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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Respiratory System

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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Respiratory System

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APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology Chapter 5 Respiratory System

Synopsis —

  • The energy released during respiration is stored as chemical energy in the form of ATP — adenosine tri-phosphate.
  • Aerobic respiration —
    C6H12O6 + 6O2   →  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
    Anaerobic respiration —
    Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Respiratory System 1
  • During vigorous exercise, the cells respire anaerobically and form lactic acid which accumulate in the muscle cells causing fatigue and pain.
  • The respiration in humans occur in three phases:

    1. Breathing
    2. Gaseous Transport
    3. Cellular respiration
  • The oxygen inhaled in combines with haemoglobin present in the red blood cells forming an unstable compound called oxyhaemoglobin.
  • The nasal chamber has got hairy lining to prevent dust particles from reaching the lungs. The lining also has mucous to trap germs and dust.
  • The common passage for the food and air is the pharynx.
  • Trachea is also called the wind pipe.
  • The voice box or the Adam’s apple is the larynx which contains ligamentous folds called vocal cords.
  • Incomplete closure of epiglottis during swallowing causes coughing.
  • The trachea is formed of incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings which keep them permanently distended.
  • The lungs are protected outside by the two membranes called outer and inner pleura.
  • Left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung.
  • Left lung has two lobes while the right lung has three lobes.
    Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Respiratory System 2
  • Breathing is an involuntary act.
  • Even after maximum forced expiration, some air is left in the lungs called residual volume.
  • In normal adults, the breathing rate is 12-18/minute while a newborn breathes at about 60 breaths per minute.
  • Asphyxiation is a condition in which blood becomes venous by the accumulation of excess carbon dioxide and the oxygen supply is diminished.
  • The gas composition in artifical respiration is 95% oxygen, 5% carbon-di-oxide.
  • Snoring: Vibration of soft palate during breathing when mouth is kept open while sleeping.
  • Sneezing: It is a protective mechanism through which a foreign irritant particle is thrown out of the lungs suddenly and forcefully.
  • Hiccups: Jerky incomplete inspiration due to blockage of the respiratory tract.

Review Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Put a tick (✓) against the most appropriate alternative in the following statements.

(i) In humans, taken in of the air through nostrils into the nasal cavity is called
(a) Inhalation
(b) Exhalation
(b) Cellular respiration
(d) Internal respiration

(ii) The front opening of the wind pipe is guarded by —
(a) Glottis
(b) Exoglottis
(c) Epiglottis
(d) Trachea

(iii) The process during which food is oxidised and energy is released is called
(a) Cellular respiration
(b) Excretion
(c) Digestion
(d) Transpiration

Short Answer Questions

1. Answer briefly the following:

  1. Why do our body cells require oxygen ?
    Ans. Body cells require oxygen for the break down of glucose and release energy for carrying out various life functions.
  2. What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
    Ans. Breathing is a simple physical process of drawing in air through the nostrils and expelling it out.
    Respiration is a chemical process which involves the breakdown of food and release energy.
  3. Name the by-product formed during the oxidation of food.
    Ans. The by- products formed are
    1. carbon-di-oxide
    2. water
  4. Name the agency which transports oxygen to all parts of the body.
    Ans. Blood .
  5. What is the role of epiglottis during swallowing ?
    Ans. Epiglottis closes the wind pipe at the time of swallowing.

Question 2.
Describe in brief the function of ribs and diaphragm in breathing.
Answer:

  1. Ribs muscles—During inhalation, the ribs muscles contract and push the ribs upward and outward.
    During exhalation these relax and cause the ribs to return to original position.
  2. Diaphragm: During inhalation it becomes flattened while during exhalation it relaxes and moves up and back into convex (dome) shape.

Question 3.
Name the gas which is expelled out during expiration. Where is it originally produced in our body ?
Answer:
The gas which is expelled during expiration is carbon-di¬oxide. It is produced as a result of oxidation of glucose in the tissues. (Cellular respiration)

Question 4.
Name the following:

  1. Respiratory process
  2. in which oxygen is not utilized.
    Ans. Cellular respiration
  3. Respiratory process in which oxygen is utilized.
    Ans. Gaseous transport
  4. The microscopic air-sacs of the lungs.
    Ans. Alveoli
  5. The two membranes which protect the lungs.
    Ans. Outer pleura, inner pleura

Long Answer Questions:
Question 1.
Why is a respiratory system necessary ?
Answer:
Respiratory system is very important for the body. Respiration in human beings is divided into two distinct parts. The first part involves taking in oxygen from the air or what we commonly call breathing. The respiratory system is responsible for breathing in and out of air, and exchange of gases. The main parts of the respiratory system consist of the nostrils, trachea or wind pipe and lungs.
The blood, then, transports the oxygen to the individual cell where it is used for the chemical process of respiration. This is known as cellular respiration.The second part involves taking out carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function.

Question 2.
What factors are most likely to affect the breathing rate ?
Answer:
Breathing is a necessary function for human beings. It supplies oxygen for a process called cellular respiration, which is how cells manufacture the energy they need for their life functions.
There are lots of things that can affect the rate of breathing in humans and they are:

  1. Exercise is one of those things, particularly aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise is any exercise that causes the person to breathe more, such as running jogging, playing basketball, football, running track, or playing soccer.
  2. Even Breathing rate also changes while the person is sleeping, sitting at rest or even after climbing the stairs.
  3. Another factor that can influence breathing rate is allergic reactions to stimuli from the environment, such as pollen. This can inflame the passageways leading to the lungs, making them smaller, requiring more air.
  4. Smoking is a habit that can influence the development of lung cancer, which in turn influences the rate a person breathes.
  5. Nervous conditions and reactions to stimuli also influence the breathing rate, such as the fumed “fight or flight” syndrome.

Question 3.
What happens to the energy liberated during respiration?
Answer:
The energy liberated during respiration is utilised for carrying out various life processes.
Some of the energy liberated during the breakdown of the glucose molecule, is in the form of heat, but a large part of it is converted into chemical energy called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Any activity inside the cell is carried out by the energy released by these ATP molecules.

Question 4.
What do you understand by inhalation and exhalation ? How are they different from each other ?
Answer:
The physical process, by which the air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs and air containing carbon dioxide is forced out from lungs is called breathing. Breathing involves two steps, inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration).

