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ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – The Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdom

January 25, 2023June 4, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – The Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdom

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

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ICSE Solutions Class 7 History & Civics Geography Maths Physics Chemistry Biology

Important Words

Harihara I and Bukka Raya I were the two brothers who established the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Raichur Doab was the fertile area lying between river Krishna and river Tungabhadra.
Domingo Paes was a Portuguese traveller who visited the Vijayanagar kingdom in the 16th century CE.
Abdur Razzaq was a Persian traveller who visited the Vijayanagar kingdom in the 15th century CE.
Deccanis were the local nobles in the Bahmani kingdom.
Pardesis were the foreign nobles in the Bahmani kingdom.

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

After the death of Mahmud Gawan the Bahamani kingdom declined.
The Vijayanagara rulers built the Vithalswami temple.
The Battle of Talikota was fought in 1565.
The Vijayanagara empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka Raya.
Occupation of Golconda, Konkan coast was the main reason behind the Bahamani-Vijayanagara conflict.

II. Match Column A with Column B

Answer:

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

The battle of Talikota was fought in
False. The battle of Talikota was fought in 1565.
Before coming to the Bahamani kingdom, Mahmud Gawan was a Persian merchant.
True.
The Bahamani rulers fought with the Vijayanagara rulers over the occupation of the Gangetic Doab.
False. The Bahamani rulers fought with the Vijayanagara rulers over the occupation of the Raichur Doab.
Nicoli Conti and Abdul Razzak visited the Vijayanagara kingdom as foreign travellers.
True.

IV. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
Describe briefly the administration of Vijayanagara rulers.
Answer:

The Vijayanagar rulers paid great attention to the welfare of people. Most of the land revenue and other taxes were used for public welfare.
The king was the highest court of appeal. The criminals were severely punished.

Question 2.
Why did the Bahamani kingdom break up and what was the result?
Answer:
There were many reasons which led to the break up of the Bahamani kingdom. Religious intolerance, constant wars with neighbours, the pleasure seeking style of the rulers and mutual quarrels between Deccani and the Irani groups were the main causes. Moreover the later Bahamani rulers were weak and incompetent. After the death of Gawan, the Bahamani kingdom crumbled as there were no competent ministers. As a result Bahamani kingdom broke into five independent states of Bijapur, Golkunda, Ahmednagar, Berar and Bidar which were later conquered by the Mughals.

Question 3.
What was the contribution of the Vijayanagara rulers in the development of art and architecture?
Answer:
The Vijaynagara rulers were great patrons of art, architecture and learning. The city was adorned with beautiful temples. The Hazara Rama and Vithalaswami temple, built by Krishnadev Raya at Hampi, are most remarkable temples.Both the temples are exquisite. Their mandapas, gopurams and towers over the sanctum are beautifully sculptured. They also built The Elephants’ Stable at Vijayanagara.

Question 4.
Discuss the reasons for the conflict between the Bahamani and Vijayanagara empires.
Answer:
The reasons for the conflict between the Vijayanagar and Bahamani kings were the following :

Both the kingdoms claimed Raichur doab lying between Krishna and Tungabhadra because of its fertile and rich land.
Both wanted to conquer Golconda because of its diamond mines.
Both of them were ambitious and wanted to control the whole inusila-peninsula.As such the Bahamani and Vijayanagar kingdom were continuously at war with each other,

Question 5.
Discuss the achievements of Krishnadev Raya.
Answer:

Krishnadeva encouraged foreign trade with the Portuguese who had established trade centres on the Malabar Coast.
He earned rich revenue by imposing custom duties and other taxes.
He took active steps to promote agriculture. Irrigation facilities were develpoed by building dams and canals.
Krishnadeva Raya was a great patron of art and literature.
He maintainted a magnificent court and encouraged poets and learned men.

V. Tell my why!

Question 1.
The Gol Gumbaz is called an architectural wonder.
Answer:
The Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur is an architectural wonder. It is the tomb of Muhammad Adil Shah. Its dome is said to be the largest in the world. It has an unparalled acoustic system. Any sound made in the inner gallery of the Gol Gumbaz gives rise to multiple echoes and returns it to the person several times.

Question 2.
Vijayanagara needed to keep a large army.
Answer:
Because of the conflicts between the Bahamani and Vijayanagara kingdom’s.

Question 3.
The Krishna-Tungabhadra doab was a much sought-after area.
Answer:
Because the empire Vijayanagara was situated on Krishna- Tungabhadra doab.And this doab and the people living in the Krishna-Tungabhagra doab memorises some of the Vijayanagar empire and these oral traditions combined with archaeological finds, monuments and inscriptions and other records helped scholars to rediscover the /ijayanagara Empire.

VI. Picure study:

This is a picture of a temple at a capital city:

1.Name the temple.
Ans. Virupaksha Temple.

2. Name the empire and the capital city where it was built.
Ans. Vijayanagara empire and Hampi was capital.

3.Who was the greatest ruler of the empire? Mention the name of the book written by him.
Ans. Krishnadeva Raya was the greatest ruler of the empire. Veera-Saivanruta, Bhava-Chinta-Ratna were the books written by him.

Additional Questions
(The Vijayanagara and Bahamani Kingdomes)

A. Fill in the blanks:

Vijayanagar was established by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka Rai.
The Vijayanagar kingdom which was ruled by sixteen kings, was very powerful for 230 years and became the centre of Hindu civilization and culture.
The Raichur Doab became a battleground for the prolonged struggle between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms.
Each province in the Vijayanagar kingdom was placed under a Governor who was responsible for the administration of that province.
The two main sources of revenue for the Vijayanagar kingdom were taxes on land and trade.
The Bahmani kingdom was established by Alauddin Hassan. It lasted for about 200 years and was ruled by eighteen kings.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom was Harihara/Bukka Raya I/Krishnadeva Raya.
Ans. The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom was Krishnadeva Raya.

2. The Vijayanagar kingdom was divided into six/nine/eight provinces.
Ans. The Vijayanagar kingdom was divided into six provinces.

3. The province/village/district was at the bottom rung of the administrative ladder in the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Ans. The village was at the bottom rung of the administrative ladder in the Vijayanagar kingdom.

4. The Bahmani kingdom reached the height of its glory under the leadership of Mahmud Gawan/Alauddin Bahman Shah/Adil Shah
Ans. The Bahmani kingdom reached the height of its glory under the leadership of Mahmud Gawan.

5. The Bahmani rulers patronized Hinduism/Buddhism/ Islam.
Ans. The Bahmani rulers patronized Mam.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

The founders of the Vijayanagar kingdom brought the whole of South India, from the Tungabhadra to Cape Comorin, under their control.
True.
The Vijayanagar kingdom had established trade relations with the Dutch.
False. Correct: The Vijayanagar kingdom had established trade relations with the Portuguese.
Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the Deccan in the 15th and 16th centuries CE.
True.
Mahmud Gawan slept on a mat and ate in earthen vessels.
True.
The Bahmani rulers used Persian and Arabic as court languages.
True. –

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

1. How did the collapse of the Sultanate impact North India?
Ans. North India was rocked by political turmoil and instability.

2. What was Krishnadeva Raya’s contribution to literature and art?
Ans. Krishnadeva Raya was a great patron of art and literature. He was himself a Sanskrit scholar and a good Telegu poet. He maintained a magnificent court and encouraged poets and learned men.

3. What is the significance of the Battle of Talikota?
Ans. In the battle of Talikota the five kingdoms of Bijapur, Ahmadanagar, Berar, Golconda and Bidar formed an alliance against Vijayanagar kingdom and gave it a crushing defeat. Due to this battle the Hindu empire in the South was totally finished.

4. What major change was introduced in the village administration of the Vijayanagar kingdom?
Ans. The village administration was at the bottom of the administrative ladder. The old feudal system was revived and hereditary officers governed the village.

5. What measures did the Vijayanagar rulers take to develop agriculture?
Ans. During the regin of Vijayanagar rulers forests were cleared to bring more land under cultivation. Many canals, irrigation tanks and dams were built to improve and develop agriculture.

6. Why were there no major social or cultural changes in the Vijayanagar kingdom?
Ans. The Vijayanagar rulers followed ancient Vedic customs ; therefore there was no major social or cultural changes during that time. The Society was quite conservative and was governed by religious norms. The caste system was rigid and Brahmanas were considered superior and these religious supremos did not allow to have much social or cultural changes.

7. Give one example to show that the Vijayanagar kings were tolerant and liberal.
Ans. The Vijayanagar rulers were staunch Hindus but they were tolerant and liberal in their outlook. They employed Muslims in their army and administration. There was no discrimination between Christians, Jews, Muslims and Hindus.

8. Name any one foreign traveller whose observations are an important literary source of information about the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Ans. Two important sources of information about the Vijayanagar empire had been received from travellers like Domingo Paes from Portugal and Abdur Razzaq from Persia.

9.What was the extent of the Bahmani kingdom?
Ans. Bahmani kingdom stretched from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal and it also included the whole of northern Deccan with the river Krishna as its southern boundary.

