A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe

A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe.

These Solutions are part of A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions  Here we have given. A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe.

Exercises

I. Answer the following questions in 40-50 words each :

Question 1.
Give the definition of nationalism.
Answer:
Devotion, love and patriotic feelings for one’s own nation is called ‘Nationalism’.
Nationalism is an intimate feeling about our country within which we can live freely with proper rights and also may perform our duties for the welfare of the country and aspire to lead an independent life and freedom from foreign domination. Nationalism is a uniting force of the people of the country of different religions and toughs.

Question 2.
How did the rise of nationalism affect the Balkan states?
Answer:
Turkey had dominated Europe since 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured. Constantinople and established a powerful Empire in South East Europe. Most of the Balkan States between Black sea and Adriatic sea came under this rule. But the French Revolution and the Napoleon Wars inspired them with the strong feelings of nationalism and they clamoured for independence as follows :

State                                          Treaty and year 
Greece and Serbia            — Treaty of Adrianople 1829
Moldavia and Wallachia  —  Treaty of paris 1856
Serbia and Romania         — Treaty of san stefamo 1877
Serbia, Romania and
Montenegro                         —  Congress of Berlin,1878
Bulgaria                                —    1908
Albania                                  —   1912

Question 3.
Name the different persons who played an important, part in the unification of Italy.
Answer:
In 16th century Italy became very weak and the foreign rule was the main obstacle to unity of Italy. Besides this, Pope of Rome as the head of all Christian countries was also a hurdle on this way. But Cavour, the Sardinian Prime Minister, with his great tact and. diplomacy overcame all these hurdles. In his mission he was assisted by many Italian patriots like Garibaldi and Mazzini and by continuous efforts of Cavour, Italy was at last united in A.D. 1871.

Question 4.
Name five states of Europe which were successful in getting liberal governments as a result of nationalism.
Answer:
The following are the main countries getting liberal government after a great tussle :

  1.  Spain : In 1820, people of Spain revolted against arbitrary rule in 1820 and King Ferdinand had to bow and adopt a liberal constitution.
  2. Belgium : By the Settlement of Vienna (1815) Belgium was handed over to Holland. But after revolt in 1830, they proclaimed their independence on Nov. 10, 1830.
  3. Poland : The Vienna Congress had divided the Kingdom of Poland among Austria, Russia and Prussia. But the people of Poland revolted in 1830, 1855 and 1863 and ultimately got their independence.
  4. Austria : Austrian King Ferdinand I and Chancellor Metternich were both unreasonable and hostile to nationalism. In 1848 the people revolted against the ruler but failed. But the next Austrian Emperor Joseph was forced to grant a liberal constitution in 1867.
  5. France : This country also fought a long battle for gaining independence. Louis XVIII and Charles X were arbitrary rulers. But the grandson of Charles X, Louis Philippe introduced many reforms and insured individual liberty, but he also ran to England due to injustice. At last the nephew of Napoleon, Louis Napoleon tried to perform works for public welfare and established a liberal rule in France.

Question 5.
Name three states of Asia and three states of Africa which got their independence from the imperialist powers by starting their national movements.
Answer:
A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe 1

II. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words each :

Question 1.
What was the impact of nationalism in Europe ?
Answer:
Europe is an excellent example of the miraculous impact of nationalism in shaping the structure and destiny of various nations which are now noted for their particular identity although these countries had to face several obstacles, revolts and wars, but they ultimately became successful to bring liberal constitutions. France, Belgium, Austria, Poland etc. are the examples of the legitimate demands of people for reforms to convert into the ideal countries with their cultural background. The rise of nationalism destroyed the artificial boundaries of various Empires like Turkey. It also encouraged the agricultural and industrial developments within the nations of particular language, beliefs and trends. In this way people became progressive with high standard of living.