Inhalation (Inspiration)

  1. Ribs move upwardsand outwards.
  2. Diaphragm is pushed downwards and flattens.
  3. Volume of chest cavity increases.
  4. Lungs expand, air pressure becomes low.
  5. Atmospheric air at higher pressure rushes into the lungs

Exhalation (Expiration)

  1. Ribs move downwards and inward.
  2. Diaphragm moves upwards and becomes dome shaped.
  3. Volume of chest cavity decreases.
  4. Lung size reduces, air pressure becomes high.
  5. Air rushes out of lungs as atmospheric air pressure is lower.

Question 5.
What do you understand by the term respiratory diseases ? Name any three common respiratory diseases.
Answer:
Any of the diseases and disorders that affect human respiration are called Respiratory diseases. Diseases of the respiratory system may affect any of the structures and organs that have to do with breathing, including the nasal cavities, the pharynx (or throat), the larynx, the trachea (or windpipe), the bronchi and bronchioles, the tissues of the lungs, and the respiratory muscles of the chest cage.

  1. Bronchitis — It is a respiratory infection in which the lining of the bronchi becomes inflamed. As this irritated membrane begins to swell, it narrows or shuts off the bronchial passages, resulting in breathlessness and coughing spells.
  2. Asthma — It is a chronic disease that also causes inflammation and swelling in the airways. But this happens periodically. During an asthmatic attack, a patient experiences tightness in the chest, shortness of breath and wheezing. This condition improves considerably with medication.
  3. Pneumonia — It is a respiratory infection caused by a bacteria. This bacteria enters the air sacs, multiplies there and the air sacs may get filled with fluid. This disease causes chest pain, chills and high fever.

Question 6.
State the cause and treatment for the following diseases

  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Bronchitis

Answer:

  1. Tuberculosis — Cause: Caused by bacteria that can spread by air, dust or sputum.
    Treatment: BCG vaccine, antibiotic — Streptomycin.
  2. Pneumonia — Cause: Mainly caused by bacteria inhaled through air or by contact.
    Treatment: Antibiotics—Penicillin.
  3. Bronchitis — Cause: This respiratory infection is mainly caused by a virus. Air pollution and smoking can also cause bronchitis.
    Treatment: Drinking plenty of fluids, following a well balanced diet, frequent hand washing and adequate rest can prevent and improve bronchitis.

Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Cell – The Structure and Functions

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Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Cell – The Structure and Functions

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Biology Chapter 3 Cell – The Structure and Functions

Synopsis

  • The single-celled organisms are called unicellular and if the organisms are made up of more than one cell are called multicellular.
  • The simple microscope was developed by Antony Von Leeuwenhoek.
  • The compound microscope was developed by Robert Hooke.
  • The branch of biology which deals with the study of cells is called cytology.
  • The living substance of the cell is called protoplasm.
  • Examples of
    (a) unicellular organisms:

    1. bacteria
    2. amoeba
    3. yeast
    4. chlamydomonas etc.
  • (b) multicelluar organisms: plants like rose, neem, animals like man, hydra etc.
  • Examples of different cellular shapes.
    1. irregular — amoeba
    2. oval — chlamydomonas (slipper organism)
    3. oblong — paramecium
    4. elongated — striated muscle cells
    5. very long or thread like — nerve fibre cells
    6. cubical or rectangular — plant cell
  • The smallest cell — Bacterial cell
    The longest cell — Nerve cells
    The largest cell — Ostrich egg
  • Cell theory explains
    1. Every living organism is made up of one or many cells.
    2. The structural unit of all the living organisms is the cell.
    3. The functional unit of all the living organisms is the cell.
    4. All cells arise from the pre-existing cells.
  • The three scientists who contributed in the cell theory are:

    1. M.J. Schleiden
    2. Theodor Schwann
    3. Rudolph Virchow
  • Animal cells have no cell walls.
  • The cell wall is made up of cellulose which is rigid and gives shape to the cell.
  • The cell wall is freely permeable while the cell membrane is semi-permeable.
  • The supportive framework which helps in the distribution of various product across the cell is endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Power house of the cell — Mitochondria
  • Synthesise proteins — Ribosomes.
  • The organelle found only in the animal cell which initiate and regulate cell division is Centrosome.
  • The organelle found only in the plant cell is plastid.
    Green plastids are chloroplasts
    Other plastids are amyloplasts.
  • Cell organelles are concerned with specific functions.
  • The importance of cell division is.
    1. Production of new cells.
    2. For growth and repair.
    3. Replacement of the dead and worn out cells. –
    4. For reproduction.
  • The process of fusion of sperm and an egg is called fertilisation.
  • The result of fertilisation is Zygote.

Review Questions

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Put a tick mark (✓) against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(i) Identify the part which contain pigment:
(a) cell membrane
(b) plastid
(c) centrosome
(d) cell wall

(ii) The organelle that controls all activities in
(a) nucleus
(b) vacoule
(c) plastids
(d) cytoplasm

(iii) A cell that is spherical in shape is:
(a) white blood cell
(b) nerve cell
(c) red blood cell
(d) amoeba

(iv)The vacuole contains:
(a) water
(b) cell sap
(c) salts
(d) food

Short Answer Questions:

Question 1.
 Name the scientist who invented the first microscope.
Answer :
Antony Von Leeuwenhoek.

Question 2.
Who coined the term “cell” ?
Answer :
The term “cell” was coined by Robert Hooke.

Question 3.
Briefly describe the three essential basic parts of a cell.
Answer :
The essential basic parts of a cell are:

  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
    1. Cell membrane — It is a very thin, delicate and flexible membrane which surrounds each cell. It is also called plasma membrane. It consists of fine pores which allow only certain molecules to pass through it and prohibit the others and therefore, due to its function, also called selectively permeable membrane.
    2. Cytoplasm: This is the living portion of the cell which is a semi-liquid, translucent and colourless liquid. It is the portion of the cell where major functions of the cell are carried out through various finer parts of the cell. The finer structures which are contained in this are called the cell organelles.
    3. Nucleus: The small spherical dark coloured body usually located in the centre of the cell. It is the most important part of the cell which regulates and co-ordinates various life processes. Its major role is during cell division. It contains hereditary factors called the genes.