10. Give one example to show that Mahmud Gawan was a patron of learning.
Ans. Mahmud Gawan was a learned man and a patron of learning. He built a madarasa in the capital city of Bidar and donated his private collection of 3,000 books. He gave scholarships to poor and deserving students.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
What did Krishnadeva Raya do to make the make the Vijayanagar kingdom powerful and prosperous?
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya took various steps to make the Vijayanagar empire rich and prosperous like:

He encouraged foreign trade with the Portuguese.
He collected good revenue from them by imposing custom duties and other taxes.
He took active steps to promote agriculture.
Importance was given for increasing irrigation facilities by building dams and canals.

Question 2.
Mention two important features of each of the following in the Vijayanagar kingdom: (a) central government (b) provincial government.
Answer:
(a) Central government:

The king was the head of the administration and he was considered an absolute ruler and his will was law.
A council of ministers chosen by him assisted him in administering the empire.

(b) Provincial government:

The whole empire was divided into six provinces and each province was placed under the charge of a governor.
The provinces were further divided into districts and each district consisted of a number of villages

Question 3.
Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the 15th and 16th centuries Explain.
Answer:
Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the 15th and 16th centuries ce. The development of agriculture and the promotion of trade and commerce enriched the treasury. The two main sources of revenue were taxes on land and trade.
The land tax varied from one third to one sixth of the produce, depending on the quality of the land, which was assessed before the tax was levied. Forests were cleared and more land was brought under cultivation. Irrigation tanks, canals and dams were built.
Flourishing trade enriched the kingdom. The market overflowed with foreign imports such as Arabian horses, Chinese silks and Sri Lankan elephants. The main items of export were cotton cloth, sandalwood, rice, sugar and spices.

Question 4.
Describe (a) the importance of trade in Vijayanagar and (b) the position of women in society.
Answer:
(a)
Krishnadeva Raja encouraged foreign trade with the Portuguese who had established trade centres on the Malabar Coast. He earned a rich revenue by imposing custom duties and other taxes on them. He took active steps to promote agriculture. Irrigation facilities were developed by building dams and canals.
(b)
Women in general were respected, but they did not – enjoy much freedom. Child marriage and sati were common practices. Some upper-class women, however, occupied high positions in society and participated in social, literary and even political life.

Question 5.
Briefly discuss the conflict between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms over the Raichur Doab.
Answer:
The Raichur Doab was a fertile area, that touched the southern boundary of Bahmani kingdom and northern boundary of Vijayanagar empire. This area become a battleground for both the kingdoms as each one wanted to rule over it because it was a rich source of revenue. It constantly passed on from one hand to another till finally the issue was finished after the defeat of Vijayanagar in the Battle of Talikota

Question 6.
Give an account of the achievements of Mahmud Gawan.
Answer:
As a competent and successful general Mahmud Gawan enlarged the boundaries of the kingdom and recaptured the important port of Goa from the Vijayanagar kingdom.
He was also a capable administrator. He promoted and encouraged agriculture a great deal. As a result the kingdom become economically prosperous.
Mahmud Gawan was a learned man and a patron of learning. He built a madarasa in the capital city of Bidar and donated his private collection of 3,000 books. He gave scholarships to poor and deserving students

Question 7.
What was the actual position of the Bahmani kings in the administrative set-up?
Answer:
The Bahmani king in theory were powerful but in practice authority was depended on the strength of his army. Weak Sultans were controlled by the Ulemas and powerful nobles.

Question 8.
What did the Bahmani rulers do to patronize Islam?
Answer:
To patronize Islam the Bahmani rulers built many beautiful mosques in the capital cities of Gulbarga and Bidar. Madarasas and libraries were also set-up to promote Islamic studies and Persian and Arabic were used as court language.

Question 9.
Why were the sultans of the Deccan easily overpowered by the Mughal emperor of the north?
Answer:
The Sultans of the Deccan were in constant war among each other because of their mutual rivalries and due to this they also lost much of their wealth and become prey of the Mughal emperor of the North.

G Picture study:

This is a picture of the ruins of the capital city of a powerful kingdom in the Deccan which was founded by two brothers.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - The Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdom 6

Question 1.
Identify the city and name the kingdom.
Answer:
Hampi, Vijaynagar kingdom.

Question 2.
Who was the greatest ruler of this kingdom?
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya.

Question 3.
Mention any five achievements of this ruler.
Answer:

Krishnadeva encouraged foreign trade with the Portuguese who had established trade centres on the Malabar Coast
He earned rich revenue by imposing custom duties and other taxes.
He took active steps to promote agriculture. Irrigation facilities were develpoed by building dams and canals.
Krishnadeva Raya was a great patron of art and literature.
He maintainted a magnificent court and encouraged poets and learned men.

Question 4.
Describe briefly the capital city of this kingdom.
Answer:
Hampi, the capital of Vijayanagar, was a splendid city. It was
surrounded by sevan walls and its total circumference was 96 kilometres (60 miles.) The streets were paved and well laid out. The city was studded with gardens, lakes, mansions and temples. Fresh sweet-scented flowers were sold in abundance. Everyone wore jewellery. Diamonds, rubies, pearls and emeralds were openly sold in crowded bazaars.

Question 5.
What is the most outstanding feature of the Gol Gumbaz?
Answer:
Gol Gumbaz has an enormous whispering dome. In this dome the whisper returns back nine times to the person who carries it out.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – The Delhi Sultanate

January 25, 2023June 4, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – The Delhi Sultanate

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 7 History & Civics Geography Maths Physics Chemistry Biology

Important Words

Price control is the practice where the king or the government controls the prices of goods to prevent shopkeepers from increasing prices.
Devagiri was the city which Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose to shift his capital to. He renamed it Daulatabad.
Token currency was the system of currency introduced by Muhammad bin Tughlaq where brass and copper coins were to have the same value as silver and gold coins.
The ulema were the group of Muslim religious scholars who also advised the king.

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

Qutab-ud-din Aibak was the real founder of the Slave Dynasty.
Razia was nominated by Iltutmish as his successor.
Balban’s theory of kingship was divine.
Jalal-ud-din Khalji was the first Khalji ruler.
Malik Kafur led many campaigns in North India and every time he brought a huge booty of gold, jewels, elephants and horses.
Amir Khusrau was a well-known poet in the court of Ala- ud-din Khalji.
Ala-ud-din constructed a big tank called Hauz khas.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri.
Amir Timur invaded India in AD 1398.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq introduced copper coins in place of gold and silver coins.

II. Match Column A with Column B:

Answer:

III. State weather the following statements are True Or False:

Qutub-ud-din Aibak built the Qutab Minar of Delhi.
True
Balban believed in absolute monarchy.
True.
Malik Kafur was also known as Hazar Dinari because he was bought for a thousand dinars.
True.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq is known as a ‘mixture of opposites’.
True.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq was Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s son.
False.Firoz Shah Tughlaq was Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s cousin.
Sikandar Lodi lost control over the Gangetic Valley.
False Ibrahim Lodi lost control over the Gangetic Valley.
Khizr Khan was the founder of Sayyid dynasty.
False. Khizr Khan was the deputy of Sayyid dynasty.

IV. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
What were the difficulties that Iltutmish had to face and how did he tackle them?
Answer:
Iltutmish position was challenged from the very beginning since he had no hereditary claim over the throne. But Iltutmish proved himself as a strong and efficient ruler.

Question 2.
Write in brief about the rise and fall of Razia Sultan.
Answer:
Razia was brave, intelligent, and possessed all the royal qualities. She dressed like a man and used to sit in the open darbar to transact business. She even rode horses. She was a talented woman and regarded the welfare of her subjects as an essential duty.
There was chaos and disorder in the country when Razia came to the throne. But being an able ruler, she put the things in order. She was a wise, just, and benevolent ruler. She became the true leader of her armies.
But some nobles did not like to be ruled by a woman. She favoured a slave called Yakut and this was one of the causes of her abrupt fall.

Question 3.
Who was Balban? What step»did he take to consolidate the Sultanate?
Answer:
Balban was the father-in-law of Nasir-ud-din. He came to power after the death of Nasir-ud-din in AD 1266.
The steps taken by Ba’lan to consc’idate the sultanate were: .

Balban reformed the army to increase its efficiency.
Balban created an awe and respect in the minds of the people.
He made the people and the nobles loyal to the crown,
Balban put the administration in order.
He checked the Mongol invasions successfully.
He organised a very efficient spy system.
He strictly believed in the ‘divine theory’ of kingship, i.e., king is the representative of God on earth.

Question 4.
Who was the greatest of the two — Iltutmish or Balban? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Iltutmish was the greatest ruler because of the following reasons :

The Turkish nobles who had challenged his claim to the throne were suppressed.
The revolt of the Khilji governor of Bengal was crushed.
The power of his external rivals, the rulers of Ghazni and Multan, was destroyed.
A new danger presented itself when the Mongol chief, Chenghiz Khan, reached the borders of India in pursuit ofthe Shah of Persia (Iran). The Shah had fled towards India in search of Shelter. Iltutmish politely refused to give him refuge and by doing so he saved India from the threat of the Mongol invasion.
After having got rid of his enemies, Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa and Gwalior. He brought the whole of North India up to the river Narmada under his control. The Caliph of Baghdad recognized him as the sovereign of India.

