Question 4.
Describe each of these forests :

  1. Tropical deciduous
  2. Equatorial rainforest.

Answer:

1. Tropical deciduous forests — They are found in tropical monsoon climate. These areas have hot wet summers with heavy rainfall and cool dry winters. Tropical deciduous forests are also called as monsoon forests. They have hardwood, broad-leaved trees which shed their leaves, in the dry season, usually in winter. Teak, Sal, shisham and mango are the common tree species. These thrive in regions of heavy rainfall. Grasses and thorny bushes grow in drier regions. Elephants, rhinoceros, bear, deer, apes, lion tiger, leopard, etc are some of the wildlife species found here.
Such forests are found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Southern China.

2. Equatorial rainforest — Such forests are found in equatorial climate where the temperatures are high of about 28-30°C and rainfall occurs all year round. Such climatic conditions have resulted in dense, hardwood forests with broad-leaved tree species such as mahogany, ebony, rosewood, cinchona, coconut and rubber. There are lianas, creepers and climbers, tall grass, ferns and bamboos that grow between the tall trees, which makes the forests dense and impenetrable. The forests are dark and gloomy as very little sunlight reaches the ground owing to the tall trees whose branches spread out, forming a canopy. Mostly arboreal or tree-dwelling animals such as monkey, apes and colourful birds are found. Reptiles such as lizards, snakes, crocodiles and insects are found in the swampy floors of the forests. Large animals such as elephants and wild cats are only found in the outskirts as the forest interior is too dense.
Such forests are found in countries located close to the equator like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Southern Philippines.

Question 5.
How has modernization changed the natural vegetation of the Mediterranean and steppe regions ?
Answer:

  • Mediterranean region — Due to modernization, most of the natural vegetation has been replaced by grain farms, orchards of citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges and vineyards.
  • Steppes region (Temperate Grassland) —Vast areas of grasslands have been converted into rich farmlands that grow wheat, barley and other food grains.

Question 6.
How are forests useful to the people of Asia?
Answer:
About one-third of the land area of Asia is covered with forest. Some of these forests provide hardwood, bamboo, sandalwood and camphor. They also provide other valuable forest products such as lac, resin, turpentine, honey, medicinal plants and herbs. Natural rubber is obtained from the latex of the rubber tree. The evergreen rainforest of the equatorial region and the monsoon forests of the tropical regions of Asia are the chief sources of these products.
Softwood forests yield softwood for making paper, pulp, newsprint, matchsticks and synthetic fibers such as rayon. These are obtained from trees such as birch, pine, cedar and fir, which grow in the taiga or coniferous forests region of northern Asia, especially Siberia.

Question 7.
Give an account of the mineral resources of Asia.
Answer:
Asia has vast deposits of different types of minerals such as iron ore (India, Malaysia, China, Russia, Japan, the Philippines, North Korea), coal (China, India, Kazakhstan, Russia), bauxite (India, Indonesia, Russia), and petroleum (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Russia).

E. Map study
On an outline map of Asia, mark the following:

  • area affected by the monsoons
  • regions of equatorial climate
  • regions of Mediterranean climate
  • areas under the steppes

Answer:
(a) Area affected by the monsoons

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 8 Asia Climate and Natural Vegetation 3
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 8 Asia Climate and Natural Vegetation 4

F. Picture study

Question 1.
Identify the animal seen in the photograph.
Answer:
Yak

Question 2.
In which climatic region of Asia can you find this animal ?
Answer:
Temperate or mid-latitude Desert region of Asia.

Extra Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on summer conditions in Asia.
Answer:
From April to June, the sun rays fall directly over the northern hemisphere. In June, it shines overhead the Tropic of Cancer, so most of the continent of Asia, except the extreme northern parts beyond the Arctic Circle is warm with an average temperature of 32°C. Most of the Asia receives maximum rainfall in these months.

Question 2.
Why is Siberia so sparsely populated ?
Answer:
Siberia is sparsely populated as the climate here is very cold. Winters are long and severe with heavy snowfall which the summers are short and cool.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the tropical or hot desert climate and the natural vegetation and wildlife found there.
Answer:
Tropical or hot desert climate prevails in Arabia, Iran and the Thar desert in India and Pakistan. These regions experience very hot dry summers and very cold winters. The daily and annual ranges of temperature are very high and the areas receive less than 25 cm of rainfall annually.
As climatic conditions are harsh, vegetation is scarce and only thorny bushes, shrubs, cacti and clumps of dry grasses are found scattered in the region which is largely bare and devoid of vegetation. Date palms are found in the oases. Camels, horses, mules, gazelles, insects and lizards are some of the wildlife species found in the deserts.

Question 4.
What type of climate do China, Japan and Korea experience?
Answer:
China, Japan and Korea experiences warm temperate eastern margin or China type climate. It is similar to monsoon type except that the winters are colder. Snowfall occurs in winters while rainfall occurs in summer.

Question 5.
Which is the most common domesticated animal in Tibet ? What kind of climate is found in the Plateau of Tibet and the Gobi Desert ?
Answer:
Yak is the most common domesticated animal in Tibet. Temperate (or mid-latitude) desert climate is found in the Plateau of Tibet and the Gobi Desert. Very little rainfall, very cold winters with temperatures below the freezing point and very hot summers is found.

Question 6.
What increases the commercial value of forests in cool temperature eastern margin climate ?
Answer:
Oak, beech, maple and birch are the main trees and their occurrence in almost pure stands and predominance of only a handful of species greatly increase the commercial value of these forests.

Question 7.
List the major types of climate of Asia.
Answer:
The major types of climate of Asia are :

  1. Equatorial climate
  2. Tropical monsoon climate.
  3. Tropical or hot desert climate. .
  4. Warm temperate eastern margin or China type climate.
  5. Temperate or mid-latitude desert climate.
  6. Mediterranean climate
  7. Cool temperate eastern margin climate
  8. Temperate grassland or steppe climate
  9. Cold temperate or taiga climate
  10. Arctic or tundra climate.

Question 8.
What are the different types of vegetation found in varied climatic conditions of Asia ?
Answer:
The different types of vegetation in Asian climate include dense evergreen hardwood forests, tropical deciduous forest, thorny bushes, coarse short grasses, evergreen softwood trees and mosses and lichens.