Question 4.
The cell membrane is called selectively permeable. Why?
Answer :
The cell membrane of the cell is composed of fine pores through which only certain molecules of the different substances can pass into the cell. Since it allows only specific molecules to enter prohibiting the other it is referred to as Selectively Permeable.

Question 5.
State the difference between
Answer :
(i) Nucleus and nucleolus
Nucleus

  1. It is a cell organelle.
  2. It is the most important part of the cell.
  3. It is present in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  4. It is bounded by a delicate nuclear membrane

Nucleolus

  1. It is a component of the nucleus.
  2. It is the most important part of the nucleus.
  3. It is present in the nucleoplasm.
  4. It does not have any such membrane around it

(ii) Cytoplasm and protoplasm
Answer :
Cytoplasm

  1. The living portion of the cell inside the cell except the nucleus.
  2. It has many finer parts contained in it like golgi bodies, mitochondria etc.

Protoplasm
The living substance of a cell is called the protoplast.
It consists of two main parts

  1. cytolasm
  2. nucleus.

(iii) Cell wall and cell membrane.
Answer :
Cell wall

  1. It is made up of cellulose.
  2. It gives shape and rigidity to the plant cell.
  3. It is a non-living structure.
  4. It protects the cell from the entry of disease-causing agents, as well the underlying protoplasm against mechanical injuries.

Cell Membrane

  1. It is very thin, delicate and flexible.
  2. This allows the entry of certain molecules only, while holding back the others.
  3. It is living structure.
  4. It has fine pores in it, through which only certain substances carfpass in and out, while others cannot.

Question 6.
 List the major differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Answer :
Plant cell

  1. Cell is comparatively larger with distinct outlines.
  2. Has a definite and rigid cell wall.
  3. Has negligible amount of cytoplasm.
  4. Cytoplasm is not very dense.
  5. Contains plastids.
  6. No centrosome.
  7. Have prominent one or more vacuoles.
  8. Has simple golgi apparatus composed of units called dictyosomes.

Animal cell

  1. Size is small with less distinct outlines.
  2. Cell wall absent.
  3. Cytoplasm fills almost the entire cell.
  4. Cytoplasm is granular and relatively dense.
  5. Do not contain plastids
  6. Centrosomes are present.
  7. Have temporary vacuoles which are small and concerned with secretion or excretion.
  8. Have complex and prominent golgi apparatus.

Question 7.
Briefly discuss the importance of chromosomes to an organism.
Answer :
The most important feature of a living cell is that it can divide or reproduce of its own kind and this function is regulated by the nucleus of the cell. The nucleus in its nucleoplasm contain a network of dark stained thread like structures called chromatin fibres. These fibres during cell division become thick and ribbon like which are then called chromosomes. The chromosomes are the actual hereditary factors. These are unique for each species both in number and in character.
Human body has 46 chromosomes which occur in pairs.
They are further categorised as:

  1. Chromosomes specific for determining the sex of the species called the sex chromosomes.
  2. Other chromosomes are called autosomes.

8. Fill up the blanks with the terms given below in the box.
Pigments, wall, pre-existing, cell, vacoules

  1. The cell is the structural unit of all living things.
  2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  3. Animal cells have no cell wall.
  4. Plastids contain pigments.
  5. Vacoules are filled with water and dissolved substance

Question 9.
Try to find the names of four cell organells hidden in this maze, (hint: The hidden words can appear horizontally or vertically; forwards or backward or even mixed up). Write them in the lines provided. For example :
“NUCLEUS” in the last row, seven backward letters.
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Cell - The Structure and Functions 1
Answer :
Selina Concise Biology Class 6 ICSE Solutions - Cell - The Structure and Functions 2

  1. Vacuole
  2. Leucoplast
  3. Chromoplast
  4. Nucleus, Plastid

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – Foundation of Mughal Empire

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ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics – Foundation of Mughal Empire

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics. You can download the History and Civics ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. History and Civics for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 History & CivicsGeographyMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

Important Words

  • Sarkars were the provinces in Sher Shah’s empire. His empire was divided into 47 sarkars and each sarkar was divided into parganas.
  • Shiqdars were the officers responsible for law and order and the general administration of the parganas.
  • Mu ns if s were the officers who looked after the collection of revenue and civil cases.
  • Patwaris were responsible for the collection of land revenue in the villages.
  • Muqaddams were responsible for maintaining peace in the village.
  • Sarais were rest houses built by Sher Shah.
  • Dak chaukis were mail posts where two horsemen were kept ready to carry mail to the next post. The rest houses or sarais were used as dak chaukis.
  • Rupia was the standard silver coin introduced by Sher Shah.
  • Patta meant the title deed of land.
  • Qubuliat was the agreement of the land.

Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:

  1. Babur’s eldest son assumed the title Humayun which means fortunate.
  2.  Humayun reconquered the throne of Delhi in 1555 AD.
  3. Humayun was in Persia after 1540.
  4. Sher Shah ruled Delhi for five years.

II. Match  Column A  with Column B
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Foundation of Mughal Empire 1
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Foundation of Mughal Empire 2

III. State whether the following statements are True or False:

  1. The First Battle of Panipat decided once for all the fate of the Lodi dynasty.
    True.
  2. The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Rana Sanga and Babur.
    True.
  3. Babur introduced many new reforms for the administration of his new empire in India.
    False.Sher Shah introduced many new reforms for the administration of his new empire in India.|
  4. Humayun died in 1550 AD.
     False.Humayun died in 1556 AD.
  5. Sher Shah built the Grand Trunk Road.
    True.

IV. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
Why was the First Battle of Panipat fought? What were its results?
Answer:
The First Battle of Panipat was fought:

  1. The first battle of panipat was fought in 1526, between babur and Ibrahim lodi.
  2. The battle was the result of policies of Ibrahim Lodhi which resulted in nobility turning against him and rebelling.
  3. Ibrahim Lodhi’s attitude towards his officials and nobility was resented.
  4. He also crushed and put to death nobility who rebelled against him.
  5. Thus, Daulat Khan Lodi, and Alma Khan invited babur to fight against him. Hence, the first battle of panipat fought.It results in the babur declaring him as “Emperor of Hindustan” on April 27th, 1526.

Question 2.
What were the reasons for Babur’s victory in the First Battle of Panipat?
Answer:
There were several reasons for Babur’s victory at Panipat.