Question 5.
Discuss briefly Ala-ud-din’s conquest of the North.
Answer:
Alauddin first captured the fort of Ranthambore and then attacked Chittor, the capital of Mewar. The Rajputs fought bravely but lost the battle. This was followed by the capture of the important cities of Mandu, Ujjain, Dhar and Chanderi in Malwa. By 1305 CE, Alauddin become the master of the whole of North India.

Question 6.
What was the system of chehra and dagh introduced by Ala-ud-din Khalji?
Answer:
Ala-ud-din introduced a system of chehra, an identity card system for every soldier, and dagh to brand horses to be used specifically for wars.

Question 7.
What was the consequence of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s project of shifting his capital?
Answer:
Consequences : In the absence of the sultan, Delhi was now exposed to renewed attacks by the Mongols. Realizing his folly, Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital back to Delhi after 2 years. The people were ordered to return. The suffering and mental agony caused great resentment. The experiment was a dismal failure. It had drained the treasury and reduced the grand and prosperous capital of Delhi to a mere shadow of its former self. Daulatabad, a monument of misdirected energy, became a deserted city.

Question 8.
Who was Timur? When did he invade India?
Answer:
Amir Timur was a founder of the Sayyid Dynasty. Amir Timur invaded India in AD 1398.

Question 9.
Why is Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq called an ill-starred idealist?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq called an ill-starred idealist because:

He was a great philosopher and mathematician.
He was a great general but he lacked common sense and practical judgemnet.
He was a Sunni Muslim but did not allow the ulemas to interfere in state affairs.
Some historians argue that he was a man ahead of his time.

V. Give Reason why:

Question 1.
Mahmud of Ghazni attacked India.
Answer:
Mahmud of Ghazni attached India as he was in wealth rather than setting up an empire in the Indian subcontinent.

Question 2.
Turks succeeded against Rajputs
Answer:
The Rajputs were brave soldiers and skilled swordsmen. But they suffered defeat after defeat. The reasons for their defeat or, in other words, causes for Muslim success were the following:

The Rajputs lacked unity. They were always fighting with each other. Prithviraj Chauhan and Jaichand could not unite against Muhammad Ghori.
Rajput chiefs were jealous of each other.
The Rajputs had no standing army of their own, and hence had to depend on the feudal lords for contingents.
The Rajputs were no match for the quick and swift army and cavalry of the Central Asian warriors.

Question 3.
Nobles rebelled against Razia.
Answer:
Nobles rebelled against Razia because they did not like the idea of being ruled by a woman.

Question 4.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s toktn currency failed.
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s token currency failed because the token currency was made of copper and brass and had equal value as silver and gold coins. However, the experiment failed because people started forging these coins at their homes.

VI. Picture study:

This is a picture of the remains Daulatabad Fort.

Question 1.
Name the ruler who built it.
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.

Question 2.
Write the two reasons behind the transfer of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad.
Answer:
The transfer of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad) in the Deccan. Two major reasons prompted the sultan to take the decision.

Central location: With the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate into the Deccan, Devagiri was centrally located and nearly equidistant from Delhi and other important places.
Mongol invasions: Repeated Mongol attacks posed a great threat to Delhi. Daulatabad was at a safe distance from the invaders.

Question 3.
What were the results of the transfer of capital?
Answer:
Consequences: In the absence of the sultan, Delhi was now exposed to renewed attacks by the Mongols. Realizing his folly, Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital back to Delhi after 2 years. The people were ordered to return. The suffering and mental agony caused great resentment. The experiment was a dismal failure. It had drained the treasury and reduced the grand and prosperous capital of Delhi to a mere shadow of its former self. Daulatabad. a monument of misdirected energy, became a deserted city.

I. Time To Do

Crossword:
Down

Founder of Slave Dynasty
Leader of Mongols Across
Daughter of Iltutmish
Group of Turkish nobles called

Answer:

Additional Questions
(The Delhi Sultanate)

A. Fill in the blanks:

The founder of the Khilji dynasty was Jalaluddin – Khilji,
Alauddin was a brilliant general and a shrewd administrator.
Alauddin was the first Turkish ruler to build an empire in India.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was an efficient administrator and a capable military commander.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq realized the importance of a strong and powerful army to strengthen and secure the position of the ruler. He needed additional revenue to increase military resources.
Firoze Shah’s economic reforms improved agricultural production and made the peasants prosperous and happy.
Alauddin built a strong defence system to protect his empire from Mongol raids.
Iltutmish defeated the Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa, and Gwalior and brought the whole of North India upto the river Narmada under his control.
The Caliph of Baghdad recognized Iltutmish as the sovereign of India. He was succeeded by his daughter Razia.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. State weather the following statements are True Or False:

Alauddin conquered Chittor, the capital of Mewar/ Malwa/Warangal.
Ans. Alauddin conquered Chittor, the capital of Mewar.
Alauddin was the first Turkish ruler to send an expedition to Gujarat/Rajasthan/the Deccan.
Ans. Alauddin was the first Turkish ruler to send an expedition to the Deccan.
Most historians have traced the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s schemes to his character/education/ intelligence.
Ans. Most historians have traced the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s schemes to his character.
Firoze Shah laid out about 1,200 gardens and orchards/ lakes/roads around Delhi
Ans. Firoze Shah laid out about 1,200 gardens and orchards around Delhi.
The final blow to the Delhi Sultanate was dealt by the invasion of Babur/Timur/Khizr Khan.
Ans. The final blow to the Delhi Sultanate was dealt by the invasion of Timur.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

Alauddin dreamt of conquering the whole world.
True.
Under Alauddin, spies were kept in every unit of the army.
True.
Alauddin’s death was followed by great political turmoil.
True.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a diligent ruler who undertook projects that were brilliantly conceived and executed.
False.
Correct: Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a diligent ruler who undertook projects that were brilliantly conceived^–and poorly executed.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s of increasing the taxes in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region led to the development of agriculture in that region.
False.
Correct: The policy of increasing the taxes in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region led to the severe set back of agriculture in that region.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq stayed in Daulatabad for 5 years.
False.
Correct: Muhammad bin Tughlaq stayed in Daulatabad for 2 years.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

1. Under what circumstances did Alauddin ascend the throne of Delhi?
Ans. Alauddin captured the throne of Delhi by killing his uncle Jalaluddin Khilji. As the situation at that time was very worse because Jalaluddin was very mild and pious person which led to lawlessness and revolts. Alauddin took advantage of the situation and ascended the throne.

2. How did Alauddin Khilji win over the rebellious nobles after capturing the throne?
Ans. Alauddin Khilji won over the nobles to his side by bribing them with rich gifts.

3. Name the capital of Mewar.
Ans. Chittor the capital of Mewar.

4. What did the Rajput women in the royal palace do when Alauddin Khilji captured Chittor?
Ans. The women performed jauhar and burnt themselves to death.

5. Who led Alauddin’s Deccan campaigns?
Ans. The Deccan expeditions were led by Malik Kafur.

6.Why do modern historians reject the account of a mass exodus from Delhi to Daulatabad?
Ans. Modem historians, however, do not accept the account of a mass exodus. According to them, Delhi was never depopulated because there is evidence to prove that construction work was carried out in Delhi during the period of transfer.

7. Mention any one economic reform introduced in the Doab region by Firozc Shah Tughlaq.
Ans. Land taxes were reduced in the Doab. All loans given during the famine were cancelled. Many taxes were abolished.

8. Give one example to show that Firoze Shah wasconcerned about the welfare of his poor subjects.
Ans. Free hospitals were set up for the poor.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
With reference to the following conquests, briefly explain how Alauddin extended the boundaries of the – Delhi Sultanate: (a) Conquest of Gujarat (b) Conquest of the Rajput states.
Answer:
(a)
Conquest of Gujarat: Alauddin extended the boundaries of the Delhi Sultanate by sending an expedition to Gujarat which was conquered and annexed.
(b)
Conquest of the Rajput states: Alauddin first captured the fort of Ranthambore and then attacked Chittor, the capital of Mewar. The Rajputs fought bravely but lost the battle. This was followed by the capture of the important cities of Mandu, Ujjain, Dhar and Chanderi in Malwa. By 1305 CE, Alauddin become the master of the whole of North India.

Question 2.
Give an account of Alauddin Khilji’s (a) Deccan conquest and (b) Deccan policy.
Answer:
(a) Deccan conquest: Alauddin was the first Muslim ruler to send an expedition to the Deccan. This expedition was led by Malik Kafur, who defeated the rulers of
Devagiri Warangal and Dwarasamudra and attacked and plundered Madurai in the far South. Thus Alauddin become the first Turkish ruler to extend his influence, south of the Vindhyas.
(b) Deccan policy: Alauddin did not annex the Deccan after conquering it because he realized that it would not be easy to control these provinces from Delhi. Moreover his main objective in conquering it was to acquire as much wealth as possible from the South to pay for the maintenance of his huge army.Alauddin forced the rulers of Deccan to acknowledge his supremacy and pay heavy annual charges as a mark of submission to his over-lordship.