Question 2.
Describe the different obstacles in the way of the unification of Italy.
Answer:
In 16 century, Italy became very weak due to shattering into many states and pressure of foreign rule. After the downfall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, once again  Italy was divided into small states. Besides, the Pope of Rome was keeping Rome and adjacent areas under his dominance. Various Italian rulers were also against nationalism. But at last the prime Minister of Sardinia, Cavour, became successful to unite Italy, with his great tact and diplomacy, in A.D. 1871.

Question 3.
Give an account of the different stages in the unification of Italy.
Answer:
Firstly, Italy was divided into several small states which used to quarrel among themselves in the 16th century. Again, it came under rule of Napoleon. Afterwards the Congress of Vienna, also divided it into smaller states. Besides this, the Pope of Rome was keeping Rome and surrounding areas under his control. Further, the states under Italian rulers were not at all cooperative with the nationalists. At last the Sardinian Prime Minister, Cavour, adopted a policy of war and diplomacy assisted by patriots like Garibaldi and Mazzini, achieved the goal of nationalism and Italy was united in A.D. 1871.

Question 4.
Give an account of the unification of Germany. What part did Bismarck play in it ?
Answer:
In 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states as Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony etc. and the economic growth was very slow. In A.D. 1815, the German confederation along with Austria tried to form a German state, but the King of Prussia opposed this and the German revolutionaries fled to live in exile. Again by the policy of ‘blood and iron’, as was pursued by Bismark, the Prussian Chancellor Bismark tried to achieve his aim by dint of his military power and diplomacy. In 1864, he fought against Denmark. In A.D. 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and annexed territories of Hanover, Holstein, Luxumberg, Frankfust etc. and dissolved the German Confederation. In A.D. 1870, Prussia defeated France. Impressed by the Prussia’s victories, other German states also joined the German Confederation and recognized the Prussian King as their head. In this way Germany became united by the shrewd policy of Bismark, in A.D. 1871.

Question 5.
What was the general impact of the rise of nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism acted as a great force and like a storm established liberal governments in many countries as independent nations. England was also compelled to establish constitutional government. Several countries in Europe gained their freedom through revolution, proper guidance and wars. The rise of nationalism destroyed the imperial rulers and adopted freedom for better developments and status, e.g. France, Austria, Belgium, Poland, etc. Italy is also the outcome of nationalism acquired by great efforts. Several countries in Asia and Africa gained their freedom after the campaign of nationalism. In this way all the independent countries tried to develop fast in industries and agriculture and cherishing their culture, traditions and livelihood in better direction and trend.

III. Fill in the blanks :

  1. The ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity were given by the French Revolution.
  2. The Austrian Chancellor Metternich was reactionary.
  3. Ottoman Turks captured Constantinopole in A.D. 1453.
  4. By the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey granted independence to Greece and Serbia.
  5. The Congress of Vienna played a great havoc with the task of Italian unification.

IV. Match the contents of Column A with Column B :
A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe 2
A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe 3
Answer:
A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe 4

Practice Questions

A. Fill in the blanks.

  1. The most important man during the revolutionary war in France was Napolean Bonaparte
  2. For almost a 100 years after the defeat of Napolean in 1815 at Waterloo, no large-scale war was fought in Europe.
  3. The two revolutionary French ideas of Liberalism and Nationalism spread throughout Europe in the 19th century.
  4. The year 1848 is known as the year of Revolutions in Europe.
  5. The two great leaders of Italian unification werd Victor Emanuel and Count Cavour
  6. The chief architect of the unification of Germany was Count Otto Von Bismarck.
  7. The King of Prussia, William I, was proclaimed emperor of the united German state.

B. Match the following.
A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe 5
Answer:
A New Combined History & Civics for Class 8 ICSE Solutions Nationalism in Europe 6

C. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Explain how Napoleon’s European conquests led to the spread and establishment of the ideas of freedom and nationalism.
Answer:
When Napoleon and his armies invaded other countries in Europe, they carried with them the revolutionary ideas of liberty and equality. Napoleon overthrew the despotic Governments  in these countries, liberated the people and set up republican governments based on the French model. The idea of freedom was established. Liberty and equality were now claimed as the birthright of every human being.

