What are the Different Types of Asexual Reproduction

What are the Different Types of Asexual Reproduction

The ability of the living organisms to produce new living beings similar to themselevs is called reproduction.
Single organism commonly multiply through asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the process of formation of new individuals from specialised or unspecialised parts of a single parent without the formation and fusion of gametes. Because of the formation of new individuals from a parent, asexual reproduction is called uniparental.
Fission 
It is a mode of asexual of asexual reproduction in which a parent undergoes division to form two or more individuals. Fission is of two types, binary fission and multiple fission.

Binary Fission :
It means ‘splitting into two’. In binary fission, the nucleus or nuclear matter elongates and then divides into two. It is followed by cleavage of cytoplasm in between the two daughter nuclei to form two daughter individuals.
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Methods of Asexual Reproduction :

Multiple Fission :

  • In multiple fission, many individuals are formed from a single individual.

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  • The nucleus of cell divides repeatedly, producing many nuclei.
  • Each nucleus is surrounded by a small amount of  cytoplasm & many daughter cells are produced within the cyst.
  • The cyst breaks up under favourable conditions & small off springs are liberated.
  • In plant, multiple fission is seen in many algae & in animals, a common example of multiple fission is that of the malarial parasite (Plasmodium).

Budding :

  • In budding a small part of the body of the parent organism grows out as a ”bud” which then detaches and become new organism.
  • The nucleus of the parent divides and one of the daughter nuclei passes into the bud.
  • The bud detaches itself from the parent body & becomes a new individual after growing to full size.
  • In plants, budding takes place in yeast and in animals budding is seen in hydra & sponges.

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Spore Formation :

  • In spore formation, the parent plant produces hundreds of tiny spores which can then produce new plants. During the growth of a fungus plants like. Rhizopus, tiny round bulb like structure called sporangium develops at the top of the hyphae.

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  • Non-flowering plants like fungi (mucor, Rhzopus, penicillium) bacteria, ferns or mosses, formation of spores is method of reproduction.

Regeneration :­

  • It is the ability of an organism to replace its lost body parts.

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  • A special case of regeneration is fragmentation, in which a parent multicelluar organism on maturing breaks up naturally to produce two or more daughter organisms.
  • Among plants, filamentous algae like spirogyra reproduce by this method.
  • Hydra, Planaria & Sponges exhibit regeneration.

Fragmentation :
It is the process of bracking up of the body of an organism into two or more parts called fragments, each of which grows into a new individual. Fragmentation is quite common in algae, fungi, bryophytes and some marine ribbon worms. It is caused by mechanical disturbance, chemicals, death and decay of older parts, emptying of intervening cells, etc. Fragmentation is common method of multiplication in green filamentous alga, Spirogyra (figure). Here all the cells are capable of photosynthesis, growth and division. Therefore, each fragment grows into a new filament.
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Vegetative Propagation :
In vegetative propagation, new plants are obtained from the parts of old plants like stems, roots & leaves, without the help of any reproduction. It can be achieved naturally or artificially.
There are two ways of vegetative propagation.

(a)  Natural Vegetative Propagation :
Various sturcture that take part in this type of reproduction are roots, stem, leaves.
Natural Vegetative Propagation by Roots :
In some plants like Dahlia, sweet potato, etc.,  the adventitious roots become thick, swollen and tuberous due to storage of food.
Natural Vegetative Propagation by  Stems :
Some plants reproduce by means of stems. They may be aerial like runners, suckers or underground like ginger (rhizome), potato (tuber), and sugarcane.
Natural Vegetative Propagation by Leaves :
The fleshy leaves of Bryophyllum bear adventitious buds in the notches along the leaf margin.

(b)  Artificial Vegetative Propagation :
Some plant growers have developed artificial methods of vegetative propagation like cutting, layering and grafting which are used in agriculture and horticulture.

How Plants can Reproduce Asexually

How Plants can Reproduce Asexually

Reproduction in plants
The process of producing young ones from their parents is known as reproduction. Plants reproduce through asexual, vegetative, and sexual means.
Asexual reproduction involves either the simple division of the plant body into two or more parts or the formation of spores. A new plant body is formed from a single parent. This happens under favourable conditions.
Vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction in which a cell, tissue, or part of an organ of a plant develops into a new organism.
Sexual reproduction takes place by the formation of seeds. It involves two parents and the fusion of male and female reproductive cells called gametes to form a single cell called the zygote.

Asexual reproduction
The formation of new plants from the cells of a single parent is called asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the simplest form of reproduction found in plants. It is of three common forms: budding, fragmentation, and spore formation.

Budding
Budding Microscopic organisms, such as yeasts, reproduce asexually by budding. In this process, a small bulb-like cellular outgrowth, called bud, is formed from the cell. This bud keeps on increasing in size and forms an independent organism which separates from the parent.

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Budding in yeast

Activity
Aim: To observe budding in yeast
Materials needed: A petridish, sugar, baker’s yeast (dry), warm water, and a magnifying glass
Method:
1. Put some dry yeast in warm water and some sugar in a petridish.
2. View it using a hand lens.
Observation: When dissolved in warm water and sugar, the yeast cells get activated and bubbles are given out. A certain characteristic smell is also given out.
Conclusion: The yeast cells divide to multiply and increase the volume of the solution.

Fragmentation It is a very common form of asexual reproduction found in algae. Some algae, such as Spirogyra (pond silk), Fucus, etc., are the slimy, green, and small plants seen floating on the surface of ponds or in dirty drains. In this process, the adult organism just breaks up into two or more pieces called fragments. Each of these fragments grows up to become a new plant.

Spore Formation Some plants such as ferns arid mosses multiply asexually through spores. Spores are microscopic single-celled or several-celled reproductive bodies that are mostly spherical in shape. They are protected by a thick wall when conditions (such as humidity and temperature) are unfavourable. Once the conditions for germination are favourable, these spores burst out of the thick wall, start multiplying, and grow into new plants.
Ferns and mosses are also known as lower plants. They do not have roots, do not flower, and do not have seeds. So, they multiply with the help of spores.

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Fragmentation in Spirogyra                             Spores of mosses

Ferns and mosses are also known as lower plants. They do not have roots, do not flower, and do not have seeds. So, they multiply with the help of spores.