Question 3.
How did Alauddin protect the Delhi Sultanate from repeated Mongol invasions?
Answer:
Alauddin took following steps to protect his empire from the Mongols invasions:

The forts along the route of Mongols-attacks were repaired and the frontier provinces were placed under the best generals.
The army was reorganized and strengthened.
Mongol leaders were captured and trampled under the feet of elephants.
The Mongols who after embracing Islam settled down in Delhi during Jalaluddin’s reign were mercilessly killed.

Question 4.
Why is Muhammad bin Tughlaq regarded as one of the most accomplished and learned scholars of his times?
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq is regarded as one of the most accomplished and learned scholars of his times due to his intellectual curiosity and thrust for getting more knowledge. He was gifted with an extraordinary memory. He was a master in logic, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and physical sciences. He was a lover of Persian literature and poetry, calligraphy, fine arts and music. He loved the company of learned men.

Question 5.
Discuss the causes and results of the taxation scheme of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in the Doab.
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq realized the importance of a strong and powerful army to strengthen and secure the position of the ruler. To increase military resources, he needed additional revenue. The Ganga-Yamuna Doab (the area between) the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers) was a fertile region. The land tax in this area was increased. Unfortunately, the rains failed and a severe famine broke out. People refused to pay the 1 enhanced taxes. But the tax collectors showed no mercy and continued to collect the taxes with such rigour that the peasants were ruined. To escape the tyranny of the tax collectors, the peasants abandoned their lands and fled to the jungles.

Question 6.
Why was the capital transferred from Delhi to Daulatabad? Explain the consequences of this project.
Answer:
The transfer of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad) in the Deccan. Two major reasons prompted the sultan to take the decision.

Central location: With the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate into the Deccan, Devagiri was centrally located and nearly equidistant from Delhi and other important places.
Mongol invasions: Repeated Mongol attacks posed a great threat to Delhi. Daulatabad was at a safe distance from the invaders.
Consequences: In the absence of the sultan, Delhi was now exposed to renewed attacks by the Mongols. Realizing his folly, Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital back to Delhi after 2 years. The people were ordered to return. The suffering and mental agony caused great resentment. The experiment was a dismal failure. It had drained the treasury and reduced the grand and prosperous capital of Delhi to a mere shadow of its former self. Daulatabad, a monument of misdirected energy, became a deserted city.

Question 7.
What arrangements did Muhammad bin Tughlaq make to achieve his ambition of a world empire? Why did his scheme fail?
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq dreamt of establishing a world empire. For this he decided to conquer Khurasan, Persia and Iraq. He mobilized a huge army for it and equipped it and paid one full year’s salary in advance. But later he realized that it was not easy to send such a large army across the snowy Himalayan passes. So this scheme failed and it even drained the wealth of the Royal treasury.

Question 8.
What was the condition of the Delhi Sultanate at the end of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign?
Answer:
The condition of the Delhi Sultanate was in a state of decay and disintegration after twenty five year of reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Question 9.
To what would you attribute the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s schemes – personal character or prevailing conditions? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Both personal character and prevailing conditions were responsible for the failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. In personal side he lacked practical sense and was not able to predict things whereas on other side, conditions prevailing were also not favourable. People were backward and did not respond to new ideas and radical reforms.

Question 10.
What evidence do we have to prove that Alauddin was a patron of art and learning?
Answer:
Alauddin was a patron of art and learning which can be seen clear from the large and beautiful monuments built during his reign. There were many learned scholars and poet in his court, Amir Khusrau, the famous Persian poet was one of them. The Alai Darwaza is one of the most beautiful architecture of that time. He also built many beautiful palaces and mosques. The Siri Fort and the Palace of Thousand Pillars are good examples of it.

G Picture study:

This is a picture of the most beautiful specimen of Khilji architecture, which was added as an entrance to the Qutb complex in Delhi.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - The Delhi Sultanate 7

Question 1.
Identify the monument.
Answer:
Alai Darwaja.

Question 2.
During whose reign was it built?
Answer:
Alauddin Khilji.

Question 3.
With reference to the reign of this ruler, mention two important features of each of the following:
(a) Reorganization of the army
(b) Revenue reforms
(c) Market control policy
Answer:
(a)
Alauddin was the first Sultan of Delhi to lay the foundation of a permanent standing army. The size of the standing army was greatly enlarged. Alauddin introduced the system of branding horses and maintaining a descriptive roll of the soldiers. Spies were kept in every unit of the army.
(b)
Alauddin introduced certain revenue reforms. The land was measured and the share of the state was fixed. Special revenue officials were appointed to collect the taxes.
(c)
Alauddin set up three markets at Delhi – one for food grains, the second for cloth and the third for horses, slaves and cattle. Each market was under the control of an officer called Shahna.

The prices of all commodities were fixed and prices of essential items were kept low.
Market officers were appointed to keep a strict watch on the prices, weights and the activities of the traders.
Anyone caught hoarding goods or cheating customers in price or weight was severely punished.
State warehouses were set up and stocked with food grains.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – Medieval Europe – Rise and Spread of Christianity

November 10, 2023May 21, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – Medieval Europe – Rise and Spread of Christianity

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 7 History & Civics Geography Maths Physics Chemistry Biology

Important Words

Medieval comes from a Latin word which means ‘time in the middle’. The Medieval Period is the period between the Ancient and the Modem periods.
The Messiah is a liberator of an oppressed people or country/ the promised deliverer of the Jews.
The Christ is the Messiah/the title given to Jesus.
The Old Testament constitutes the first major part of the Bible. It is traditionially divided into the categories of law, history, poetry (or wisdom books) and prophecy.
Baptism is the Christian rite of sprinkling water on a person’s forehead or immersing him/her in water, symbolizing purification and admission to the Christian church.
Resurrected means to be returned to life after death.
The Gospels are the first four books of the New Testament (the second part of the Bible) that tell the story of Christ’s life and teachings.
The Goths, the Vandals and the Franks were European tribes which invaded the Roman and Greek empires in the Early Medieval Period.
Crusades were the holy wars waged by the Christians against the Turks, who had captured the lands of the Christian emperor of Constantinople and Jerusalem (the holy land of the Christians).

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

Christianity was founded by Jesus Christ. He began preaching at the age of thirty.
Jesus criticised all harmful activities and evils.
Galerius Constantine recognised Christianity.
Constantine established a new capital at Byzantine in AD 330.
The last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus was deposed in AD 476.

II. Match Column A with Column B:

Answer:

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

Paul spread the teachings of Christ in Greece and Rome.
True.
Emperor Charlemagne recognised Christianity in AD 313.
False.Emperor Constantine embraced Christianity in AD 313.
The head of the Roman Church, the Pope, was considered the representative of Christ on Earth.
True.
Constantinople fell in AD 1453.
True.
Crusades were fought between Hindus and Christians.
False Crusades were fought between Islam and Christians.

IV. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
Where was Christ born? Why was he crucified?
Answer:
Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem, a small village of Jerusalem. His father Joseph and mother Mary were Jews. Jesus was bom in about 4 BC. Jesus emphasised on one God and gave immense importance to love, brotherhood and compassion. He fearlessly criticised all harmful activities and evils. This made the rich and powerful among the Romans his enemy. They complained to Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor of Palestine, accusing Jesus of calling himself the king of Jews and thus encouraging people to rebel against Roman rulers. Jesus was arrested and crucified. The cross became a sacred symbol of the Christians.

Question 2.
Describe the teachings of Christ.
Answer:
Jesus preached his message in simple words, in the form of stories that the common man could understand.
Some of his main teachings were:

All men are brothers as we are the children of the same God.
God is one, so worship of various gods is of no use.
God is so kind that he forgives even the sinner if he repents.
God will love us if we are kind to our fellowmen.
Hate the sin and not the sinner.
Refrain from worldly evils like greed, avarice and vanity.
Jesus called himself the ‘Son of God’ who had been sent by God to guide man to attain salvation.
Kingdom of God could be built by man, purified by the love of God.

Question 3.
Discuss the contribution of emperor Constantine in spread of Christanity.
Answer:
Constantine the Roman Emperor, defeated all his rivals who came in way of spreading Christianity and declared himself as the undisputed emperor. He made Christianity a legal religion and in this way persecution of Christians came to an end. Later on Christianity become the official religion of the Roman empire.

Question 4.
Describe the emergence and fall of Constantinople.
Answer:
The Roman emperor Constantine established a new capital at Byzantine in AD 330. This city became famous as Constantinople, named after Constantine. The Byzantine empire with Constantinople as its capital prospered for a thousand years until AD 1453. It had close relations with countries of the east, including India. The Byzantines built beautiful churches with lavish decorations. Constantinople became the largest city in Europe, the most splendid and prosperous.
The Fall of Constantinople
The capital of Constantinople had been under attack many times before, and all have failed, all but one. The Ottoman Turks, who were Muslims and under the lead of Sultan Mehmed 11, had an army of 100,000 to 150,000, while the army for Constantinople had 10,000. The siege lasted for about fifty days. The army of Constantinople tried to use every tactic that worked before, but they were greatly outnumbered, which hurt their chances. As well as trying to take over the city, the Turks were fighting and trying to take over the seas and ports. On Tuesday, May 29, 1453, the army of Constantinople surrendered and left, letting the Ottomans take over the city.