Question 2.
Briefly mention the ideas and beliefs of the following in 19th-century Europe:
(1) a liberal and
(2) a nationalist.
Answer:
A liberal person, in 19th century was one who Wanted all human beings to have freedom of thought, speech and expression, and the right to equality and the freedom to elect a government of their choice.
A Nationalist was one who loved his country and wanted it to be strong, stable, untied and independent of foreign control. Thus, nationalism may be defined as a sentiment or feeling of loyalty and patriotism for one’s nation.

Question 3.
What were the two major obstacles to Italian unification?
Answer:

  1. Austria, who would not give up the Italian territories that lay without her empire.
  2. The Pope who would not give up the Papal states the Italian nationalists.

Question 4.
Briefly examine Count Cavour’s contribution to the unification of Italy.
Answer:
Count Cavour was a passionate nationalist and one of the greatest statesmen. Italy had ever produced . He was a man of great intelligence and determination. He devoted all his energies to strengthen Sardinia and to lead the Italians in their struggle for unity and independence. He was assisted by Italian patriots like Mazzini and Garibaldi.

Question 5.
Why is Garibaldi remembered as an outstanding Italian patriot?
Answer:
Garibaldi played an important role in the unification of Italy. He organized a loyal band of a thousand brave patriotic men. Dressed in bright red shirt and led by Garibaldi, the thousand heroes conquered Sicily and Naples.

Question 6.
What impact did the Revolution of 1848 have on Prussia?
Answer:
The revolution of 1848 failed to overthrow the despotic governments, but its impact on the Germans was very significant. The Prussians became conscious for the first time of their German identity. They began to dream of a united Germany under the leadership of Prussia.

Question 7.
What were the major obstacles to German unification?
Answer:
There were several major obstacles to German unification :

  • Austria would not easily give up her leadership of the German Confederation.
  • France was hostile to the idea of a united Germany which would be larger and stronger than France.
  • The German nationalists wanted a united Germany but not under the leadership of Prussia.

Question 8.
Examine the role of Bismarck in creating a united Germany.
Answer:
To achieve the objective of unification of Germany, Bismarck attacked Denmark, Austria and France. All his campaigns were successful. Austria had to agree to withdraw from German affairs. The northern states were organized into the North German Confederation headed and controlled by Prussia. To the Southern states, Prussia appeared to.be their saviour when France attacked the German states “add was defeated by Prussia. The Southern German States joined the North German Confederation in 1871.

Question 9.
What effect did the nationalist movements in Europe . have on Indian nationalists?
Answer:
Indian nationalists were greatly inspired by the heroic and determined struggles of the liberals and nationalists in Europe. Great Italian patriots like Cavour and Garibaldi became their political heroes. Their deeds were admired by the Indians in their own national struggle for freedom and they inspired them to dream of a modern strong, prosperous and united India.

 D. State whether the following are true or false.

  1. The 19th century witnessed many nationalist movements in various parts of Europe, which had a profound effect on the rest of the world.
    True.
  2. The most important person in the revolutionary war in France was Bismarck.
    False
    Reason. The most important person in the revolutionary war in France was Napolean Bonaparte.
  3. Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and sent into exile on a lonely island.
    True.
  4. Count Cavour was the prime minister of William I, the Emperor of Sardinia
     False.
    Reason. Count Cavour was the prime minister of Victor Emanuel, the Emperor of Sardinia.
  5. Garibaldi was an outstanding Italian patriot.
    True.
  6. When Prussia attacked France in 1870, the French removed their troops from Berlin.
    False.
    Reason. When Prussia attacked France in 1870, the French removed their troops from Rome.
  7. It took Bismarck 8 years of careful planning and calculations to overcome the obstacles to the unification of Germany.
    True.

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