9. Fill in the blanks.

  1. The areas away from the coasts experience continental (extreme), climate while places closer to the coasts experience maritime (equable) climate.
  2. World’s highest surface temperature of 71°C has been recorded in Dasht-eLut in Iran.
  3. Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the heaviest rainfall in the world.
  4. Verkhoyansk in Russia is the coldest region in Asia with an average temperature of-51 °C. ’
  5. Most of the Asia receives no rainfall in winter.
  6. Convectional rainfall occurs almost daily around 4 o’ clock in equatorial climate region of Asia.
  7. Latex is the milky sap of rubber tree which is collected and used to make rubber for commercial purposes.
  8. The equatorial (tropical) rainforests are different from the rainforests of the Amazon and Zaire basins because of their nearness to the sea.
  9. India has tropical monsoon climate and tropical deciduous (monsoon) forests.
  10. Date palms are found in the Oases in hot deserts.
  11. The Gobi Desert stretches across large parts of Mongolia and China.
  12. Yak is one of the most commonly domesticated animals in the temperature desert regions of Asia.
  13. The two-humped Bactrian camel is a well-known animal of temperate grassland or steppe.
  14. The temperate grassland region of Central Asia is called steppe.
  15. The forests of the cold temperate regions, have coniferous trees with needle like leaves.
  16. The coniferous forests in cold temperate climate are called as Taiga.
  17. The treeless plains in the Arctic climate are called Tundra.

Map Skills
On a physical map of Asia, show the different types of climate and natural vegetation
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 8 Asia Climate and Natural Vegetation 5

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Population

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Population

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 8 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks

  1. China has the largest population in the world.
  2. Death rate is number of deaths per year per 1,000 of the population.
  3. Life expectancy is the number of years that a person is likely to live.
  4. Urban areas generally have a higher population density.
  5. A population pyramid is a diagram that shows the age and sex composition of a population.

B. Choose the correct answer 

1. Which continent has the highest population ?

  1. Asia
  2. Europe
  3. North America
  4. South America

2. Which of these is an adverse effect of over population ?

  1. Environmental degradation
  2. Poverty
  3. Unemployment
  4. All of these.

3. Which of these is not a positive effect of under population?

  1. Adequate employment
  2. fewer taxpayers
  3. Lesser environmental degradation
  4. Lower levels of poverty

4. Which of these is a part of the demographic structure of a population ?

  1. Age composition
  2. Sex ratio
  3. Rural and urban populations
  4. All of these

5. Which type of population is shown in a bell-shaped population pyramid ?

  1. Expanding population
  2. Declining population
  3. Constant population
  4. None of these

C. State whether the following are true or false 

1. In 2016 alone, the population of the world increased by more than 80 million.
Answer. True.

2. Immigration is a factor that can cause overpopulation.
Answer. True.

3. In rural areas, people are typically engaged in secondary activities.
Answer. False. In rural areas, people are typically engaged in primary activities.

4. An adverse sex ratio shows the high position given to women in society.
Answer. False.
An adverse sex ratio shows the low position given to women in society.

5. In a population pyramid, the youngest age group is shown at the bottom.
Answer. True.

D. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
Define the term ‘population’.
Answer:
The term ‘population’ refers to all the people who live in a particular area, city or country.

Question 2.
Define population density.
Answer:
Population density refers to the number of people living in a unit area of space, such as a square kilometre.

Question 3.
Distinguish between immigration and emigration.
Answer:
Immigration is the process of coming to live permanently in another country that is not one’s own.
Emigration is the process of leaving one country to go and live permanently in another country.

Question 4.
Write any two causes of overpopulation ?
Answer:
Causes of overpopulation are :

  1. Immigration – When people come from another country.
  2. Increased birth rate – due to better medical facilities
  3. Decreased death rate – due to better medical facilities.
  4. Better medical facilities
  5. Lack of family planning.

Question 5.
Mention any two factors that cause population growth in a developed country.
Answer:
In the developed countries of the world, the population increased earlier due to :

  1. Economic growth and prosperity as a result of industrialization.
  2. Improved medical techniques and health care facilities.
  3. Immigration because of better job opportunities and better living conditions.

Question 6.
Mention any two factors that cause population growth in a developing country.
Answer:
In developing countries of the world, rapid increase in population was due to :

  1. Modern medical techniques which increased the lifespan of the people.
  2. Ignorance of the masses.
  3. Traditional beliefs, customs and outlook of people.

Question 7.
What do the rural and urban population consist of ?
Answer:
The rural population consists of the people residing in villages.
The urban population consists of the people living in towns and cities.

Question 8.
What do you understand by the term ‘working population’?
Answer:
The section of the population between 14 – 60 years of age is
considered to be the working population. They are willing and eligible to work and considered an asset for a country as it means high availability of labour for the development of the nation.

 

E. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs:

Question 1.
Write a note on the distribution of population in the world.
Answer:
At present, the population of the world stands at 7.35 billion. China has the largest population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, followed by India, with over 1.2 billion people, the USA with over 321 million people and Indonesia with over 257 million people. Island nations of the Pacific Ocean have populations of just a few thousand.
Continent-wise, Asia has the largest population with over 4.4 billion people, followed by Africa with 1.18 billion people. Europe has over 738 million people, North America has over 573 million people, South America has over 418 million people and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Samoa, etc) has over 3’9 million people)

Question 2.
Briefly explain any four factors that affect the population of a place.
Answer:
The are various factors that affect the population of a place such as birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration, influx of refugees, agricultural development, urbanization, education, topography and climate of a place, employment opportunities, etc,
In developed countries, due to improvements in medical facilities, the death rates have reduced and the lifespan of the people have increased resulting in increase in population.

Question 3.
What is the impact of overpopulation ?
Answer:
Impact of Overpopulation :

  1. Adverse effect on the environment : Higher population consumes more natural resources like fresh water, arable land and mineral resources. This leads to deforestation, scarcity of water, extinction of plants and animals, depletion of fossil fuels, pollution, global warming.
  2. Adverse effect on economy : Higher population leads to unemployment, overcrowding, shortage of food, fuel, minerals and other resources. This leads to poor quality of education, low per capita income, inflation, less productivity and slow economic growth of the country.
  3. Poor quality of life : There is not enough affordable food, shelter and education. People live in congested areas with poor sanitary conditions leading to spread of diseases, poverty and rise in crime rate.