Question 5.
Discuss the reasons for the decline of the Roman empire.
Answer:
The barbarian invasions penetrated deep into the Roman territory and plundered and ravaged it. Even the magnificent city of Rome was not spared. These tribes gradually settled down and assumed control of the western part of the Roman empire which lead to its decline.

V. Picture Study : Study the picture and answer the following questions.

Identify and name the painting.
Ans. The last supper.
Name the Painter.
Ans. Leonardo da Vinci.
Describe the theme of the painting.
Ans. A painting of Jesus with his disciples.

Additional Questions
(Rise of Christianity)

A. Fill in the blanks:

In the middle of the 1st century bce the Romans conquered Palestine, the homeland of the Jews.
Jesus was believed to the son of God. He was born to Mary.
For three years, Jesus travelled throughout Galilee, preaching, teaching and healing the sick.
Jesus taught that there was one God who was compassionate, loving and forgiving.
Towards the end of the 4th century ce. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire.

B. Match the following:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Medieval Europe - Rise and Spread of Christianity 5
Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

Jesus grew up in Bethale/iem/Jerusalem/Nazareth, where he studied Jewish scriptures.
Ans. Jesus grew up in Nazareth, where he studied Jewish scriptures.
Jesus taught that God loved and forgave/hated/ignored
Ans. Jesus taught that God loved and forgave sinners.
Jesus was sentenced to death by Maxentius/Pontius Pilate/Constantine.
Ans. Jesus was sentenced to death by Pontius Pilate.
The teachings of Jesus were spread most actively in Palestine by John/Mark/Peter.
Ans. The teachings of Jesus were spread most actively in Palestine by Peter.
For almost 300 years after the death of Jesus, Christians were treated will/given special rights/oppressed and persecuted in the Roman empire.
Ans. For almost 300 years after the death of Jesus, Christians were oppressed and persecuted in the Roman empire.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

Jesus had the power to heal the sick.
True.
Jesus taught that we should harm only those who harm us.
False.
Correct: We should help the needy and do good even to those who harm us.
Jesus’s interpretation of Jewish law was the same as that of other Jewish religious leaders.
False.
Correct: Jesus’s interpretation of Jewish law clashed with the ideas of the Jewish religious leaders.
In the 4th century CE, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire.
False.
Correct: In the 2nd century CE, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire.
The Pope became the spiritual head of Christians all over the world.
True

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

1. Explain the Latin origin of the term ‘medieval’.
Ans. Medieval comes from a Latin word which means ‘time in the
middle’. The Medieval Period is the period between the Ancient and the Modem periods.

2. Who conquered Palestine in the middle of the 1st century BCE?
Ans. In the middle of the 1 st century bce, the Romans conquered Palestine, the homeland of the Jews.

3. Where was Jesus born?
Ans. Jesus was bom around 6-4 bce, in a small village of Bethlehem in Judea. He was believed to be the son of God, was bom to Maty.

4. Who was King David?
Ans. King David was Israel’s most famous king who had liberated Israel from foreign rule 1,000 years ago.

5. How many disciples did Jesus have?
Ans. Jesus gathered around him a band of 12 disciples.

6. Mention two fundamental principles of Christianity.
Ans.
The two fundamental principles of Christianity are:

Unconditional love for God.
True love for one’s neighbour.

7. Why were the Jewish religious leaders angry with Jesus?
Ans. Due to Jesus intelligence, wisdom, compassion and simplicity large crowds were attracted towards him. This greatly enraged the Jewish religious leaders who felt threatened by his growing popularity.

8. Where are the life and teachings of Jesus Christ recorded?
Ans. The life and teachings of Jesus Christ were recorded in the Gospels by four of his disciples—John, Mathew, Mark and Luke.

9. Who is described as the ‘foundation rock’ of Christianity?
Ans. Peter is described as the ‘foundation rock’ of Christianity.

10. Who prepared the grounds for transforming Christianity into a world religion? –
Ans. Paul, a convert to Christianity became one of the most powerful and enthusiastic exponents of Christianity. He travelled extensively throughout the Roman empire, preparing the grounds that would transform Christianity into the world religion in the future.

11. What is the importance of St Peter’s Church in Rome?
Ans. St Peter’s Church in Rome is the religious headquarters of the Christian world.

12. Who became the spiritual head of the Christians?
Ans. The Bishop of St Peter’s Church, the Pope, became the spiritual head of Christians all over the world, and was acknowledged as the representative of Christ on earth.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
Give an account of the early life on Jesus in Nazareth. What happened after his baptism?
Answer:
Jesus grew up in Nazareth, in northern Palestine, where he studied the Jewish scriptures. He realized that traditions and practices which violated the Law of Moses were being followed by certain Jewish religious groups, such as the Pharisees.
After baptism a divine revelation convinced Jesus that the time had come for him to fulfil his mission of freemen from the bondage of evil and guiding them on the path that would lead to the victory of good over evil.

Question 2.
The teachings of Jesus were simple, yet revolutionary. Explain.
Answer:
The teachings of Jesus were simple, yet revolutionary.
He established a code of conduct for men and women based on:

Unconditional love for God
True love for one’s neighbour

Jesus taught that there was one God who was compassionate, loving and forgiving. As children of God, we should mould ourselves in the image of God. We should love our neighbours, including the poor, the sinners and even our enemies; we should help the needy and do good even to those who harm us; we should forgive our enemies and win them over with our love. Since God loved sinners and forgave them, we should do the same. Jesus completely rejected the ‘eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’ principle.

Question 3.
Discuss the reasons and events leading to the crucifixion of Jesus.
Answer:
Jesus attracted large crowds wherever, he went through his intelligence, wisdom, compassion and simplicity. This greatly enraged the Jewish religions leaders who felt threatened by his growing popularity. They convinced the Roman Governor, Pontius Pilate, that Jesus was also a threat to the political authority of the Romans. Due to which Jesus was put on trial and was later on crucified.

Question 4.
The enemies of Jesus had crucified him but Jesus would live on. Explain.
Answer:
This statement is hue that enemies of Jesus had crucified him but Jesus would live in the hearts and minds of his followers throughout the world. His teachings will be followed by the people they will walk on the path shown by him.After baptism a divine revelation convinced Jesus that the time had come for him to fulfil his mission of freemen from the bondage of evil and guiding them on the path that would lead to the victory of good over evil.

Question 5.
Give a brief account of the spread of Christianity by its followers.
Answer:
The spread of Christianity in Palestine was actively done by Peter the follower of Jesus. Another follower Paul travelled extensively throughout the Roman Empire and spread Christianity which later on in future turned into a world religion ‘

Question 6.
What role did Emperor Constantine play in the establishment of Christianity in Europe?
Answer:
Constantine the Roman Emperor, defeated all his rivals who came in way of spreading Christianity and declared himself as the undisputed emperor. He made Christianity a legal religion and in this way persecution of Christians came to an end. Later on Christianity become the official religion of the Roman empire.

G Picture study:
The picture depicts the crucifixion of the founder of a religion.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Medieval Europe - Rise and Spread of Christianity 7

Question 1.
Name (a) the founder and (b) the religion.
Answer:
(a) the founder — Jesus Christ
(b) the religion — Christianity

Question 2.
Mention the circumstances and the reasons that led to the crucifixion.
Answer:
Jesus attracted large crowds wherever, he went through his intelligence, wisdom, compassion and simplicity. This greatly enraged the Jewish religions leaders who felt threatened by his growing popularity. They convinced the Roman Governor, Pontius Pilate, that Jesus was also a threat to the political authority of the Romans. Due to which Jesus was put on trial and was later on crucified. –

Question 3.
Mention four important principles of the religion.
Answer:
Four important principles of the religion are:

We should love our neighbour, the poor, the sinners and even our enemies.
We should forgive our enemies and win them over with our love.
Unconditional love for God.
Not to follow the principle of ‘eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’.

Question 4.
Name the two best-known followers of the founder. What part did they play in spreading his teachings.
Answer:
Peter and Paul are two best known disciples of Jesus. They; did a great work in spreading the teachings of Jesus in Palastine and throughout the Roman Empire. Due to them Christianity is accepted as a world religion.

Additional Questions
(Spread of Christianity)

A. Fill in the blanks:

The great Roman empire began to disintegrate in the 5th century ce.
One important reason for the fall of the Roman empire was the repeated attacks by the Germanic tribes.
In 395 ce, the Roman empire was divided into two parts- eastern and western.
By 900 ce, Christianity had become the state religion in every European state.
The Crusades or holy wars were fought between the Christians and the Turkish Muslims, between the 11th and 13th centuries ce.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer

The mighty Turkish/Roman/Greek empire began to disintegrate in the 5th century
Ans. The mighty Roman empire began to disintegrate in the 5th century ce.
The capital of the Byzantine empire wasRome/ Jerusalem/Constantinople.
Ans. The capital of the Byzantine empire was Constantinople.
The orders built great monasteries, where monks/kings/ soldiers stayed and pursued their missions.
Ans. The orders built great monasteries, where monks stayed and pursued their missions.
In the 11th century ce, the Goths/Turks/Vandals invaded the lands of the Christian emperor of Constantinople.
Ans. In the 11th century ce, the Turks invaded the lands of the Christian emperor of Constantinople.
The Crusaders learned the use of gunpowder and guns from the Greeks/Franks/Turks.
Ans. The Crusaders learned the use of gunpowder and guns from the Turks.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

The invaders who attacked the Roman empire were semi-civilized tribes.
True.
In the confusion and disorder that followed the disintegration of the Roman empire, the only unifying factor was Christianity and the Roman Church.
True.
The spread of Christianity was one of the most important developments in the Early Medieval Period.
True.
By the end of the 5th century ce, Christian churches had been established in almost every town and city.
True.
The greatest contribution of the monasteries was in the field of education.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
What were the ‘barbarian invasions’?
Answer:
The repeated attacks and raids by various Germanic tribes such as the Goths, the Vandals and the Franks are referred to as the ‘barbarian invasions’.