  1. Babur had used artillery which was unknown to the Indians.
  2. His army was better trained than the Sultan’s army and his cavalry was far superior to the Indian cavalry.
  3. He also took over Agra, which was made the capital. On April 27th, 1526 he declared himself “Emperor of Hindustan”.

Question 3.
What difficulties did Humayun face in the beginning?When and how did Humayun reconquer India?
Answer:
When Humayun ascended the throne in 1530 A.D., he inherited many difficulties from his father Babur. They were:

  1. He had to face political instability because the vast empire was not consolidated.
  2. Empty treasure: The treasury was empty because collection of land revenue was not done in a systematic manner.
  3. Troublesome relatives: Humayuns ambitious brothers rebelled against him.
    1. Division of empire into jagirs was another difficulty he had to face.
    2. The government was not well organised. So Humayun had to difficult task of strengthening his position when he ascended the throne.
  4. Sher Shah died in AD 1545. Shershah’s successors were weak and inefficient. In 1555 AD, Humayun recovered Delhi and became emperor again.

Question 4.
Why is Sher Shah known as a-good administrator?
Answer:
Sher Shah known as a good administrator because of following reasons:

  1. Sher Shah divided his empire into provinces (sarkars).
  2. Each province had a governor with his team of officials to carry out the administrative duties.
  3. A province was divided into a number of districts called parganas. Each pargana was made up of a number of villages. The village was the lowest administrative unit.
  4. The two top officials in a pargana were shiqdar-i-shiqdaran and munsif-i-munsifan. The shiqdar handled law and order. The munsif took care of the revenue collection and other civil matters.
  5. The panchayat looked after village administration.
  6. The two main officials in a village were patwari (revenue collector) and muqaddam in charge of law and order.

V. Give reasons.

Question 1.
Sher Khan was able to strengthen his position in Bengal and Bihar.
Answer:
Sher Khan was able to strengthen his position in Bengal and Bihar because of following reasons:

  1. Sher Shah personally supervised the recruitment and training of his soldiers who had to maintain strict discipline.
  2. He revived Sultan Alauddin’s measures of branding horses (dagh) and maintaining descriptive rolls of soldiers (chehra).
  3. He paid regular salary based on their skills.
  4. He set up forts and garrisons in different parts of the em­pire for speedy deployment of soldiers.
  5. Sher Shah kept a close watch over all his officials. He set up a spy system to know about the happenings in all parts of the empire.The officials were transferred every 2-3 years to prevent them from becoming corrupt or powerful.

Question 2.
Sher Shah was named so.
Answer:
Sher Shah was the son of a jagirdar of Sasaram (in Bihar). His actual name was Farid Khan. During his employment under the ruler of Bihar, he killed a tiger single-handedly, and came to be known as Sher Khan. Then he conquered many states and become Sher Shah.

Question 3.
We say that Sher Shah looked after the welfare of his people.
Answer:

  1. Sher Shah constructed an excellent network of roads, mainly the Grand Trunk Road from Peshawar to Sonargaon (Bengal). He also built roads from Agra to Jodhpur and Chittor. He built another road from Lahore to Multan.
  2. To make travel comfortable Sher Shah built sarais and wells at regular intervals.
  3. Trees were also planted on both sides of the roads. In all, 1700 sarais (inns) were constructed for the travellers. These sarais gradually gained in importance and became the centres of trade.
  4. Special officers known as Muqaddams were appointed to ensure the safety of travellers.
  5. Roads helped Sher Shah to establish a good postal system and promoted inland trade.
  6. His roads and sarais have been called ‘the arteries of the empire’.
  7. Sher Shah divided his empire into 47 provinces (sarkars). Each sarkar was them divided into many districts (parganas). A pargana comprised several villages.

Additional Questions
(Foundation of The Mughal Empire)

A. Fill in the blanks:

  1. Babur lost both Farghana and Samarkand and became a homeless wanderer. In 1504 ce, he became the ruler of Kabul.
  2. Humayun lacked the qualities necessary to consolidate the vast empire he had inherited.
  3. Sher Shah based his administration on the principle of a welfare state.
    Sher Shah went on regular tours of inspection and set up an efficient spy system.
  4. Sher Shah established a large standing army and introduced several reforms to make it disciplined, efficient and strong.

B. Match the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Foundation of Mughal Empire 3
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Foundation of Mughal Empire 4
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Foundation of Mughal Empire 5

C. Choose the correct answer:

1. In 1522 ce, Ibrahim Lodi/S her Khan Suri/Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India.
Ans. In 1522 ce, Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India.

2. With the help of the Shah of Persia/Afghanistan/Sind, Humayun returned to India in the year 1555
Ans. With the help of the Shah of Persia, Humayun returned to India in the year 1555 ce.

3. Sher Shah divided his empire into 47 sarkars/parganas/ villages.
Ans. Sher Shah divided his empire into 47 sarkars.

4. The rupia introduced by Sher Shah was made of gold/ silver/copper.
Ans. The rupia introduced by Sher Shah was made of silver.

5. Sher Shah’s greatest achievement was the construction of new roads/issuing of coins/his revenue system.
Ans. Sher Shah’s greatest achievement was his revenue system.

D. State whether the following are true or false:

  1. Babur was a descendant of Timur and Chenghiz Khan.
    True.
  2. Babur’s war-weary and homesick soldiers wanted to return to Kabul after the Battle of Panipat.
    True.
  3. Babur won the Battle of Khanwa through treachery and cunning.
    False. Correct: Babur won the Battle of Khanwa with his superior artillery and covering.
  4. Sher Shah ruled for 15 years.
    False. Correct: Sher Shah ruled for 5 years.
  5. To prevent the officers from becoming corrupt, Sher Shah introduced the system of periodical transfers.
    True.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:

1.Why did Daulat Khan Lodi invite Babur to invade India?
Ans. In 1522 ce, Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India and help him overthrow Ibrahim Lodi, the cruel and unpopular sultan of Delhi.

2.Between whom was the First Battle of Panipat fought?
Ans. Babur and Ibrahim Lodi came face-to-face at Panipat in 1526 ce.

3.What was the significance of the Battle of Panipat (1526 ce)?
Ans. After the First Battle of Panipat Delhi came under the rule of Babur and he was declared the emperor of Hindustan.