Question 4.
Write the positive as well as negative effects of under population.
Answer:
Impace of Under population
Under population has several positive effects :

  1. There are sufficient employment opportunities for everyone.
  2. There are fewer instances of overcrowding.
  3. There are lower levels of poverty.
  4. There are adequate educational, medical and other facilities to meet everyone’s needs.
  5. There are sufficient natural resources to meet the requirements of the population.
  6. There is lesser pressure on the environment, and hence, lower rates of environmental degradation.

However, there are also some negative effects of under population :

  1. The lack of adequate labour leads to low productivity.
  2. In some instances, a higher proportion of the population is either too young or too old to work.
  3. There are lesser taxpayers, leading to low income for the government.
  4. There are not enough people to develop the natural resources of the country.

Question 5.
Write the main differences between rural and urban populations.
Answer:
Rural Population

  1. It refers to people living in villages.
  2. The population density in rural areas is low.
  3. The people do primary activities like farming, fishing, mining etc.
  4. The educational and medical facilities are not very highly developed.
  5. Poor standards of transport and communication there.
  6. Village communities are usually closely-knit with strong emphasis on culture and traditions.

Urban Population

  1. It refers to people living in towns and cities.
  2. The population density in urban areas is generally high.
  3. The people do secondary and tertiary activities like trade, transport, services, etc.
  4. The educational and medical facilities are highly developed.
  5. Better standards of transport and communication.
  6. The socio-cultural ties between people in cities are not as strong as in villages.

Question 6.
What is sex ratio ? What is the meaning of favourable and unfavourable sex ratios ?
Answer:
Sex-ratio means the number of females per 1000 males in a given population. In India, sex ratio is calculated in terms of females per 1000 males. The formula to calculate the sex
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 2 Population 1
The sex ratio is an important characteristic that helps us to study the population of a given area. For example, when we say that the sex ratio in India is 940, it means that there are 940 girls for every 1000 boys.
Favourable sex ratio: The sex ratio is considered favourable if there is an equal or higher number of females per 1000 males in the population. For example, Latvia in Europe has the highest sex ratio with 1179 females for every 1000 males.
Unfavourable sex ratio : An unfavourable sex ratio means that there is a lower number of females per 1000 males in the population. Practices like female foeticide (killing of girls in the womb), female infanticide (killing of girls when they are babies) and domestic violence towards women due to gender discrimination lead to unfavourable sex ratio. For examples, countries like India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China and Saudi Arabia have low sex ratio.

G Picture study.

Question 1.
What does the picture tell us?
Answer:
A crowded street in Mumbai, India’s most populous city.

Question 2.
Mention any three impacts of such a condition.
Answer:
Overpopulation usually has an adverse effect on the environment, the economy and the quality of life that people lead. A larger population consumes more natural resources
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 2 Population 2
such as fresh water, arable land and mineral resources. As more land is brought under cultivation, the amount of land under forests keeps reducing, impacting the diverse animal and plant populations in these forests. Increases mining for minerals causes further environmental damage. As more factories are set up to meet the needs of the people, more fossil fuels are used and more pollutants are released into the environment.

G Map work. On an outline map of the world mark the top five populous countries of the world.
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 2 Population 3

Extra questions

Question 1.
Define the following —

  1. Birth rate
  2. Death rate
  3. Life expectancy
  4. Family planning
  5. Demography
  6. Overpopulation

Answer:

  1. Birth rate — It is the number of live births per year per 1000 of the population. The formula for calculating birth rate is
    ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 2 Population 4
  2. Death rate — It is the number of deaths per year per 1000 of the population. It is calculated as :
    ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 2 Population 5
  3. Life expectancy — It is the number of years that a person is likely to live. It is calculated as the average life span of a population.
  4. Family planning — It is the process of controlling the number of children that a person has and the intervals between their births.
  5. Demography — It refers to the study of population of a place especially of humans, based on physical, socio-cultural and economic factors such as age and sex, language, religion, economic status, literacy, marital status, etc.
  6. Overpopulation — It is an undesirable condition where the number of people in a given area exceeds the availability of resources to meet the needs of all the people. In an over-populated environment, the number of people might be more than the available essential materials for survival like food, clothes, water, shelter, transport, etc.
  7. Under population — It is a condition where the number of people living in a given area is less in relation to the available resources of a country. This happens when there are not enough people to make full use of resources such as land, water, forests and the available technology.
  8. Population pyramid — It is specially designed diagram that shows the age and sex composition of a population. It is also called as age-sex pyramid.

Question 2.
List few countries with high population density (over population) and few with low population density (under population) ?
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 2 Population 6

Question 3.
Mention the causes of underpopulation ?
Answer:
Causes of underpopulation are :

  1. Increase in the death rate due to natural disaster like earthquake, Tsunami, flood or man-made disasters such as war.
  2. Decrease in birth rate due to genetic reasons.
  3. Infertility in the people
  4. Emigration – people moving out of a country.

Question 4.
What do you mean by composition of population or demographic structure? What is its significance? Name any two characteristics of a population.
Answer:
Population composition or demographic structure: Refers to the physical, sociocultural and economic attributes of the population such as age and sex, place of residence, language, religion, martial status, literacy, etc.
Significance: The characteristics of population composition are measurable and help in distinguishing one group from another.
Two Characteristics of a population are :

  1. Rural and Urban Composition: This is on the basis of where a person resides. Rural refers to villages and urban refers to cities and towns.
  2. Age and sex Composition : It refers to the percentage of people in different age groups in a given population and sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males in a population).

Question 5.
What do you understand by age composition of a population ?
Answer:
Age composition refers to the percentage of people in different age groups in a given population. It differs from country to country. It can be working population (people between 14-60 years of age) or dependent population (below 14 and above 60 years of age).

Question 6.
What is the working population of India ?
Answer:
62.5 per cent of the population of India is working population. 29.5 % is in the age group of 0-14 years while 8 % is above 60 years of age.