Question 2.
Name the capital of the eastern Roman empire.
Answer:
Capital of eastern Roman empire was Constantinople (modem Istanbul).

Question 3.
What effect did the barbarian invasions have on the Byzantine (eastern Roman) empire ?
Answer:
The Byzantine empire was attacked by the barbarian tribes but it proved to be more resilient than its western counterpart. It successfully withstood the onslaughts and preserved some of the great legacies of the glorious Roman empire.

Question 4.
What were the Crusades?
Answer:
Crusades were the holy wars waged by the Christians against the Turks, who had captured the lands of the Christian emperor of Constantinople and Jerusalem (the holy land of the Christians).

Question 5.
How did the Crusades pave the way for the Renaissance?
Answer:
In the course of their travels to the holy land, the crusaders came in contact with the superior civilizations and cultures of the Greeks and Muslims. They assimilated the best elements of these cultures and started the process of revival of western education and learning and paved the way for the Renaissance.

Question 6.
How did the Crusades lead to the decline of feudalism?
Answer:
The Crusaders learnt the use of gunpowder and guns from the Muslims. These two discoveries contributed to the decline of feudalism. The armoured knights had outlived their usefulness and their services were no longer required.

Question 7.
Where did the Christian monks live?
Answer:
They lived in monasteries and did not marry.

Question 8.
Name two arts that flourished in monasteries.
Answer:
Architecture, mural painting, wood carving and stained glass painting developed and flourished in the monasteries.

Question 9.
Name one internationally renowned university that evolved from a Christian monastery.
Answer:
The University that evolved from a Christian monastery of Oxford in England is know as Oxford University in the Englishspeaking world.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
Briefly discuss the causes of the decline of the mighty Roman empire?
Answer:
The barbarian invasions penetrated deep into the Roman territory and plundered and ravaged it. Even the magnificent city of Rome was not spared. These tribes gradually settled down and assumed control of the western part of the Roman empire which lead to its decline.

Question 2.
The Crusades brought about significant changes in medieval Europe. In this context, discuss the following:
(a) Advent of the Renaissance
(b) Economic prosperity.
Answer:
(a) Advent of the Renaissance: In the course of their travels to the holy land, the Crusaders came in contact with the superior civilizations and cultures of the Greeks and the Turks. They assimilated the best elements of these cultures and started the process of the revival of Western education and learning, paving the way for the Renaissance.
(b) Economic prosperity: The Crusaders got a taste of the luxurious lifestyle of the East. To meet the demand for luxury items, European traders began to establish trade links with the East. As trade increased, the economy of Europe flourished.

Question 3.
Write short notes on the following:
(a) Monks and nuns
(b) Life in a monasteries
Answer:
(a) Monks: They were priests who devoted their lives to the services of God and humanity. They lived in monasteries and did not marry.
Nuns: They were the women who devoted their lives to the service of God and humanity. They lived in nunneries and did not marry.

(b) Monasteries: These were the places where the monks lived. They were located iru isolated places, far away from human habitation. Life in these monasteries was simple and orderly.

Question 4.
Describe a monastery. What did the monks and nuns do for the welfare of the people?
Answer:
A monastery was usually a large, strong and simple building, surrounded by gardens, fruit orchards, fields and ponds. Insidethe abbey was a small church, living quarters for the monks and nuns, a kitchen and storerooms. Attached to most monsteries were hospitals, schools and libraries. Monasteries played a very important role in medieval Europe. The nuns educated children and treated the sick and wounded. The greatest contribution of the monasteries was in the field of education. Some of these monasteries later developed into famous secular universities, such as the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Besides the religious texts, secular subjects such as history, philosophy, medicine, law and astrology were also taught in these universities. The printing press and paper had not yet been invented, so the monks wrote books by hand on parchment. Most of the books were copies of the Bible and prayer books, and copies of Latin and Greek books on secular subjects. These books were a very useful source of knowledge of the ancient and medieval civilization in Europe.

Question 5.
What was the contribution of the monasteries in the field of education?
Answer:
The greatest contribution of the monasteries was in the field of education. Some of these monasteries later developed into famous secular universities, such as the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Beside the religious texts, secular subjects such as history, philosophy, medicine, law and astrology were also taught in these universities.

G.Picture study:

This is a picture of a renowned English university built by the Christian Church .
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Medieval Europe - Rise and Spread of Christianity 11

Question 1.
Identify the university.
Answer:
Oxford University.

Question 2.
What part did the Church play in the field of education?
Answer:
The Christian Church played an important role in the field of education. These Churches become great centres of scholarship, art, literature and religious studies. Educational institutions like the internationally renowned Cambridge and Oxford Universities were built by the Church.

Question 3.
Mention any two reasons for the rapid spread of Christianity in Europe between 400 ce and 900
Answer:
The conversion of a king or feudal lord was usually followed by mass conversion of his subjects. As Christianity spread, the power and wealth of the Church multiplied.Christian monks, fired by religious fervour, organized themselves into religious orders

Question 4.
In what way did the increase in wealth and power influence the policies of the Church?
Answer:
As the wealth and power of the Church increased, it became increasingly conservative and authoritarian, demanding from every Christian unqualified obedience, loyalty and total submission to its dictates.

Question 5.
What does the term ‘Crusades’ mean? How did the Crusades contribute to the revival of learning and pave the way for the Renaissance in Europe?
Answer:
Crusades were the holy wars of the Christians against the Turkish Muslims. In the course of their travels to the holy land, the Crusaders came in contact with the superior civilizations and cultures of the Greeks (Byzantium) and Muslims. They assimilated the best elements of these cultures and started the process of the revival of Western education and learning and paved the way for the

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – The Constitution of India

November 10, 2023May 18, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – The Constitution of India

ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions

ICSE Solutions Class 7 History & Civics Geography Maths Physics Chemistry Biology

Important Words

The Constitution is a body of rules and regulations which defines the organization, powers and functions of the government as well as the rights and durties of the citizens.
Sovereign means an independent country which is not subject to any outside authority. No external power can control or interfere in the internal affairs of the country or dictate its foreign policies.
Amendment means any change in the Constitution of India.
Socialism means fair distribution of the country’s wealth among all and providing equal opportunities to all, to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor.
Secular state means a state which does not adopt a state religion and does not discriminate against anybody on the basis of religion.
Democracy means a government of the people, for the people and by the people.

Time To Learn
A. Fill in the blanks:

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of Drafting committee of the constitution.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the chairman of the Constituent Assembly.
The Constituent Assembly took about 2 years 11 months and 18 days to complete its work.
The Preamble is an introduction to the Constitution.
The constitution came into force in the year 1950.

B. Match the contents of Column A with those of Column B

Column A Column B

Answer:

III. Tick mark (✓) the cor (X) the wrong ones.

Constitutiion is the supreme law of the land.
✓
Before independence, our country was governed according to our Constitution.
X
After independence, our country was governed according to our Constitution.
Our country became a Sovereign Democractic Republic on 15 th August, 1947.
X
Our country became a Sovereign Democractic Republic on26th January, 1950.
In India, the son or daughter of the President succeeds him after his death.
X
In India, all religions are equally respected.
✓
Elections to the Parliament and state legislatures are held every five years
✓

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What do you mean by the term ‘Constitution’? What does it contains?
Answer:
Constitution is a document which contains details of how to govern our country. It is a framework within which a government has to function. It defines the powers of different organs of the government and also enumerates the rights and duties of citizens.

Question 2.
Why is it necessary to have a Constitution for a country?
Answer:
Our Constitution explains our national goals like democracy, socialism, secularism, liberty, equality, fraternity etc. Thus our Constitution has an importance of its own and we must show our respect to it.

Question 3.
Name the body that framed the Constitution of India. Who was its chairman?
Answer:
Our constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly! Dr Rajendra Prasad was its chairman.

Question 4.
Who represented the Anglo-Indians and the Parsees in the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
Frank Anthony and Dr H. P. Modi represented the Anglo- Indians and Parsees respectively.

Question 5.
What is Preamble? Why is it important?
Answer:
The Preamble is an introduction of the things to come. The Preamble to our Constitution summarises its aims and objectives.The Preamble expresses a great deal of meaning in a few words. The Preamble indicates the nature and ideals of the state and also the ultimate source of our Constitution.