4.What is the name of Babur’s autobiography?
Ans.Tuzuk-i-Baburi it is written in flawless Turkish, and considered to be one of the best autobiographies in the world.

5.Who was Humayun’s most dangerous enemy?
Ans. Sher Khan was Humayun’s most dangerous enemy.

6.How did Humayun escape after his deafeat in the Battle of Chausa (1539 ce)?
Ans.Humayun jumped into the Ganga and floated down the river with the help of a water carrier’s inflated water bag.

7.How many years did Humayun spend in exile?
Ans.15 years (1540-55 ce), Humayun wandered about from place to place in search of shelter.

8.Who helped Humayan to recover Kabul and Kandahar?
Ans. Shah of Persia helped Humayun and he recovered Kabul and Kandahar from his brother Kamran.

9.What is the significance of the Battle of Kanauj (1540 CE)?
Ans. The large but fragile Mughal empire came to an end and was replaced by Afghan rule.

10.How were the affairs of the villages managed during Sher Shah’s reign?
Ans.The villages were looked after by the panchayats composed of village elders. Sher Shah himself kept in touch with the villages through village officials like patwaris and muqaddam.

11.Explain the Chehra system in Sher Shah’s military administration.
Ans.Sher Shah adopted a system of branding horses (dagh) and maintaining a descriptive roll of the soldiers (chehra) were revived.The army was divided into many units and each unit was placed under a commander.

12.Mention one reason why Sher Shah built an excellent network of good roads?
Ans.Sher Shah built an excellent network of good roads, to facilitate the quick movement of officials and troops throughout the empire and to promote trade and commerce and even to make travelling comfortable and easier.

F. Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1.
Give a brief account of Babur’s early life.
Answer:
Babur lost his father, when he was eleven years old and at that tender age he became the ruler of a small principality in Central Asia called Farghana which he inherited from his father. He was also able to fulfill his dream of conquering Samarkand, when he was just 14 years old. But within a short time he lost both Farghana and Samarkand and became homeless but due to his courage and determination, after some time he became the ruler of Kabul.

Question 2.
Give an account of the causes, events and consequences of the First Battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Babur and Ibrahim Lodi came face-to-face at Panipat in 1526 ce. Ibrahim’s large army was no match for Babur’s small, disciplined and loyal army with its excellent cavalry and fine artillery. Babur was a bom leader and an experienced military general. Within a few hours, Ibrahim’s army was routed. By evening, Ibrahim and 15,000 of his soldiers lay dead on the battlefield. The following day, Babur triumphantly entered Delhi where he was proclaimed the emperor of Hindustan.

Question 3.
How many battles did Babur have to fight after the Battle of Panipat? Mention the significance of his victory in each of these battles.
Answer:
After the Battle of Panipat Babur fought three more battles.

The significance of each battle are:

  1. Battle of Khanua: This battle was fought between Babur and Rana Sangha of Mewar at Khanua. Babur won this battle and this victory gave him supreme control over central India and it also removed all the obstacles in the way of Mughal rule.
  2. Battle of Chanderi: This battle was fought between Babur and Medini Rai of Malwa. Babur won the battle and captured Chanderi. After this battle, no other Rajput chief ever dared to challenge Babur’s authority.
  3. Battle of Ghagra: The Afghans had control over Bihar and Bengal and they posed a threat to Babur’s authority. So Babur had a war with them and after crushing them he became the master of Punjab, Delhi and the Ganga plains near Bihar.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of Sher Shah’s early life.
Answer:
Sher Shah was the son of Hasan Khan, a jagirdar of Sasaram in Bihar. His real name was Farid Khan. He was given the name Sher Khan after he single-handedly killed a tiger. He joined the Mughal army when Babur invaded India and learnt the techniques of Mughal warfare.

Question 5.
With reference to Sher Shah’s enlightened rule, explain:
(a)How was the central government organized? (b) The important features of provincial administration.
Answer:
(a)
The supreme head of the central government was Sher Shah himself. He divided the government into several departments. Each department was under the charge of a minister, who was assisted by other officials.
(b)
The whole empire was divided into forty seven provinces or sarkars. Each province was further subdivided into districts or parganas. Each paragana was made up of a number of villages. The villages were looked after by the panchayats composed’of village elders. Each Sarkar was placed under an Afghan chief. In every pargana there were several officials who were supervised by Shiqdar and Munsif. The Shiqdar was responsible for law, order and general administration and the Munsif looked after the collection of revenue and civil cases.

Question 6.
Sher Shah introduced several measures to make the army disciplined, efficient and strong. Explain?
Answer:
Sher Shah introduced many reforms to make his army efficient, disciplined and strong. He used to take personal interest in the appointment and training of soldiers. The salaries of the soldiers and the officers were fixed according to their skill and ability. The army was divided into many units and each unit was placed under a commander. The cavalry and infantry were highly trained, disciplined and were equipped with artillery.

Question 7.
Discuss the important measures taken by Sher Shah to boost the growth of trade and commerce.
Answer:
The growth of trade and commerce increased after the construction of roads and sarais. Sher Shah even abolished all duties, except two to boost it further more. He even instructed his officials to treat the merchants well and look after their interests. Proper safety was provided to traders and the village headmen was responsible for it in their respective regions. New weights and measures were introduced. Coins of gold, silver and copper of uniform standard were introduced.

Question 8.
What steps did Sher Shah take to maintain law and order in his kingdom?
Answer:
Sher Shah strongly believed injustice and he treated all the people equally. In his kingdom the criminal law was harsh and punishments were severe. The village headmen and the local chieftains were made responsible for any crime that took place in their area. They were severely punished if they failed to track down a robber or a murderer.

Question 9.
Sher Shah’s greatest achievement was his land revenue system. In this context explain: (a) Land assessments (b) Taxation policy and its impact
Answer:
(a) Land assessments: Sher Shah made proper arrangements that the land should be carefully surveyed and measured every year and the average produce to be calculated on the basis of its fertility.

(b) Taxation policy and its impact: One-third of the produce was paid as tax in cash or kind. The land was divided into three types – good, bad and medium on the basis of fertility and taxes were levied on this basis.