Question 7.
What leads to unfavourable sex ratio at some places ? Name few social practices leading to it ?
Answer:
Gender discrimination is the major cause of unfavourable sex ratio which gives women a lower status in society. Few social practices leading to unfavourable sex ratio are :

  1. Female Foeticide
  2. Female infanticide
  3. Domestic violence.

Question 8.
Name one scheme launched by the government of India that works towards generating awareness and improving the efficiency of welfare services meant for women in the country.
Answer:
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Save girl child, educate girl child).

Question 9.
What is the most effective way to show the age and sex structure of a population ?
Answer:
Population pyramid or Age-sex Pyramid.

Question 10.
Explain the diagram of a population pyramid. Also show the three types of pyramids.
Answer:
The diagram of a population pyramid consists of bars arranged in the form of a pyramid. The bars show different age groups, with the males on the left and females on the right. The base represents the youngest age group and the top represents the oldest. The shape of the population pyramid shows the characteristics of the population. The three types of pyramid are :

  1. Expanding population : In this case, the age-sex pyramid is more or less triangular with a broad base and a narrow top. The broad base shows large population of young people which indicates high birth rate. The narrow top shows high death rate in the older age group. Such a pyramid indicates rapid population growth. For example, countries like Bangladesh, India, Mexico, Nigeria have such a population pyramid.
  2. Constant Population : The shape of the pyramid is like a bell, with the narrow top and a broad middle for several bars. This shows that the birth rate is almost equal to the death rate, leading to a constant population with the percentage of males and females remaining almost the same. Usually, developed countries such as the USA have this kind of a pyramid.
  3. Declining Population : Such a pyramid has a narrow base, a bulging middle that indicates low birth rate and death rates and a slightly narrow apex. Countries like Japan, Germany and Italy have this kind of a pyramid.
    ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 2 Population 7

Question 11.
Why is it important to study the population ?
Answer:
Studying the population helps us to understand how it shapes the world in different ways. Controlling the population correctly is an important task for the government. It plays a big role in the development of a country.

12. Fill in the blanks

  1. Population refers to all the people who live in a particular area.
  2. At present, the population of the world stand at 7.35 billion.
  3. Second most populated country in the world is India.
  4. Continent-wise, Asia has the largest population, followed by Africa
  5. India’s most populous city is Mumbai.
  6. Population Density refers to the number of people living in a unit area of space.
  7. In Overpopulation condition, the number of people in a particular area is more than the available resources.
  8. Under population puts less pressure on the environment.
  9. Sex ratio of 940 means there are 940 girls for every 1000 boys.
  10. The sex ratio is usually unfavourable in those countries where gender discrimination is widespread.
  11. The average sex ratio in the world is 982 females to every 1000 males.
  12. Latvia in Europe has the highest sex ratio with 1179 females for every 1000 males.
  13. Triangular shaped population pyramid indicates rapid population growth.
  14. Not being able to have babies or produce young ones is called infertility.
  15. In India 69 % population is rural and 31 % urban.

 

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Migration

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Migration

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ICSE Solutions Class 8 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks

  1. The movement of people from one place or country to another is known as migration.
  2. Temporary migration could be annual, seasonal or daily.
  3. Brain drain is also known as human capital flight.
  4. Both the push factors and the pull factors are responsible for brain drain.
  5. The migrant’s country prospers as money (foreign exchange) enters the country.

B. Choose the correct answer

1. When a person leaves one country to move to another he is known as

  1. an emigrant
  2. an immigrant
  3. a labourer
  4. a worker

2. The type of migration in which people move from the rural areas to the city mainly in search of better job opportunities is known as

  1. rural to urban
  2. rural to rural
  3. urban to rural
  4. urban to urban

3. The reason people are forced to leave a place is called the

  1. pull factor
  2. economic factor
  3. push factor
  4. commercial

4. Migrants willing to happily take up unskilled jobs are known as

  1. cheap labour
  2. technical labour
  3. businessmen
  4. agricultural labourer

5. One of the advantages to the migrant’s home country is

  1. loss of skilled labour
  2. increased foreign exchange
  3. fall in demand of certain goods and services
  4. political uncertainly

C. State whether the following are true or false:

1. Migration can be internal or external.
Answer. True

2. The urban-rural migration is uncommon in conservative countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Answer. False.
The urban-rural migration is common in conservative countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan.

3. Jobs in a new country is not a pull factor.
Answer. False.
Jobs in a new country is a pull factor.

4. Immigrants don’t bring rich cultural diversity and traditions to their new country.
Answer. False.
Immigrants bring rich cultural diversity and traditions to their new country.

5. Social and civic pressures develop as migrants entering the new country put pressure on the existing resources.
Answer. True.

D. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
Define migration.
Answer:
The movement of people from one place or country to another is called migration.

Question 2.
What do you understand by rural-urban migration ?
Answer:
In rural-urban migration, people move from rural area to
cities mainly in search of better job opportunities, better education and urban lifestyle. A few other reasons for this migration are:

  1. Villages cannot support a rapid increase in population.
  2. Reduced food supply
  3. Shortage of land.
  4. Machines replacing human labour in farming in villages. This type of migration is common in developing countries like Brazil, South Africa and India.

Question 3.
What is primitive migration?
Answer:
Primitive migration is one in which people respond to an unfavourable environment by leaving it for more favourable one.

Question 4.
Differentiate between free and forced migration.
Answer:
In free migration, people have the choice to either stay or move.
When people living in a place are forced to leave the place due to reasons like poor living conditions, persecution, lack of political freedom, wars, lack of means to earn a livelihood, famine, etc., it is called forced migration.

Question 5.
What is illegal migration?
Answer:
Illegal migration is one where people violate immigration laws and move to other countries.

Question 6.
Name any two pull factors for migration.
Answer:
Pull factors for migration (reasons why people are attracted to a new place) include –

  1. Job opportunities in the new country (many migrate to Canada and Australia from India for this reason)
  2. Education (many students leave India to study abroad)
  3. Availability of better medical facilities.

Question 7.
What does brain drain mean ?
Answer:
Brain drain is a term that refers to a situation when highly qualified and trained people leave their country to work and settle permanently in another country that offers them better job opportunities and lifestyle. It is also known as human capital flight.