Question 6.
What are the main ideals contained in the Preamble to the Constitution of India?
Answer:
We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens.

JUSTICE, social, economic and political.

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all.

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.

In our constituent assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.”

Question 7.
Define the following: (a) Sovereign State (b) Secular State (c) A Republic
Answer:
(a) Sovereign State: The Preamble declares India a Sovereign State. This means that India is completely free from external control and is the master of her destiny. No outside power can interfere in the internal affairs of the country.
(b) Secular State: The word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble implies that India does not have a state religion or official.
(c) A Republic: A ‘Republic’ is a state where the head of the state is an elected person and is elected for a definite period of time.

Question 8.
State the difference between a democracy and a republic.
Answer:
Democracy: Democracy is defined as a ‘Government of the people, by the people and for the people.’
Republic: A ‘Republic’ is a state where the head of the state is an elected person and is elected for a definite period of time.

Question 9.
Do you think Indian government is ‘of the people, by the people and for the people’?
Answer:
The Indian government is ‘of the people, by the people and for the people.’ The statement mentioned above is true as in India, after every five years, general elections are held and the people eleet their government.

Additional Questions
(The Constitution of India)

A. Fill in the blanks:

The Constitution of India was framed by the constituent Assembly.
The Preambles tells us about the source of the Constitution, the nature of the state and its main objectives of the Constitution.
Socialism involves fair distribution of the country’s wealth among all sections of the people.
The people of India eleet their own government because India is a Democratic country.
The President of India has a fixed term of 5 years.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. India won freedom from British/French/Portuguese rule on 15 August 1947.
Ans. India won freedom from British rule on 15 August 1947.

2. The chairman of the Constituent Assembly of India was Dr Rajendra Prasad/B. R.Ambedkar/Maulana Azad.
Ans. The chairman of the Constituent Assembly of India was Dr Rajendra Prasad.

3. The source of the Indian Constitution is the President/the Prime Minister/the people of India.
Ans. The source of the Indian Constitution is the people of India.

4. A democractic/socialist/secular state does not have an official religion.
Ans. A secular state does not have’bn official religion.

5. A democracy can work only if there is a spirit of jealousy/ brotherhood/competition among the different sections of society.
Ans. A democracy can work only if there is a spirit of brotherhood among the different sections of society.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

The Constitution of India was framed by the British government.
False. Correct: The Constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly.
Sarojini Naidu was a member of the Constituent Assembly.
True.
The Preamble is the conclusion to the Constitution.
False. Correct: The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution.
When the President of India dies, his/her son becomes the next President.
False.
All Indian citizens are equal in the eyes of the law.
True

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

Question 1.
Define the term ‘constitution’.
Answer:
A Constitution is a statement which defines the powers and functions of the government as well as the rights and duties of the citizens. It is the fundamental law of that nation.

Question 2.
How do we know that the Constitution of India was not imposed on us by the British?
Answer:
Constitution of India was not imposed on us by the British. After we got independence in 1947, a constituent Assembly under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad was appointed to frame the constitution.

Question 3.
When did the Constitution of India come into force?
Answer:
The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January

Question 4.
What is a preamble.
Answer:
The Preamble is a kind of introductory statement which comes before the Constitution. It is not a law but it explains the hue spirit of the Indian Constitution.

Question 5.
Who gives the government of India the authority to govern the country?
Answer:
Our Constitution gives the government of India the authority to govern the country

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the following terms:
(a) Sovereign (b) Democratic (c) Republic
Answer:
(a) Sovereign: Means that India is an independent country.
No external power can control or interfere in its internal affairs.
(b) Democratic: A democratic government is a government of the people, for the people, by the people.
(c) Republic: A country where head of the state is elected by the people.

Question 2.
State the basic features of the following: (a) a socialist state (b) a secular state|
Answer:
(a) Socialist state: Is one where there is fair distribution of the country’s wealth among all sections of the people. It means providing equal opportunities to all in order to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor.
(b) Secular state: A secular state is one which:

Does not have an official or state religion.
Does not discriminate against anybody on grounds of religion.
Does not favour or promote any particular religion.
guarantees the freedom of every individual to profess, practise and propagate his or her own religion.

Question 3.
State the objectives of the Constitution with reference to: (a) Justice (b) Liberty (c) Equality
Answer:
(a) Justice: All citizens are equal in the eyes of law. Justice shall not be denied to anybody on the basis of place of birth, race, caste, creed, sex, status or religion. Every individual will get what is his or her due.
(b) Liberty: Every Indian citizen shall enjoy certain fundamental rights such as the freedom to think and express oneself and the freedom to follow the religion of our choice.
(c) Equality: All citizens are equal before law and will be protected equally by the laws of the land. The state shall not discriminate between people on the basis of place of birth, sex, caste, creed, race, religion or wealth.

Question 4.
Why did the farmers of the Constitution decide to promote fraternity among the people of India?
Answer:
A democracy can work only if there is a spirit of brotherhood and oneness among the different sections of society. When this feeling of being ‘one people’ is promoted and firmly established, social evils such as untouchability and communalism can be removed. Elarmony will prevail and the country can progress unitedly towards its goal of securing justice, liberty and equality for all its citizens.

G Picture study:

This is a picture of the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of India which drafted the Indian Constitution.
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - The Constitution of India 7

Question 1.
Identify the person in the picture.
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

Question 2.
Name two other prominent members of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:

B.R Ambedkar
MaulanaAzad

Question 3.
When was the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly held?
Answer:
9 Dec 1946.

Question 4.
When did the Constitution come into force?
Answer:
26 January 1950

Question 5.
What is the introduction to the Constitution called? What does it tell us about the source of the Constitution?
Answer:
The Preamble is an introduction to the Constitution. It helps us to understand the vision and the aspirations of the farmers of our Constitution. The Preamble tells us about the source of the Constitution, the nature of the state and its main objectives.

Question 6.
Mention the objectives stated in the introduction.
Answer:
Justice: All citizens are equal in the eyes of law. Justice shall not be denied to any body.
Liberty: Every Indian citizen shall enjoy certain fundamental rights such as the freedom to think and express oneself and the freedom to follow the religion of our choice.
Equality: All citizens are equal before law and will be protected equally by the laws of the land.|
Fraternity: A democracy can work only if there is a spirit of brotherhood and oneness among the different sections of society.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – Fundamental Rights and Duties

November 10, 2023May 18, 2022 by Raju

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – Fundamental Rights and Duties

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Important Words

Fundamental Rights are those basic rights which are considered essential to be provided to a person for his all-round development.
The different rights guaranteed by the Constitution are the following:
1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right to Freedom of Religion
4. Right against Exploitation
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies
7. Right to Education

Fundamental Rights are universal in application and justiciable in nature.
Fundamental Rights are not absolute. Some reasonable restrictions can be put on them in the interest of society.
Fundamental duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
Fundamental Duties are not enforceable and justiciable.

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

The citizens of India can move freely and assemble peacefully in any part of the country.
The citizens of India have right to profess, propagate and practice the religion of their choice.
The Constitution does not allow exploitation of labour or begar.
Rights and duties are two sides of a coin.
We should respect the National Flag and the National Anthem.

II. Match the contents of Column A Column B

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Fundamental Rights and Duties 2

Answer:
Column A Column B

III. Tick mark (✓) the correct statements and cross mark (X) the wrong ones:

Right to property is one of the Fundamental Rights.
X ‘
India is a secular state.
✓
We are not bound to preserve the rich heritage of our country.
X
Our Constitution provides titles like ‘Rai Sahib’ or ‘Khan Bahadur’.
✓
Fundamental rights are not enforceable.
✓

IV. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What are Fundamental Rights? Why are Fundamental Rights essential for us?
Answer:
The basic human rights which every human being has a right to enjoy are called Fundamental Rights. They are essential for the balanced growth of a citizen. They are guaranteed by the Constitution. Therefore, all people irrespective of caste, creed or religious belief can go to the court of law for its enforcement.
The Fundamental Rights have great importance:

They play a great part in the all round development of the individual by ensuring all such freedoms which make his life happy and worth living.
A person enjoys these rights irrespective of caste or creed. As such, they provide equality of status and opportunity to every citizen.
They protect him from any exploitation on the part of the state or any individual.

Question 2.
List down the Fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizens of India.
Answer:
Right to Equality is an important fundamental right. It guarantees that all citizens of India will be treated equally irrespective of caste, creed or sex.

It guarantees ‘equality before law’ which means that all citizens will be equally protected by laws of the country.
Articles 16 guarantees that there would be no discrimination against anyone in matters relating to employment or appointment to any government office.
To keep everyone at par, Article 18 abolishes all title except military and academic ones.
Practicing of untouchability in any form has been made a punishable offence by law.

Question 3.
What do you understand by the right to freedom of religion?
Answer:
Freedom is the very essence of democracy. By giving the Right to Freedom of Religion, the Constitution makes it clear that all religions are equal before the state and no religion is superior or inferior.
According to this right, an individual is allowed:

To follow any religion of his choice.
To practice it according to his specific ways.
To preach it.