Question 10.
Sher Shah is one of the most striking personalities in medieval India. In this context, briefly state the important achievements of his 5-years reign.
Answer:

  1. During his reign Sher Shah established a vast, powerful and prosperous empire. Some of his achievements are listed below:
    In his empire there was a powerful central government and a sound administrative system.
  2. He created a huge standing army that was disciplined, well organized and strong.
  3. His revenue system was efficient progressive and humane and he also showed concern for the welfare of the peasants.
  4. During his reign good roads and rest houses were constructed for travellers and merchants.
  5. New weights and measures were introduced by him.
  6. He also followed a policy of religious tolerance and appointed many Hindus to high posts of trust.

G Picture study:

This is a picture of the tomb of the successor of Babur
ICSE Solutions for Class 7 History and Civics - Foundation of Mughal Empire 6
Question 1.
Name the Mughal emperor who is buried in this tomb.
Answer:
Humayun.

Question 2.
Where is this monument located?
Answer:
Nizamuddin Delhi.

Question 3.
In which book could you find a detailed account of his life? Who wrote it?
Answer:
Humayunnama. Gulbadan wrote it.

Question 4.
Why did he spend 15 years in exile?
Answer:
After defeat from Sher Khan . Humayun wandered about 15 years from place to place in search of shelter. His brother refused to help him. In 1542 ce, in a small town in Amarkot in Sind, a son, Akbar was born to Humayun and his wife, Hamida Banu.

Question 5.
How did he reconquer his lost empire?
Answer:
With military help from the Shah of Persia, Humayun returned and recovered Kabul and Kandahar from his brother Kamran. Kamran was blinded and sent to Mecca. By 1554 ce, Humayun had consolidated his position in Afghanistan. Sher Shah had died in 1545 ce. His successors were weak and incompetent. Taking advantage of the situation, Humayun returned to India and recaptured Delhi and Agra in 1555 ce. Humayun died shortly afterwards in an accidental fall down the stairs of his library.

 

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Industries : Their Need and Classification

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ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage – Industries : Their Need and Classification

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 7 Geography History & CivicsMathsPhysicsChemistryBiology

Discuss

Discuss the importance of cottage industry for a country which has a large population with little education.
Answer:
A major benefit of cottage industries is that they allow people to work from their homes. Women have benefited the most because they can work from home while still tending to their families. Many cottage businesses include the entire family in their operations, however, including husbands and children. Some businesses start as cottage industries and then become too large, necessitating a move out of the home into a business environment, but at that point they likely have the financial means to make the move.

Discuss

What, according to you, would be the future of industries if we destroyed our forests and wildlife ?
Answer:
Forest-based Industries are based on forest products. If we destroys forest the industries such packaging industry, furniture industry, sports good industry, paper industry are shutdown because of unavailability of raw materials.

THINK AND ANSWER

Why do you think multinational companies are attracted to establish ventures in foreign countries ?
Answer:
Multinational companies are attracted to establish ventures in foreign countries as cheap labour and cheap raw material inputs, transport and power are easily available in developing countries.

VALUES & LIFE SKILLS

A lot of children below the age of 14 years work in various industries.
Do you think these children should work in these industries ?
Why do you think they have to work there ?
Answer:
Child labour is the employment of children at regular and sustained labour.
No, the children should not work in any industry because of following reasons:

  1. Child labour does more than deprive children of their education and mental and physical development – their childhood is stolen.
  2. Immature and inexperienced child labourers may be completely unaware of the short and long term risks involved in their work.
  3. Working long hours, child labourers are often denied a basic school education, normal social interaction, personal development and emotional support from their family.
    Poverty is undoubtedly a dominant factor in the use of child labour; families on or below the poverty line force their children into work to supplement their household’s meager income. Eradicating poverty, however, is only the first step on the road to eliminating child labour.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. People who work together to make cars work in the large- scale industry.
2. The USA and China are strong because they have thousands of industries.
3. Nepal has few industries.
4. The size of an industry depends on the number of people employed, the capital invested and the area it occupies.
5. A cottage industry is a household unit run by a family.

B. Match the following.

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 9 Industries Their Need and Classification 1
Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 9 Industries Their Need and Classification 2

C. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
China/Nepal has many industries.
Answer:
China has many industries.

Question 2.
Cottage industries produce handicrafts/cement.
Answer:
Cottage industries produce handicrafts.

Question 3.
Small-scale industries are smaller/bigger than cottage industries.
Answer:
Small-scale industries are bigger than cottage industries.

Question 4.
Sports equipment are produced by small-scale/large- scale industry.
Answer:
Sports equipment are produced by small-scale industry.

Question 5.
Chota Nagpur Plateau is well known for steel/textile production.
Answer:
Chota Nagpur Plateau is well known for steel production.

D. State whether the following is true or false.

1. The USA has many industries.
Answer. True.

2. Industries do not contribute much to national income.
Answer. False.
Correct : Industries contribute much to national income.

3. The number of labour employed has no relation to the size of an industry.
Answer. False.
Correct : The number of labour employed has relation to the size of an industry.

4. Cottage industry employ labour from outside.
Answer. False.
Correct : Cottage industry employ only family members.

5. Small-scale industries employ only family members.
Answer. False.
Correct : Small-scale industries employ labour from outside.

E. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
What is an industry?
Answer:
An Industry is a group of people or companies engaged in a particular kind of business enterprise. There are different groups of people that work together to form an industry. For example, people who work together to make cars form the car industry or people who work together to fashion clothes form the fashion industry.

Question 2.
Name the three major types of industries.
Answer:
Three types of industries are :

  1. Cottage industry
  2. Small-scale industry
  3. Large-scale industry.
  4. Agro-based industry.

Question 3.
What goods are produced by a cottage industry?
Answer:
Handicrafts, handloom products, jewellery, pottery, leather products, etc. are produced by cottage industry.

Question 4.
Name a few goods produced by small-scale industries.
Answer:
Electronic goods, sports equipment, brassware, bicycles, toys,
etc. are produced by small-scale industries.

Question 5.
Which type of industry produces cement and petrochemicals?
Answer:
Cement and petrochemicals are produced by large-scale industry.

F. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Why do we need industries?
Answer:
Industries are required because of the following reasons :

  1. Industries are needed to make a country strong financially: The more number of industries in a country the stronger the country becomes. Countries such as the USA and China are strong because of the hundreds and thousands of industries they have. India too has many industries but not as many as USA or China. Some countries like Nepal have very few industries.
  2. Industries are needed for products of daily use : We will see items that we use everyday such as toothpaste, soap, bicycle, exercise books, pencils, medicines, cheese, and jams and so on. All these items are manufactured by different industries.
  3. Industries are needed so there is no shortage of necessary goods :
    Apart from fulfilling our daily needs, industries must produce
    sufficiently so that all the things people need are available to them at reasonable prices.

Question 2.
What is a cottage industry?
Answer:
Cottage Industry : It is generally a household unit run by a family.
The craftsmen and their family members carry on the traditional work started by their forefathers generations ago. Cottage industries generally produce all kinds of handicrafts, handloom products, jewellery, pottery, leather products, etc. These industries are encouraged by the government as they generate employment and improve living conditions, especially in rural areas.

Question 3.
What are the differences between a cottage industry and a small-scale industry?
Answer:
The differences between a cottage industry and a smale- scale industry are:

  1. The location of cottage industries is restricted in villages whereas the small-scale industries are mostly located in urban and semi- urban areas.
  2. Cottage industry being a household industry is mostly run by the members of the family and therefore do not maintain hired labourers. But the small-scale industries are mostly run by hired labourers.
  3. Cottage industries are producing goods for meeting local requirements whereas small-scale industries are producing goods to meet the demand for the people living in a wider area.
  4. Cottage industries are investing a very little amount of capital and are working with simple tools. But the small industries are investing a comparatively higher amount of capital (presently the limit has been raised from Rs. 60 lakh to Rs. 3 crore) and are working with machines run by power.

Question 4.
What are large-scale industries?
Answer:
Large-scale industries involve huge investments, professional management and a large force of skilled and unskilled labour.
Big power-driven machines are used with considerable automation. These industries are generally established at places where raw materials, cheap transportation, sources of power, plenty of labour and market are easily available. Industries producing iron and steel, petrochemicals, cement, railway engines and coaches, automobiles, textiles, etc. are examples of large-scale industries.

Question 5.
Give an account of the factors that determine the establishment of an industry.
Answer:
Factors that determines the establishment of an Industry are:

  1. Availability of Raw Material — All industries that require heavy and bulky raw material are generally set up near the sources of raw materials in order to save heavy transportation cost. For example, iron and steel plants in India and other countries have been set up near iron ore mines and coalfields as both iron ore and coal are heavy and difficult to transport.
  2. Availability of Power — For any industry power is a very critical factor. Cheap, abundant and uninterrupted power supply is an essential need for any modem industry using large machines.
  3. Availability of Transport —An important factor for setting up industries is the availability of efficient means of transportation as movement of raw material to the factory and finished goods to the market depend on it.
  4. Availability of Labour — Though labour-skilled and unskilled-can be transported from different regions, it is advantageous to have an assured labour supply locally for setting up an industry.
  5. Market — The ultimate aim of any industry is to sell its product easily, i.e., to find a market for its product without much difficulty. Industries of certain types are set up in specific regions where their goods can easily be sold. Woollen industries will do well in areas of cold climate while industries making cotton goods will

LET’S DO SOMETHING

With the help of the Internet, find out the names of three companies from the following industries :

  1. Iron and steel
  2. Textile
  3. Cement

Answer:

  1. Tata Iron and Steel Corp., Bhilai Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant.
  2. Acrow India ltd., Al chemist corp. ltd. Acil Cotton Industries ltd.
  3. Ultratech,ACC,Ambuja Cement, Ramco Cements. thrive in areas that have warm and dry climate.
  4. Other Factors — Factors like easy access to financial and banking facilities, climate, state-government policies, etc. also influence either directly or indirectly the location of an industry.

G. Ask your parents to take you to a cottage or small-scale industry in your city so that you can see how goods are produced there ?
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of parents.

H. Picture Study
This is a picture of an industry.

  1. What type of industry is this ?
  2. Can you give two features of this industry?

ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Geography Voyage Chapter 9 Industries Their Need and Classification 3

Answer:

  1. This is a large-scale industry of automobiles sector.
  2. Large-scale industries involve huge investments, professional management and a large force of skilled and unskilled labour. Big power-driven machines are used with considerable automation. These industries are generally established at places where raw materials, cheap transportation, sources of power, plenty of labour and market are easily available.

LET’S DO SOMETHING

With the help of the Internet, find out the names of three companies from the following industries:

  1. Iron and steel
  2. Textile
  3. Cement

Answer:

  1. Tata Iron and Steel Corp., Bhilai Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel Plant.
  2. Acrow India ltd., A1 chemist corp. ltd. Acil Cotton Industries ltd.
  3. Ultratech, ACC, Ambuja Cement, Ramco Cements.

 

 

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics – History – An Introduction

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ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics – History – An Introduction

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics Chapter 1 History – An Introduction. You can download the History and Civics ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. History and Civics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 History & Civics Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Maths

Exercise

I. Fill in the blanks:

  1. People who write history are known as Historians.
  2. By Archaeology we mean the study of the remains of the ancient past.
  3. The two Great epics tells us about the life and society in ancient past, besides being religious books.
  4. Old buildings which are important historically are known as Monuments.
  5. Meghadoot was written by Kalidasa.

II. Match Column A with Column B:
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 1
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 2
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 3

III. Answer the following questions briefly :

Question 1.
What is history? What is the origin of the word‘history’?
Answer:
History is the study of our past, a record of the events that happened long ago. It tells us about the life of people during a particular period. The word ‘History’ comes from the Greek word ‘Histo’ which means ‘know this’.

Question 2.
Why do we study history? Give two reasons.
Answer:

  1. History helps us to understand our society and culture.
  2. History helps us to leam from our past mistakes so that we don’t repeat them.

Question 3.
Which period in history is called prehistoric?
Answer:
‘Pre-history’ means ‘before history’. This period refers to the era when man had not developed the art of writing. Hence, there are no written records of this period. The life of people during this period is constructed through tools, weapons, bones, etc.

Question 4.
Name two sources of history. What do literary sources include?
Answer:
Two sources of history are literary sources and archaeological sources. Literary sources include secular literature and religious literature. Writings related to a religion are called religious literature, for example, the Jatakas, the Ramayana. Secular literature is not related to a religion. It includes poems, plays, accounts by travelers, for example, the Indika of Megasthenes.