Question 8.
Give two positive effects of brain drain.
Answer:
Positive effects of brain drain include :

  1. Better employment opportunities for educated and skilled workers that may not be available in their own country.
  2. The migrant’s country will prosper as more money (foreign exchange) will enter the country.
  3. Migrants returning home will invest in their own business and thereby boost development and employment in the country.
  4. There will be greater technology transfer, greater investments and capital brought back by the diaspora returning home.

E. Answer the following questions in detail

Question 1.
Explain the different types of migrations.
Answer:
There are different types of migration :

  1. Internal migration — People move from one place to another within the country.
  2. External migration — People move to a new country or continent.
  3. Temporary migration — It includes migration which is annual, seasonal or daily. For example, people may move to lower regions from mountains during harsh winter months.
  4. Emigration — When a person leaves his or her own country and moves to another. The person who emigrates is known as an emigrant from his or her own country. For example, when a person leaves India and goes to Canada to settle there, that person is said to have emigrated from India to Canada.
  5. Immigration — When a person arrives in a new country after leaving his or her own country. For example, when a person arrives in Canada from India that person is said to have immigrated to Canada and is known as an immigrant in Canada.

Question 2.
Name and write brief notes on the four types of migration based on direction of movement.
Answer:
Four types of migration based on the direction of movement are:

  1. Rural to Urban migration — People move from villages to cities mainly in search of better job, educational opportunities, urban lifestyle and health services. Such migration is common in developing countries like India, South Africa and Brazil.
  2. Rural to Rural migration — People move from one village to another village due to acquisition of property, marriage, better resources, fertile land for farming, etc.
  3. Urban to Urban migration — People move from one city to another city, generally a larger one, in search of better job, educational facilities, health services, etc. For example, students and professionals from cities like Patna, Lucknow go to Delhi, Mumbai in search of better opportunities. This migration also happens when the population of a city becomes too big and affects the quality of life. For example, people from Delhi are moving to Gurugram and Noida. Shifting of a large government office or company from one
    city to another also causes large-scale migration of people from one city to another.
  4. Urban to Rural migration — People move back from cities to their homes in villages due to ancestral property, marriage, inability to find proper shelter or suitable job, high cost of living, traffic and pollution. For example, conservative countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan show urban-rural migration.

Question 3.
Distinguish between the pull and push factors.
Answer:
Push factors of migration :

  1. These factors force the people to leave a place.
  2. Lack of job, war, natural disaster or political instability are some of the push factors.
  3. Examples – Thousands of people from Syria are migrating to safer countries due to war, The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India.

Pull factors of migration :

  1. These factors attract people to new places.
  2. Job opportunities, better education and health services are some of the pull factors.
  3. Examples – Many students leave India to study abroad, many people migrate to Canada and Australia for better jobs.

Question 4.
Briefly explain any four pull factors of migration.
Answer:
The reason why people are attracted to a new place is known as the pull factor. It includes :

  1. Job Opportunities : Many people move to other cities within the country or to other countries because of better job and career prospects. These people are also attracted by higher salaries and better quality of life. We have seen recently lots of Indian IT professionals migrating to US for better career
    progression and higher incomes.
  2. Education : Many people leave their own country because of educational reasons. They find superior career prospects and increased income because of studying abroad. Many students from India and other Asian countries migrate to the USA, the UK and Australia for further studies in the areas of medicine, engineering and management studies.
  3. Medical Care : People migrate to other places because of better medical care and superior medical facilities. Cities with bigger hospitals, well-known doctors and medical experts, and technically advanced medical systems attract people to move here.
  4. Attraction of Wealth : Sometimes the main motive of migration is to earn quick wealth. Discoveries of minerals, especially gold and oil have drawn people from all over the world. Central Australia, Central and South America and South Africa gained population partly because of its gold mines.

Question 5.
Briefly explain any four push factors of migration.
Answer:
The reason people are forced to leave a place is called the push factor. Some of the push factors are :

  1. Lack of Job Opportunities : People living in villages often move to cities and towns in search of better job opportunities. In India, lots of people from Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal move to Punjab, Haryana and Delhi in search of better job opportunities.
  2. Lack of Available Land : Sometimes farmers cannot make a living in their own country because there is a shortage of land, or the quality of land is too poor. In such cases, such people move to places where land is available.
  3. Religious Tolerance : Sometimes when people of a particular
    religion are persecuted or when sects are not tolerated, then in order to escape repression people move to place where they are allowed to practice their religion without any danger of being repressed.
  4. Political Freedom : People sometimes move because they are not happy with the form of government in their own country. Wars also force people to migrate. People may leave a country to avoid subjection to a new regime, to avoid a war or because they have lost their homes and farms in the war.

Question 6.
What are the socio-economic advantages of migration which the destination country experiences ?
Answer:
Some of the socio — economic advantages which the destination country experiences are :

  1. Cheap labour — Many migrants work for a lower wage than local people in unskilled jobs. For example many Indians work in countries like UAE and Saudi Arabia for lower wages.
  2. Technical and skilled labour — Highly skilled migrants are talented in fields such as computer technology, medicine, teaching, space data, etc. For example, the Silicon Valley in USA has more Indian and Chinese scientists and technicians than Americans.
  3. Cultural Diversity — Immigrants bring their own rich and diverse culture and traditions when they arrive in a new country. Sharing of culture, traditions and knowledge helps remove racism and discrimination. For example, German migrants to Canada have introduced their cuisine (food) and religion (Protestantism) to Canada.

Question 7.
What are the causes of brain drain ?
Answer:
Causes of Brain Drain :

  1. Push factors — They include economic factors such as the inability to find suitably paying jobs in a person’s own country, poverty or no prospect of improving one’s standard of living, political instability that causes uncertainity, political favouritism, and religious and social discrimination.
  2. Pull factors — They include higher income and more comfortable lifestyles in the new country, better economic prospects, better educational opportunities including training and research, greater chances of promotion without partiality or discrimination, a liberal and stable government, better working conditions and medical facilities.

F. Picture study.

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Migration 1

Question 1.
This is the picture of refugees leaving their country and moving to another country.
Answer:
Syrian refugees leaving their country and moving to another country.

Question 2.
What does the picture tell us?
Answer:
Syrian refugees escaping their war-torn country in the hope of safer environment in another country.