Question 4.
What are Cultural and Educational Rights? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer:
India is a land of diverse religions, languages and culture.
To maintain unity many cultural and educational rights have been given:

Any community can safeguard its culture, language and script.
There is no discrimination on the basis of religion at the time of admission to state or state aided institutions.
All sects and minorities in the country have been granted the right to preserve or develop their culture.

Question 5.
How does the Right to Constitutional Remedies help to safeguard our Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
The Right of Constitutional Remedies is a very special right. This gives every citizens a right to move the Supreme Court or High Court if his Fundamental rights are violated by the state, a person or a body of persons. Infact the Right to Constitutional Remedies is so important because it is the only right which guarantees the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.Without this right all other rights would have become meaningless.

Question 6.
List any five Fundamental Duties. How are Fundamental Duties important for us?
Answer:
The eleven Fundamental Duties provided by the Constitution are:

To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
To promote harmony and the spirit of brotherhood amongst all the people of India.
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
To protect and improve the national environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and have compassion for living creatures.
To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.
A parent/guardian should provide opportunities for education to his child/ward, between the age of 6-14 years.
Fundamental Duties are very important for the progress and prosperity of our nation. They are also important for achieving the goal of national integration. These duties are not enforceable by a court of law but as good and responsible citizens we are obliged to perform them with honesty and sincerity.

Question 7.
Why do we say that every right has a corresponding duty? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer:
‘Rights imply duties’ means that rights and duties go hand in hand. If one hopes to enjoy rights, then he must perform certain duties. Rights and Duties are two sides of the same coin. Every right carries with it a duty.
For example, if a person has a right to follow any religion, it is his duty to allow others to follow their own religion. Fundamental duties have been laid down by our Constitution to make every citizen realize that if they are given Fundamental Rights, they must also perform certain duties. To promote harmony and to strengthen our nation it is necessary to realise the importance of these duties which are attached to every right which we enjoy.

Question 8.
Do you think Fundamental Duties should be made enforceable? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
No, Fundamental duties should not be made enforceable. Fundamental duties are supposed to be moral duties, expected to be followed by citizens. Since no one can enforce morals, they are not enforceable.They are more like a reminder of Indian culture, traditions, values of freedom struggle etc. However, parliament can make laws to enforce certain duties by making legislation.

V. Mention the Right which is exercised / violated in each of the following cases:

A group of citizens assembles peacefully.
Ans. Right to Freedom.
A citizen goes to worship to a place of his choice.
Ans. Right to Freedom of Religion.
A citizen moves a court of law to seek justice. .
Ans. Right to Constitutional Remedies.
A citizen can join any institution run by the state.
Ans. Right to Equality.
A citizen cannot be forced to work without payment.
Ans. Right against exploitation.

Additional Questions
(The Fundamental Rights and Duties)

A. Fill in the blanks:

There are six Fundamental Rights provided to the Indian citizens.
Children below the age of fourteen cannot be employed for any dangerous work or in factories and mines.
Fundamental Rights are universal, which means that they are granted to all the citizens of India.
Some Fundamental Rights can be suspended during an Emergency.
It is the Fundamental Duty of every citizen to respect the Constitution, its ideals and the symbols of India.

B. Match the following:

Answer:

C. Choose the correct answer:

All democratic nations guarantee certain basic rights/ special privileges/powers.
Ans. All democratic nations guarantee certain basic rights.
Under the Right to Equality, the practice of conferring titles such as Raja or Rai Bahadur has been approved/ abolish ed/legalized.
Ans. Under the Right to Equality, the practice of conferring titles such as Raja or Rai Bahadur has been abolished.
There are five/six/seven fundamental freedoms guaranteed to all Indian citizens.
Ans. There are six fundamental freedoms guaranteed to all Indian citizens.
The Right to Education/Right against Exploitation/ Right to Equality makes education a Fundamental Right of every Indian child between the ages of 6 and 14 years.
Ans. The Right to Education makes education a Fundamental Right of every Indian child between the ages of 6 and 14 years.
The Fundamental Rights can be enforced by the police/ army/courts.
Ans. The Fundamental Rights can be enforced by the courts.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

Rights enable everyone to maintain a dignified existence in society.
True.
We can use our freedoms to do anything we want, even if it harms other people.
False.
The Fundamental Rights are absolute.
False.
The Fundamental Rights cannot be suspended during an emergency.
False.
The Indian Constitution does not provide safeguards against the violation of Fundamental Duties.
True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

1. Mention one reason why Fundamental Rights are essential in a democratic country.
Ans. These rights are essential for the smooth functioning of a democratic republic and for the social, economic, political and cultural development of the nation.

2. State one provisions of the Constitution which proves that all citizens are equal in the eyes of law.
Ans. Following are some provisions that shows that all citizens are equal in the eyes of law:

Public places which are maintained by the government are open to all like – roads, parks, markets, wells and places of public entertainment.
In the field of education and employment every citizen is given equal opportunity.

3. What right is guaranteed by the abolition of untouchability?
Ans. Rights to equality.

4. Mention any one Fundamental Right which shows that India is a secular country.
Ans. India is a secular country. All citizens have the right to profess, practise and propagate any religion of their choice. There shall be no discrimination on the grounds of religion.

5. Which Fundamental Right helps to protect our cultural diversity?
Ans. Our country is a mixture of various cultures, languages, religions and communities. According to the Constitution, every community has the right to preserve, protect and develop its own culture, language, script and art and also to run its own institutions.

6. Mention one Fundamental Duty that Indian citizens have towards women.
Ans. Everyone should respect the dignity of women.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:
Question 1.
What are Rights? Why are certain basic rights guaranteed to all citizens in a democratic country?
Answer:
Rights are claim to do or have certain things, which are essential for every person to be able to maintain a dignified existence in society.India is a democracy. One of the fundamental principles of a democracy is that the government of the state is formed and carried out with the cooperation and consent of the people. All democratic nations in the world guarantee certain basic or fundamental rights to all their citizens. These rights are essential for the smooth functioning of a democratic republic and for the social, economic, political and cultural development of the nation. These rights act as a safeguard against any abuse or misuse of power by the government, an individual or a group.

Question 2.
Discuss the provisions of the following rights to prove that India is a secular country: (a) Right to Freedom of Religion (b) Cultural and Educational Rights.
Answer:
(a)
India is a secular country. All citizens have the right to profess, practice and propagate any religion of their choice. There shall be no discrimination on the grounds of religion.
(b)
The Cultural and Educational Rights are included in the Constitution, to make sure that every community gets the right to preserve, protect and develop its own culture, language, script and art and can also attend any educational institution run by the government.

Question 3.
How do the Fundamental Rights protect Indian citizens from exploitation?
Answer:
Rights against exploitation ensures that no citizen is forced to work against his wish. Sometimes women and children of weaker sections are exploited by making them work on low wages. The right against exploitation aims at protecting individuals against exploitation by their employers and it also ensures that children below the age of fourteen should not be employed in any dangerous work or in factories or mines.

Question 4.
Explain the significance and scope of the right to Constitutional Remedies.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are meaningless unless they are enforced and protected by a court of law. Hence, our Constitution provides the right to move the court to safeguard our Fundamental Rights. If the government, a group or an individual violates one or more of the Fundamental Rights, any citizen can file a case against the offender in the state High Court or in the Supreme Court.
Scope of the Fundamental Rights:

The Fundamental Rights are universal, e., they are guaranteed to every citizen of India, irrespective of caste, colour, religion, gender or social status.
The Fundamental Rights cannot be easily altered or removed from the Constitution.
The Fundamental Rights are not absolute. They have certain restrictions imposed on them in the larger interests of the society.
Some of the Fundamental Rights can be suspended during an emergency, such as a war or an economic or political crisis.

Question 5.
Mention the Fundamental Duties laid down in the Constitution with reference to:
(a) India’s struggle for freedom
(b) The Indian Nation
(c) Public property
Answer:
(a) Struggle for freedom: Fundamental Duties tell us to follow the noble ideals which inspired our struggle for freedom.
(b) The Indian Nation: Every citizen of the country must protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of the nation and should render national service when called upon to do so.
(c) Public property: Every citizen should safeguard public property.

G Picture Study:

This picture is a symbolic representation of a Fundamental Right.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Fundamental Rights and Duties 7

Question 1.
Name the Fundamental Right.
Answer:
Right To Equality, Right To Freedom, Right To Freedom Of Religion, Right Against Exploitation, Cultural And Educational Rights, Right To Constitutional Remedies.

Question 2.
How many Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to the people of India? Name them.
Answer:
There are six Fundamental Rights provided to the Indian people.

Right to equality
Right to freedom
Right to freedom of Religion
Right against Exploitation
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Question 3.
Identify the Fundamental Right enjoyed by an Indian citizen under the following circumstances or conditions:

We can reside and settle in any part of India.
Ans. Right To Freedom
Indians can follow any religion of their choice.
Ans. India is a secular country. All citizens have the right to profess, practice and propagate any religion of their choice. There shall be no discrimination on the grounds of religion.
Indian children have a right to go to school.
Ans. The Right to Education Act of 2009 (Article 21A of the Constitution) makes education a Fundamental Right of every Indian child between the ages of 6 and 14 years.