Question 5.
Give one example each of religious and secular literature.
Answer:
Example of religious literature — the Mahabharata. Example of secular literature —Abhigyan Shakuntalam.

Question 6.
What do we mean by culture?
Answer:
Culture is the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, morals, art, customs and laws and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

Question 7.
Explain the term archaeology.
Answer:
Archaeology means the study of the remains of the past such as inscriptions, monuments, tools, coins, potteiy, etc.

IV. Distinguish between

  1. Archaeological sources and literary sources.
  2. Monuments and inscriptions.
  3. Religious and secular literature.

Answer:

  1. Archaeological sources include inscriptions, coins, tools, weapons, pottery, bones, etc. Literary sources include books related to a religion and poems, plays, travelogues, etc.
  2. Monuments are old buildings such as caves, stupas, temples, forts and palaces. Inscriptions are writings engraved on rocks, pillars, buildings, metal plates, etc.
  3. Religious literature is related to a religion, for example, the Puranas (Hindus), the Jatakas (Buddhists), the Angas (Jains). Secular literature has nothing to do with a religion, for example, the Arthashastra of Kautilya, the Indika of Megasthenes.

V. Given below are some drawings. Circle those which you think below to prehistory.
VI. Picture study — This picture shows a valuable source of history.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 4
1.Identify the source
Ans. The source is coin.

2.How do you think these are useful ?
Ans. Coins give us information about use of a metal during a particular period and the economic conditions of the people.

3.What do you understand by the term ‘numismatics’ ?
Ans. Numismatics is the study of coins.

Textbook Keywords

  1. History is a record of people, places and events of the past arranged in chronological order.
  2. Prehistory is the history of the period before writing was invented.
  3. Archaeology  is the study of material remains of the distant past.
  4. Parchment  is the dried skin of goats and sheep used for writing.
  5. Sources Sources are clues from archaeology’ or literature which help historians to put together a period of history.
  6. Monuments Monuments are ancient buildings such as temples, palaces and forts, which are valuable sources of information of the life and times of people in the distant past. Numismatics It is a study of coins.
  7. Inscriptions are the engraving on solid objects such as metal surfaces, stone tablets, rocks, pillars, cave walls, etc. Epigraphy Epigraphy is the study of old inscriptions. Edicts Edicts are royal commands issued by the rulers. Manuscripts Manuscripts are the handwritten records of the past in the form of books.
  8. Religious literature It refers to literacy writing dealing with religion.
  9. Secular literature is non-religious literature such as plays, poems, accounts of foreign travelers and other works on politics, science, etc.

Additional Questions

A. Fill in the blanks.

  1. History is record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order.
  2. Prehistory is the history of the period before writings was invented.
  3. The sources of history can be broadly classified into archaeological sources and literary
  4. The study of coins is known as numismatics
  5. Edicts are royal commands issued by kings.
  6. Inscriptions are engravings on solid objects.
  7. Handwritten records of the past are known as Manuscripts
  8. Literary source material can be divided into religious literature and secular literature
  9. The Greek ambassador in Chandragupta Maurya’s court was Magasthenes
  10. The Chinese travelers who came to India were Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang

B. Match the following.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 5
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 6
Answer:
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 7

C. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is history? Why do we study history?
Answer:
History is a record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order.We study history because it tells us about the problems of our ancestors, their aspirations as well as their achievements.

Question 2.
What is the difference between prehistory and history?
Answer:
The main difference between prehistory and history is that we have written records in history and have no written records in prehistory.

Question 3.
How many groups can the sources of history be broadly divided into? Name them.
Answer:
The sources of history can be broadly divided into two groups.

  1. Archaeological Sources.
  2. Literary Sources

Question 4.
What is archaeology? Why is it so important for the study of prehistory?
Answer:
Archaeology is the study of material remains of distant past. Archaeology is so important for the study of prehistory because we have no written records, only the materials like stones, metal tools, pottery, images, coins, monuments, jewelry and figures are very helpful in the study of past.

Question 5.
What are monuments?
Answer:
Monuments are ancient buildings such as temples, palaces and forts, which are valuable sources of information of the life and time of people in the distant past.

Question 6.
Name five archaeological objects that provide important clues to the history of humans in the Ancient Period.
Answer:
Stones, metal tools, pottery, monuments, coins and figures are archaeological objects, that provide important clues to the history of humans in the Ancient Period.

Question 7.
Why is the study of coins considered an important source of ancient history?
Answer:
The coins are an important source of information about the reign of kings the extent of their empires, economic conditions, trade, art and religion of that era. So the coins are considered an important source of ancient history.

Question 8.
What information do we get from inscriptions?
Answer:
The Inscriptions provide us the information about rulers, the extent of their empires, important events and also about the religious and cultural life of people in a particular period.

Question 9.
Why are inscriptions a reliable source of information?
Answer:
Inscriptions are reliable source of information because they were written during the reign of great king., and are still intact in their original form.

Question 10.
What are manuscripts? On what surfaces were they ; written?
Answer:
Manuscripts are the handwritten records of the past in the form of books. These records were written on a variety of surfaces such as dried sheep or goat skin, dried palm leaf, the bark of birch trees and much later, on paper.

Question 11.
How many categories can you divide literary sources into? Name them.
Answer:
Literary source can be divided into two categories

  1. religious literature
  2. secular literature

Question 12.
What do you understand by secular literature? Give two examples.
Answer:
Non-religious literature is known as secular literature, it includes biographies of important historical characters. For example Harshacharita by Banabhatta, dramas and poems by famous writers Kalidasa, folk tales such as Panchatantra.

D. State whether the following are true or false.

  1. History is only a record of great kings and queens.
    False
  2. The study of old inscriptions is known as epigraphy.
    True
  3. Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita.
    True
  4. Panchatantra is a part of religious literature.
    False
  5. The Angas are the religious literature of the Buddhists.
    False

E. Picture study.

The picture below is a painting from a manuscript of the Rig Veda showing the various gods and goddesses worshiped.
ICSE Solutions for Class 6 History and Civics - History - An Introduction 8

1. What kind of source of history is this?
Ans. It is a Literary source of history.

2.Is this religious or secular in nature?
Ans. This is religious in nature.

3. What kind of information does this source of history reveal?
Ans. This sources of history have helped historians to reconstruct the distant past and give a fairly accurate picture of ancient India.