Question 3.
What is the main cause of this migration?
Answer:
War: In the face of an ongoing violent war in Syria, thousands of Syrians have made difficult journeys to migrate to safer countries.

Question 4.
Is this migration because of a pull factor or a push factor?
Answer:
This migration is because of a push factor.

G. On an outline map of the world mark any five regions affected by international migration.
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 3 Migration 2
Question 1.
When did the early human migration start ?
Answer:
Early human migration is believed to have started when Homo Erectus first migrated out of Africa to Eurasia about 1.8 million years ago.

Question 2.
Why do people migrate ? Explain with examples.
Answer:
People migrate due to the push factors or pull factors :

1. Push factors
These are the reasons which force people to leave a place. Some of them are :

  • A lack of job in their own country.
  • War like situations
    Example – Thousands of Syrians are escaping the violent war in Syria and migrating to safer countries.
  • Food and essentials become scarce and expensive due to famine or political instability.
    For example – The economic crisis in Greece in 2015 led to severe shortages of food and medicine, forcing people to migrate. The severe food grain shortage in Nigeria in 2016 forced many Nigerians to migrate to neighbouring countries.
  • Natural disasters:
    For example : The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India.

2. Pull factors
These are the reasons which attract people to a new place. These include :

  • Job opportunities in the new country. For example, many Indians migrate to Canada and Australia for jobs.
  • Education – Many students leave India to study abroad.
  • Availability of better medical facilities.

Question 3.
What are the socio-economic advantages of migration which the home country experiences ?
Answer:
Some of the advantages of migration for the home country are :

  1. When many people leave the country to work abroad, the scope for employment for those left behind increases.
  2. When migrants return home, they bring back knowledge, skills and new ideas. With these they start their own businesses, thereby providing job opportunities to the local people. For example, In Kerala, migrants returning home from countries such as UAE and Saudi Arabia have opened up their own schools, restaurants and shopping malls, etc.
  3. Migrants working abroad send money home to support their families. This money is called remittance, which indirectly helps the government of the home country too.

Question 4.
What are the disadvantages of migration to the migrants as well as the destination countries ?
Answer:
Migration has some serious disadvantages for the migrants as well as their destination countries.

  1. Job loss — Many migrants entering a new country rob the job opportunities of the locals because they (the migrants) are willing to work for a lower pay. Many people in the US harbour a sense of resentment towards migrants from South¬east Asia, South Asia, Central and Latin America because they believe the migrants have taken over their jobs.
  2. Social and civic pressures develop as migrants entering the new country put pressure on the existing infrastructure and health and educational facilities meant for the local people.. The prices of such amenities shoot up, causing hardship to all.
  3. Immigration can fuel racism and discrimination. Immigrants are often considered different different because they speak a different language, dress differently, worship in another way or have different sets of customs. This sense of difference leads to discrimination and the local people oppose to accepting the migrants as a part of the general community.
  4. Local traditions and cultures are greatly affected because of the introduction of new or alien cultures, traditions and forms of worship. Many people from West Asia and South Asia feel discriminated against in the West because of their dressing habits and religious practices.

Question 5.
What are the disadvantages of migration to the home country of the migrants ?
Answer:

  1. Loss of skilled labour—Young people who have the skill, knowledge and professional expertise leave their country to offer their services to another country.
  2. When young people leave a country, the demand for goods and services fall and affects the economic growth and development of the country.
  3. Socio-economic impact on family life — When young people leave their small children and elderly parents behind, it affects them psychologically and they feel neglected in the absence of love and care.

Question 6.
What are the negative impacts of brain drain ?
Answer:
Some of the negative effects of brain drain are :

  1. A net decrease in the country of people with professional and technological qualifications.
  2. The reduction of qualified and technical people in the country will impact the development and growth of the nation.
  3. Remittances may taper off after some time as prices may increase.
  4. Reduced quality of essential services of health and education in the migrant’s home country.
  5. Government and private scholarships to study abroad will cause drainage of talent and skills in the country.
  6. With migrants returning home with plenty of money, vast disparity can develop between the incomes of the locals and the migrants.

Question 7.
What do you mean by diaspora ?
Answer:
Diaspora means the groups of people who have moved from their own countries and settled abroad, spreading their culture.

Question 8.
What is remittance ?
Answer:
Remittance is the money which a migrant working abroad sends home to support his family.

9. Fill in the blanks

  1. People moving from one place to another within a country is called internal migration.
  2. Many people from Mexico migrate illegally to the neighbouring US in search of  jobs.
  3. People from Delhi moving to Gurugram is an example of urban to urban migration.
  4. Emigrants are people who leave their country and move to another country.
  5. Immigrants are people who arrive in another country after leaving their own country.
  6. Push factors are reasons that force people to leave a place.
  7. Pull factors are reasons that attract people to a new place.

 

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Asia — Location, Extent, Political and Physical Features

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage – Asia — Location, Extent, Political and Physical Features

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Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks

  1. A mountain range in South-west Asia that separates Asia from Europe : Caucasus mountains.
  2. I am a plain formed by the rivers Ob, Yenisei, and Lena :Great Siberian Plain or Northern Lowlands.
  3. An area of inland drainage into which the Amu Darya and, Syr Darya drain : Turan Plain.
  4. I am a small zone from which several mountain ranges appear to radiate out: Pamir Knot.
  5. A plateau that lies between the Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges : Plateau of Iran.

B. Match the following

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 7 Asia - Location, Extent, Political and Physical Features 1
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 7 Asia - Location, Extent, Political and Physical Features 2

C. State whether the following are true or false

1. Together with Europe, Asia is often referred to as Eurasia.
Answer. True.

2. Most of the Asian countries gained independence only after World War I.
Answer. False.
Most of the Asian countries gained independence only after World War II.

3. Three rivers which flow northwards into the Arctic Ocean are the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna.
Answer. False.
Three rivers which flow northwards into the Arctic Ocean are the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena.

4. The Karakoram Range is a short range, which extends south-eastwards from the Pamir Knot between the Kunlun and the Himalayas.
Answer. True.

5. The Deccan Plateau of India lies between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
Answer. True.

D. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
Name the geographical features that border Asia in the north, south, east, and west.
Answer:
To the West of Asia are Ural mountains and the Caspian Sea. To the South-West are the Caucasus Mountains. To the North of Asia lies Arctic Ocean. To East lies the Pacific Ocean and to the south of Asia is Indian Ocean.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the term ‘archipelago ? Give two examples from the Pacific Ocean.
Answer:
Archipelago means a group of islands. Two examples in the Pacific Ocean are Japan and Philippines.

Question 3.
Name the rivers of the Great Siberian Plain.
Answer:
Rivers Ob, Yenisei and Lena have together built the Great Siberian Plain.

Question 4.
What kind of plateau is the Plateau of Tibet ?
Answer:
The Plateau of Tibet is an inter-mountain plateau, i.e., a plateau located between mountain ranges. It lies between the Kunlun and the Himalayas. The Plateau of Tibet, is also called the ‘Roof of the World’ as it is the highest flat land in the world.

Question 5.
In which country of Asia are the Mesopotamian plains situated ?
Answer:
The Mesopotanian plains are situated in Iraq.

E. Answer the following questions in detail

Question 1.
Describe the location of Asia.
Answer:
Asia lies almost wholly in the northern and eastern hemisphere. It is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea in the west and the Caucasus Mountain in the South-West. The Arctic Ocean lies to the north of Asia, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Indian Ocean to the South of Asia.
Latitudinally, Asia extends from 10°S to 80°N, (8690 km). It east-west extent is 9,700 km, from 25°E to about 170°W. There are 48 independent countries in Asia. They vary in size from Russia, China and India which are the largest to Singapore, the Maldives and Bahrain which are the smallest. Some countries consist of group of islands like Japan, Philippines and Indonesia.

Question 2.
Describe the Northern Lowlands of Asia.
Answer:
The Northern Lowlands of Asia extend from the Ural Mountains in the west up to the Bering Strait in the north-east. These lowlands are traingular in shape and widest in the west. Lying between the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Central Mountains in the south,they form the world’s greatest continuous plains. Three rivers which flow northwards into the Arctic Ocean — Ob, Yenisey and Lena, have together built this plain. These marshy and swampy lowlands are also called as the Great Siberian plain. The lower courses and mouths of the rivers freeze in winter. So, water coming from the upper courses in warmer latitudes spreads out over large part of the plains. Another low lying land exists south of the Siberian Plains in Central Asia called as the Turan Plain. This plain is an area of inland drainage and is drained by rivers AmuDarya and SyrDarya.

Question 3.
Explain why the Pami Knot is called so. Write briefly about the mountain ranges that radiate from the Pamir Knot.
Answer:
Pamir Knot is called so because many mountain ranges appear to radiate outwards in different directions from this small zone. To the east of the Pamir Knot extend the Kunlun mountains and to the north extend the Tien Shan mountains. The Himalayas emerge from the Pamir Knot towards south-east direction. The Karakoram Range extends south-eastwards from the Pamir Knot between the Kunlun and the Himalayas. To the west of the Pamir Knot lies the Hindu Kush Range
and to the south-west radiates the Sulaiman Range.

Question 4.
Write briefly about the Arabian Plateau and the Deccan Plateau.
Answer:
The Arabian Plateau in Asia is steeper in the west but gently slopes eastwards towards the Persian Gulf. It is a dry plateau as it is in the region of low rainfall and has no rivers. It grew in importance to the rest of the world after petroleum reserves were discovered here.
The Deccan Plateau of India lies between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. It is steeper and higher along the Arabian Sea in the west but slopes gently towards the Bay of Bengal in the east. A number of rivers flow across this plateau like Godawari, Indravati, Krishna, Kaveri.

Question 5.
Describe the river valleys of Asia.
Answer:
The snow-fed and perennial rivers from the mountains form the river valleys which are very fertile and densely populated. Some of the river valleys of Asia are :

  1. The Mesopotamian plains in Iraq consist of the land between the two rivers – Tigris and Euphrates.
  2. The Ganga – Brahmaputra plains spread across north India and Bangladesh. It is built by the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra.
  3. Plains in China are built up by the three big rivers — Huang He, Chang Jiang and Si Kiang.
  4. The Manchurian Plain is formed by river Amur.
  5. Plains of Indo-China are formed by the rivers Mekong and Menam.
  6. Large plain in Myanmar is formed by river Irrawaddy.
  7. Plains of Pakistan and Punjab are built by the river Indus and its five tributaries.

F. Picture study
The mountain peak seen in the picture is the highest peak in the world.
ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 7 Asia - Location, Extent, Political and Physical Features 3

Question 1.
What is the height of this peak ?
Answer:
8850 m

Question 2.
In which mountain range does it lie ?
Answer:
Himalayas

G Map study
On an outline map of Asia, mark and name the following

  1. Rivers — Amur, Ob, Chang Jiang
  2. Gulfs — Persian Gulf, Gulf of Martaban
  3. Straits — Bering Strait, Strait of Malacca
  4. Seas — Arabian Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Japan
  5. Oceans — Arctic, Pacific, Indian
  6. Mountain ranges — Himalayas, Urals, Hindukush
  7. Write ROOF OF THE WORLD and GREAT SIBERIAN PLAIN in appropriate places on the map.

Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 8 Geography Voyage Chapter 7 Asia - Location, Extent, Political and Physical Features 4

Extra Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Eurasia ?
Answer:
The land mass of Europe and Asia as a whole is called Eurasia. (Europe + Asia—Eurasia)

Question 2.
What are perennial rivers ?
Answer:
Perennial rivers are rivers that flow throughout the year, even in the dry season.

Question 3.
Name the five physical regions of Asia
Answer:
Asia is broadly divided into five physical regions

  1. The Northern Lowlands (The Great Siberian Plain)
  2. The Central Fold Mountains and Inter-mountane Plateaux.
  3. The Southern Plateaux
  4. The Great River Valleys
  5. The Island Chains

Question 4.
Which mountain range has some of the world’s highest peaks ?
Answer:
The Karakoram Range

Question 5.
Name the plateaux (plural of plateau) of the Southern Plateaux of Asia.
Answer:
The Southern Plateaux include the Arabian Plateau, the Deccan Plateau, the shan plateau and the Yunnan Plateau.

Question 6.
Name the rivers that have built the Great River Valleys of Asia.
Answer:
The Great River Valleys of Asia have been built by the rivers Tigeris, Euphrates, Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Chao Phraya or Menam, Chang Jiang or Yangtze, Huang He and Si Kiang. Small Plains have been formed along the rivers Irrawaddy, Salween, MeKong and Amur.

Question 7.
Write a note on the Island Chains of Asia.
Answer:
A series of island chains lies to the east and south-east of mainland Asia forming archipelagoes (group of islands) in an arc shape. The islands from the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Pacific Ocean are the Kuril Islands, the Japanese Islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu), the Rhyukyu Islands, the Philippines, and the Indonesian Islands. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and the Lakshadweep Islands are in South Asia.

Question 8.
Which is the largest and the smallest country in Asia ?
Answer:
Largest country in Asia — Russia
Smallest country in Asia — The Maldives

Question 9.
Name the following (in Asia)

  1. Most industrialized country –
  2. Highest elevation
  3. Highest Plateau
  4. Lowest point
  5. Deepest sea
  6. Deepest lake
  7. Longest strait
  8. Coldest Place
  9. Warmest place
  10. Number of countries in Asia

Answer:

  1. Japan
  2. Mount Everest (8,850 m)
  3. The Plateau of Tibet (‘THE ROOF OF THE WORLD’)
  4. The Dead Sea (400 m below sea level)
  5. The South China Sea
  6. Lake Baikal
  7. The strait of Malacca
  8. Verkhoyansk, Russia (-70°C)
  9. Dasht-e Lut (Iran)
  10. 48

Question 10.
What are the six regional divisions of Asia ?
Answer:
The six regional divisions of Asia are :

  1. East Asia — It consists of China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Mongolia.
  2. North Russia — It includes the Asian part of Russia (Siberia and the Russian far East).
  3. Central Asia — It consists of several landlocked countries like Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyztan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan.
  4. South-East Asia — The countries of South-East Asia fall into two different sections. The northern part consists of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar. The Southern part consists of the island countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor and the Philippines.
  5. South Asia — It consists of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the island country of Maldives. ‘
  6. West Asia — It comprises of Armenia, UAE (United ArabEmirates), Yemen, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Lebanon, Oman, Cyprus, Syria, Turkey, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia.

Question 11.
Name some important cities of East Asia.
Answer:
East Asia has some of the world’s busiest cities such as Tokyo, Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong.

Question 12.
Which are the two main rivers of Central Asia and why are they important ?
Answer:
The two main rivers of the Central Asia are the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. The rivers are very important to the Central Asian countries as the region remains quite dry for most of the year. 60% of Central Asia is deserts.

Question 13.
Write a short note on South Asia.
Answer:
South Asia refers to the Southern Asian countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, SriLanka, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the island country of Maldives. This region is home to about one fifth of the world’s population and is the most densely population region in the world. It is bounded in the north by the Himalayan mountains, to the east by the Bay of Bengal, to the West by the Arabian Sea and to the South by the Indian Ocean. South Asia has a wide variety of natural vegetation and wildlife.

Question 14.
Why is West Asia not densely populated ?
Answer:
West Asia is not densely populated because of its inhospitable climate.

Question 15.
Why is the Plateau of Tibet called the ‘Roof of the World’?
Answer:
The Plateau of Tibet is called the ‘Roof of the World’ as it is the highest flat land in the world at an average height of 4,880 m above sea level.

Question 16.
Which is the highest and the second highest peak in the world and where are they situated ?
Answer:
Mt. Everest (8,850 m) in the Himalayas is the highest peak in the world and Mt K2 or Godwin Austin (8,611 m) in the Karakoram Range is the world’s second highest peak.

Question 17.
Name few glaciers found in Himalayas and Karakoram range of mountains.
Answer:
Siachen glacier Baltoro glacier

Question 18.
Name few passes in the Central Fold Mountains and Inter – Montane Plateaux which allow the movements of goods and people across the mountains.
Answer:
Khyber pass, Bolan pass and Solan pass.

Question 19.
Why did the Arabian Plateau become important to the rest of the world ?
Answer:
The Arabian Plateau became important to the rest of the world after petroleum reserves were discovered here in the 20th century.

Question 20.
Why are the fertile river valleys and plains of Asia and such as the Mesopotamian Plains, the Indo-Gangetic Plains and the Great Plains of China called the cradles of civilization ?
Answer:
This is because the earliest civilization developed along these river banks.

Question 21.
What makes Asia a continent of contrasts ?
Answer:
The outstanding feature of the geography of Asia is the great variety and diversity in physical, cultural and economic characteristics. This makes it a continent of contrasts.

22. Fill in the blanks

  1. Asia lies wholly in the northern and eastern hemispheres.
  2. Together with Europe, Asia is called as Eurasia.
  3. Pacific Ocean lies to the east and Indian Ocean to the south of Asia.
  4. There is a time difference about 11 hours between the Anatolian Plateau (Asia Minor) in the west and the Pacific Coast in the east of Asia.
  5. There are 48 independent countries in Asia.
  6. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
  7. Asia occupies one-third of the total land area and three-fifths of the total population of the world.
  8. USSR broke up into several independent republics in 1991, some of which are in Europe and some in Asia now.
  9. North Asia is divided by a long mountain range known as the Ural Mountains.
  10. Siberia lies in the East of Ural Mountains.
  11. The two main rivers of Central Asia are the Amu Darya and the SyrDarya.
  12. South Asia is the most densely populated region in the world.
  13. The Northern Lowlands (the Great Siberian Plain) are the world’s greatest continuous plains.
  14. The Himalayas emerge from the Pamir Knot in south-east direction.
  15. Mt Everest, the world’s highest peak lies on the border between Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
  16. The Arabian Plateau is a dry plateau as it is in the region of low rainfall and no rivers.
  17. Punjab is also called as the land of five rivers.
  18. The Chang Jiang (Yangtze) is Asia’s longest river.
  19. The Lakshadweep Islands and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are in South Asia.
  20. The Maldives is the smallest country in Asia.
  21. The zone from where the mountain ranges appear to radiate outwards in different directions in the Central Fold mountains in Asia is called Pamir Knot.